POTTERY OF COSTA RICA 
AND NICARAGUA 


BY 
SAMUEL KIRKLAND LOTHROP 








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VOLUME II 


NEW YORK 
MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN 
HEYE FOUNDATION 
1926 


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CONTRIBUTIONS 
FROM THE 
MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN 
HEYE FOUNDATION 
VOLUME VIII 





M4 
3 " 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA 
AND NICARAGUA 


BY 


SAMUEL KIRKLAND LOTHROP 





VOLUME II 


NEW YORK 
MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN 
HEYE FOUNDATION 
Troe oeG) 





VREELAND PRESS, INC., NEW 


+ 


SON PENT Op syOlLU NEST 


Part II—THE PACIFIC AREA—ConrTINvED 


PAGE 
Sete VIONOCHROME, WARES 9005... ye Gat eee ee bugle e dake ewe sess 227. 
OCR VAL Aare aoe nee eh ote etn Ned's 3 Noy cuit 227 
ema ae AEM: DUVTTNG Tony 5220 aoe Jc Sh RARE NS ad Pay ctl ey Shc IRA cae ar Se elas 229 
PORTALS LV Gate. AA Vice ee hea: Fan tet h aly Si hates rath al'e) ave SY 230 
Rete meD ge ees A Waal voy shaven ee ete eae FE Ta IM ae i eee hy OMe 230 
SR em NES SUIT GT OU sy as sok pk coda va Wa nhc Rl gk AAO he ohn y Oe ee aan Hs 230 
MeO Ee teach cee Bt ae ey eg ett ee Sal ates “a ras Gehl": 231 
MIeR EIA ATOR ISULO Tas a oss aon ey eee See ian eee 231 
neem AC Seen ea A toe Rte Ay te Re Gen Sh Reads) ene Rn 1 232 
Bem VLC Cy eae ates ar tctscate kiana sth a calbis reca sale Ne tie ANE AUN aon cae aR 222 
rE ME ey tee ay he ate Ca ee elon a A oe es Ct aE age le Bole te 232 
CN cy TE RAG OPT 19 01 Ras i SE Re en aes eRe Cece Vey Ren ter 232 
Seem RC TNL OO cite fa Sic ihigeh ones 8 A ee ee AE pent wy a oe ge en eae 234 
URES NM LaCie Bre ine aheeteue Se dod od: 4% Ups SLra te sa EE 234 
Smbeee OOM NV ANG geo 2. cece OSPR: acdittie MRAM sake Deel s haw mt ae 236 
NETS ERR S09 WV Ue ee eccrine? TEA eR irre oe oes Bik aie Ad wn A ara ee ge ne 237 
SMR EC Mery Bie SS ence San PA os a Geek Fab ne FA a cba Meson Slee Baines 238 
eM Ce eRe ten oN steel a a, deny ot eee ae ee Bee 238 
ROA Te ies As cei RT ee oi ith. 9 Aiden oa Sia en. LR eee ee 239 
Mar ee eg ster sno erage, sah oo Gall se" Fc scig be Atallah Btn cae nara eR Ce 239 
(oD Len ig OTST IS ails ir, ee ane eae a eee, areal SP eae ey 240 
Re MM AT SECA raters Cuca ie le Ulaaie sci y 0! Meier ae eras ae eee 241 
See eV Mee mNOR en Cone Te cH odes: tr 2 es ad Heda a8 + el POA 241 
Pee ae eea TeV ESSE LS a, Co e-< ones ke etnes. Geos eusin fd «Pow AU eee ee a 241 
ee te real Be A es A ol Ca ate bse ROMEO ¢ Shee Gaune GON Pie thle ine mnn Pilate 242 
Rete LITT PIOCS V CSSCIS cons sise le chels al OW Sus i ok ENG Sie s a ee ees 243 
etneemeR EE EOFS yO UICS a alah ic iicat a We be Caan era cart emis Se elens ae ee 243 
ae te PON Moc glace ea 9 ohne bye Gadd ela gh onee Mah eee eter ee 244 
ee STOTT S A Seen 5 oy! aps a ide Gis stele d wie tanto ln Sent ae ie eee eee 245 
ROM ITS yA ATR cP oc tices Aw ple ie ¥ bo neers ghee Pe iegs aka eke Bek eee eT OE 245 
Retteecn 1oauzed Mile Forms gc yin) a. comer ee ee 246 
Bee eI LOSI US Grn. choses ots, vs he whe ate ae te ae da ee ee eee 246 
eee ALU eL GOs soy ay sj eke Wis Aa hos eke TO UT ae Ret eae ee ea 247 
Be PMC fee's en icl Poe Sek ee Ae as 3 Eup ee ee 248 
Pimceteae Hoa tor | WATE oi « <n ite. s. <w ci shoals gcc aie fen eee ee 249 
Oe se yes aheilg 9 seals ca wl ereshaxlone MoO ee te 249 
RDEV 2s 25s) Bie’ a,uctih ive nid Op A eine sv @ ASRS tia eA en ae 253 
ERE OA VATO 5 thr 4. A cial sane PEEL I & J ROR Toate a cae eg Be 254 
COUT EPL Ce ae ee ers ot era corer eA. kh ey con LS ci iye Ayers. e 254 
Boot-enape burial Wrnsi 2st © vate eee eee eee a ee 254 
Pires Ural Uirtier «mee ccee ses AS otdhe Jee eG ely Rina term ea en tee oe 255 
(Sanoe-shape Burial Urns... |. ase. aa ae ee olamere coy 256 


vI POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


PAGE 

small Vessels of Zapatero Ware... 2.6 ses). ols sls 256 
Boot-shape® Vessels:.ci. cjcaie dnc aie t= oy a een See lee ee 256 
Bowls oo vinci 8 cs ie te he ne oe eee ee 
CHAPTER XII—MISCELLANEOUS POTTERY OBJECTS. .... ..... ee 258 
Figurines and Whistles. 5... 2... -.04 . 24 sd eee 5) 2 err 258 
Nicoya Polychrome Ware Figurines................. 2. see 
Human Types. . errr wmrnmrrrten 
Animal and Miscellanedts Ronnie obese a nee dens io 261 
Luna Ware Figurines. ..........3.00+.-40+)+> 00. oe 262 
Nandaime Ware Figurines...... 00.4 ..........1.) 60 263 


Chiriqui Alligator Ware Figurines....... Let a ee ee a 
Chocolate and Orange-Brown Ware Figienee Lat sae 6 sen eles ee 


Human Types... 0. 0.00005 ee ees eb ee ee ue oe, er 265 
Animal Types... ac. .cc 0 ee en cee en ne a oe 00 errr 
Red Ware Figurines. .. 03.5. 006 cence sd wee ee ee 269 
Zapatero Ware Figurines, ... 0. 604... es 
Ulua Valley Figurine Types..... 2... ..: 140.) 13) 1 273 
Drums... 6... 0 its ae we es) oe 275 
Rattles... bap cede ae we bees of pe sina e oe fle sa ty ose ee ee 
Miniature Vossen? rr eri eM se 277 
Funnels... 00% 00s cee cent eee oe as be) 6 dee er 278 
Jar Covers... 8 oitcas 3 cue ele ee ee ee ot oe 278 
Spindle-whorls . 2... 4. 05s been on eee es oe eee oer 280 
Sinkers 2... ba ee eed ek vee Oe we yo nle wee 280 
StAMPS.. owe vce ne eee ee be ene oe os oo © Ome se) oer 281 
Labrets 0. cbse cee eve cae ae yes lien sea «ery ol ee 281 
Beads.....6.500c05 se eeeu eu ea ee babes Onn 2 area 282 
Miscellaneous Forms........00.¢.+0sewe) de) as 282 


Part III—THE HIGHLAND REGION 


CHAPTER I—GENERAL FEATURES...:.'...5.... 0+: 4 0) cena 285 
Mounds. «2... 0.2.4 ene ve ee ee seh eats wee) sg ee Sel ee ieee 285 
Hut Rings... 65.00 cu cs dae wae o> ale © s uy eee 2 286 
Large Stone Statues... 2.05. eet ¥ pea ss cee ss Fe 286 
Carved Slabs... os cose cs oe ee eeu sep ee 286 
Methods of Burial... 0. ....c0 de oe oe ee 288 
Objects from Graves........ 045.5006 os 1+ 54> op)): = oe 289 
Pottery . 66 cca esle cba ves ean cee sb e beans 2 5h cn gg 293 

CHAPTER II=—-POLYCHROME WARE... .. 25 0-.- 0: ous ss ee 
Modeled Forms. «26.5.6 50000000003 wow ose aes 1 er 295 
Painted Decoration. is o.0.042. 000008026 ess ean as 0 er 296 

The Plumed Serpent... .......25200.:05500++ 0555 296 
The Two-headed Dragon or Monster. .<7:......7 3. 329 
The Feather Pattern. ..... 00.4 c0 0 os bas os bree + oe 301 
The Alligator... .... 6.08.0 0000000508 as 02 Ue 6s Ore 302 


Miscellaneous Motives. ..........2 0.0005 40's 0) Senter 304 


CONTENTS vil 


aAraEeR LLI—SimMpLe PAINTED’ WARES. ....-..0.0..0.- 000000. foe Sa siie wha 306 
SS eePRPRTORER VY ACen? See Neo OU on a a ycer ete e, ari Ta) dae es gaa ol Bos eno toe den anibeg ae 306 


ESTE SERS Oe ae a 
Black-line Ware. . OTA eet ME ete eh A tt on la. < age Ses AES 
Lost-color Ware. . es .: Ney aca eet Re ret Pel. YZ ZO 
CHAPTER iy Venwoatene renee RE RSE en ee eR CLI 
re te aaa 
ENN Cah Tear AES at ge oar oe 
Red-lip Ware.. RP ner PAGEL ben Ne ee eee abet ee a eccice RE a BOT 
Red Ware. Rees eh ok he ee ee? on 2, e220 
CHAPTER ious awe. SRI EE PM ae te See RR ict vin AAS 
Ooo ORT ESS MA ane och ae ne eaten as Se es eee ee re cee eee © 
Tripod Ware.. Per ae ae Res och OES 37 
Mer oot Crea dish Ware\.. pik Re {RIE ee ec i ee een fe. 
II1—Mercedes Group. . eee ie MR Ct es Pie Pig AZO 
I1I—Curridabat Groans EXIupator Ker bid EbeLk 0 GecenN On 9 oaieh RN 
EMO ITOUD a ot ae hice cre! ie a OYE vl om a we ee ele ee AAD 
Pa BN ATOM TOIL p) geet erase oe ah bg eas Wie Bea BAS Peek eae GLO 
PEE UerS at SCONE ee Wr a ets 2 oo apn ees ANS fore ee a oe ams 24 3343 
Re Cae est OUTS an ume tS oe aia en ay, ctu ie Maat Pete tA 
eee nie INeriCait (st OUP .i/c. 9 eis he eo ae de eet Oh eee 45 
aeRO En OV ere et ae, gus ate se FS Gadsden 4 hie oes Aes we RAO 
ered ine Decoration. Ph ce hak ee eR S ra ae Ua a Ue Reem 
BE GONGyet ee tic ol 5 scat A. dined Se een a8 
ec rerRMmLE LI POI TS PURE Ne S88 ough Wah “ee neEL Ty Lake imp ag en oe EM Ree 
Pen mi Gere NTT tL OL INS Guinea: 0c OY Go ese res oe Pele Ee 50 
Pemih a eh ICUSCRS nat eos Fae in leel aie oak od Sd DORs BBO 
meee E LAN tie Ome A ol cee Fo pens, 28 AOS Hath 4G Aes weigh ade pte wie hie 351 
Piet sGa kewl... a fests » ait See ee ee ae EO are end ee 
Pee gence Animal. Forms. Skisy cere ay hee che, RARE wa eee ae 


Ra ee rem er ey A Sey Ror es, PES AUN ok Mh Salehat, bie ba eae ata aa 3506 
ASS RE AE ee eee Seg re me tee See ha OE Cr ahs, 358 
PMO MNES ITA Stl Me, Srl o's ys vs bug iv te Re Peele oe ae I nee 359 
OTOL Met) I ee aoe ea ee Teer eee Param een re GUS) 
MR NORRIS Ne ii Se. Sit 2s tgs eB ae ee RN Te ME ae eet a 364 
MP PPCOREAILTOT SIG he cay ok tied a ul RS ig he een ee i POA oe ee 365 
Beer LGR CR tela ge ie he a ya reth ely oe Oa ee ee een einen EE Oe 
ee eICORLEL 7% LICAUS 5 Glo ace rhe cts b Fe ahah ra gL Ae Bie Oe Bh tg A eee ee 
RTE MILs emery ey tied) oo ductike ow Sue Re Ss ie es, Pe Re EE ep TL 
eR ee. RK Sn Oa Wid A CA a mea aye dW IES HR 2 ae ee tk ee 375 
Det reer ran is se nf Feu 8 eb Laces ee vee coke Me ee © MG A yn ae 376 
COE GO ae i ar eae era BN Se ER pat Moats bey hts: IT. 
WORRY INOS kh cai soak Vere any. soe Wiese aeh Oe epee i, ae re epee ees 379 
TAs iw SP Gin Ba 68) OC ROUEN Sabena en Armee ae er oer On or Meh) ekg Maas ni), ee ae 379 
Remo e rr eas VoL bee ES ORICA RFS irik va vies tens Grace Punins 2 Gee ge ote CUA a Rk ae eM 380 


Vill POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


AGE 
Part IV—-SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 

T= -Sumi mary sera a e's pace syed oo ss date lobe #ni i gc ttc eget ee 385 
Pactfic ated occ. cic nies ath winie fe © 25 Sak ne ty eee eee 385 
Highland area oy os. bs 2 dee ee Pe wes ee 388 
Ii=—Pottery Types and Historic Peoples... ... :.04... > - 2 390 
Pacific ATCA ss 6 ccc5 ej ect ang aes 2 #4 Genet ele nce ete er 390 
Highland aréa.... 6 6sck une eas © oe tte sa go 392 
I{I—Cultural Relations and Chronology .............-5 «ys: =e 392 
Contact with the Maya Old Empire............- 33 394 
Contact with the Maya Renaissance........... 0... ss 397 
Contact with Toltec and Aztee culture. .........: )2 eee 398 
Contact with European culture,.....'0....:...: 5) 400 

The “Archaic”? Culture of Mexico in relation to Costa Rica and 
Nicaragua. wi. sa: ae ose spe an ols sys tapi oe 400 
Contact.with western South America..........::. <=) eee 404 
Contact with eastern South America and the Antilles.............. 410 
Dating . 0. 5. dae qos © 0a 8 5 te ee neces oa er 410 
1V—Interrelationship of Middle America and South America.............. 4II 
The Frontier of Culture... ..,.5.. 5595) «2 > cys eee 411 
sources of Culture. 45. 6000006 ooh cee ote om ee 413 
Sources of Population... .... 6... 4. d-ans, o20 ogi ee 416 

APPENDIX I 

ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES... 5 2.0 s60 sce e5 5s 0s oy soe Oe ee ane 421 
Pacific Region. .. 2 ...2 000 ce eeu see sa seen he 0 ee ee 421 
Highland Region. ....5...4.6.5-0¢2001 5509 ae oe 437 
Southern Costa Rica....2. 60.505 64 2+ $2 ya tae 442 


APPENDIX II 


Memorial to Our Lord the King, giving a Description and the Character- 
istics of the Province of Costa Rica. Year 1610. .... .. 2 446 


APPENDIX III 


Report of Fray Francisco de San José, Apostolic Missionary, to the Presi- 
dent of the Audiencia of Guatemala, concerning the subjection of 
Talamanca and the houses and tribes of the Térrabas Indians........... 449 


APPENDIX IV 


Notes on Las Mercedes, Costa Rica Farm, and Anita Grande, by Alanson 
Skinner. 6. cs. ee ee bn ed wih a ede wig bn eee cpeee oie ae err 451 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


All specimens not otherwise acknowledged are in the Museum of the American 
Indian, Heye Foundation. The following abbreviations are used: 


AMNH, American Museum of Natural History. 
BM, British Museum. 

CMP, Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh. 

CRNM, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. 

PM, Peabody Museum, Harvard University. 
USNM, United States National Museum. 


In reproductions from pen drawings the colors are indicated by the following 
scheme of shading: 


Ct 


== ZG 





Brown 


Red Orange Purple Black 
LAG BRS 
PAGE 
Mipeeienocolate Wares CostasRica. 2,0, CMP. oo Pee ee 228 
Piipepenocolate Ware bowls, Costa \Ricalo.0) 05. ceo <.sdew ence sas 230 
iui enocolate: Ware, Costa’Rica: a,b, CRNM OU 0 oe es ak 232 
CIV. Chocolate Ware. Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. a, e, g, h, 
CMV Le Patra NAS Sone hr iol ra ee Der ee We ee 234 
CV. Chocolate Ware. Nicoya peninsula. a, d,e, CRNM.......... 234 
CVI. Chocolate Ware. a, c-f, Nicaragua; b, g, Nicoya peninsula, 
PGateenico a6 res ONL Oo, GPM, PE wy oa ee 236 
CVII. Chocolate Ware. Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica............. 236 
CVIII. Black Ware and Orange-Brown Ware. c, g, Black Ware, 
Nicaragua; others, Orange-Brown Ware. a, Tola, Nica- 
fragua, “PM: 6; 7, Sardinal,’ Costa -Rica, USNM; -g, 
Lagumilla; Costa Rica, PM; e, Nicaragua, PM..,......... 238 
CIX. Orange-Brown Ware. Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. a, b, 
Side and top views of effigy vessels, USNM; c, d, bowls 
with loose-headed figurines on the side, PM; e, f, Alli- 
Patio evr DOWIS foc BoC avace wa: ee ee one ere Neh eet ets 240 
CX. Orange-Brown Ware. Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. d, e, 
Per US OLner Sy Ul NAVE. Bite oc des ake Oe ee Gee he ree ee 242 
CXI. Orange-Brown Ware. a, c-e, Costa Rica; b, Caballo Blanco, 
Cuatermalay cdo NV 2 yi Panik lt OU cet eeene ere, ene 244 
CXII. Red Ware, Black Ware, and Orange-Brown Ware. a, ), 
Red Ware, Lagunilla, Costa Rica, PM; c, Black Ware, 
Filadelfia, Costa Rica, PM; d, e, Orange-Brown Ware, 
Lagunilla and San Vicente, Costa Rica, PM; f, Red 
Ware poardinal, Costa Rica sUSN Mee ee eee 246 
CXIII. Incised designs. a, d, Chocolate Ware; ), c, e-g, 1, Orange- 
Brown Warerks Black Ware aoe ae ee ee 248 
CXIV. Palmar Ware. e, Alta Gracia, Nicaragua; others, Nicaragua. 
G06 Mat, at UNM ic ore ee eee ce ten ee 250 


IX 


CXV. 
CXVI. 
CXVII. 


CXVITT: 
CAIX. 


CXX. 


Cee? 


CXXII. 


CXXITI. 


CXXIV. 


COOXY. 


CXXVI. 


CXXVII, 
CXXVIII. 


CXXUX: 


Cle 


CARL. 
CXXXIT, 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA, AND NICARAGUA 


Modeled Alligator Ware. Liberia, Costa Rica. CRNM.. 

Modeled Alligator Ware. Alta Gracia, Nicaragua. PM....... 

Modeled Alligator Ware. a-c, Costa Rica (Keith collec- 
tion); d, Liberia, Costa Rica (collection of Dofia 
Angélica Baldioceda). . 

Modeled Alligator Ware. Alta Gan Nicareres PM. 

Modeled Alligator Ware. a, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica; 
CMP; b, Nicaragua, USNM; c, Las Mercedes, Costa 
Rica; d, San José de los Animales, Nicaragua, PM; e, 
Nicoya peninsula, CRNM;; f, Sapoa, Costa Rica, USNM.. 

Zapatero Ware burial jars: a, b, Nicaragua, PM; c, El 
Menco, Nicaragua, PM; d, Ometepe island, Nicaragua, 
BM (after Joyce, 1916); e, f, Ometepe island, Nicaragua, 


Zapatero Ware burial jars. a, Santa Helena, Nicaragua; 

b-e, Hacienda Luna, Nicaragua. USNM 
Zapatero Ware. a, c, e-h, Santa Helena, Nicaragua, USNM; 

b, d, Filadelfia, Costa Rica, PM 
Small boot-shape vessels. a, b, Black Ware, Ometepe 

island, Nicaragua; c, e, Zapatero Ware, Nicaragua, PM; 

d, Orange-Brown Ware, Costa Rica; f, Chocolate Ware, 

Costa Rica 
Nicoya Polychrome Ware figurine. 

Costa Rica. CRNM 
Nicoya Polychrome Ware figurines. a, e, f, Costa Rica, 

CRNM;; b-d, Costa Rica, AMNH,; g, Bolson, Costa Rica, 

PM (formerly Anderson collection); h-j, Nicaragua, 

AMNH, CRNM, and USNM 
Nicoya Polychrome Ware figurines. a-c, g, Nicoya penin- 

sula, Costa Rica (a, CRNM); d, Cervantes, Costa Rica, 

USNM;; e, Las Canillas, Liberia, Costa Rica, USNM; 

f, Sardinal, Costa Rica, USNM 
Nicoya Polychrome Ware. Costa Rica. CRNM 
Luna Ware figurines. a, b, Ometepe island, Nicaragua; 

c, Nicaragua. USNM 
Chiriqui style figurines. Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. 

CRNM., ©. 0. os ce we oe teu weve oe ete le 
Whistles and figurines. a, f, 1, Lagunilla, Costa Rica, 

PM; 0b, Bolson, Costa Rica, Anderson collection; c, 

Buenos Aires, Costa Rica, PM; d, Costa Rica, USNM; 

e, Nicaragua, AMNH;; g, 2, Filadelfia, Costa Rica, PM; 

h, m, Costa Rica, PM;7, k, Nicoya, Costa Rica, PM 
Red Ware. Bolson, Costa Rica. Anderson collection 
Figurines. a, b, Granada, Nicaragua, USNM;; ¢c, d, Zapa- 

tero island, Nicaragua, USNM;; e, 2, Nicaragua, PM; f, 

Ulua valley, Honduras, PM; g, Moyogalpa, Nicaragua, 

PM; h, Miravalles, Costa Rica, USNM; j, Sardinal, 

Costa Rica, USNM 


0 © we: 6) eee) ee a ee) ene 


oem ee ew he Pe ee 6 me 8 6 we le wee Se 


Nicoya peninsula, 


oO. 6 (06 le © © 1e es 6 oe le is ie) -w cays! 6!) 8) eel ie) ollie ee eee re ee 


2 we © 0 6 8 we) Klee) wl ee (es) a eee eon 


2 8 8 em 6 Oe whe 6 is we wl ee os 6) ee 


rr 


6.8 © 0  & © © wl Sey whe & © Sma) wicmire meres le) ei eeee eee 


ote decay le ke) ee 


eovoeevn eee 6 6 oO 8 8 8 6 8 ee 8) 6 Ee eee 66 a eee eels 


254 


Cx. 


CAAALV, 


CXAXYV, 


£92, 9. Gia & 


CXXXVITI. 
CXXXVIII. 
CXXXIX, 
a. 

CAG !, 


CXL: 
CXLITI. 


(a4 AD 


GAL: 


CALV I. 


CAVITE, 


CAEVITE: 
CXLIX. 


CL. 


‘lel 


ed Fab 


ILLUSTRATIONS XI 
PAGE 
Pottery drums. Costa Rica. a, Red Ware, AMNH; 0, Red 
Ware; c, Orange-Brown Ware, AMNH. ark 
Orange-Brown Ware (a-e) and Chocolate aes (f) crite 
a, c-e, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica, PM; 3, ee 
Nicaragua, PM; f, Costa Rica. 276 
Pottery spindle-whorls. Nicoya aeninenie® ines ee a, 
Ree ARRIVE eV ee ae AER ie wee a inten ek eae 27S 
a, b, e, f, Pottery sinkers, Santa Helena, Nicaragua; 
c, Pottery celt, Zapatero island, Nicaragua; d, Pottery 
beads, Miravalles, Costa Rica. USNM. 2250 
Pottery cylindrical stamps: Mais prown aNare Nico 
peninsula, Costa Rica. CRNM. 282 
Stone statue. Costa Rica. AMNH. .286 
Stone slab. Anita Grande, Costa ey, pee286 
Ceremonial metate. San Isidro de ued aieipe Gaon he 
CORR SIN A cr RE ies i ian oa ae Ben ke PU ae ee 290 
Miscellaneous stone objects. Costa Rica. CRNM...........292 
Highland Polychrome Ware. Costa Rica. CRNM...........294 
Highland Polychrome Ware. a, Costa Rica, CRNM; b 
Costa Rica; c, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; d, Nicoya 
Pet SUE Osta vic ee cer cee wee ba he oth. ok 200 
Highland Polychrome Ware: Plumed Serpent motive, 
type A. a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; }, Orosi, Costa 
Rica, PM; c, San Antonio de Nicoya, Costa Rica; d, 
Ometepe island, Nicaragua; e, Two-headed Monster 
Pepe Ce Tee OSU AMINO Seer ee tenho laltet. iat Mie oN Me ae 296 
Highland Polychrome Ware. Costa Rica. a, Bowl with 
loose-headed figurine and Two-headed Monster pat- 
tern, type A; 6, Effigy bowl with Plumed Serpent pat- 
HEED SER DEUS OU LON AV A eer ce AOA te ON ed that. Wega. 298 
Highland Polychrome Ware: Plumed Serpent motive, 
pee Ae psta Rican RIN Mains oes ala Bente oe eas oe 300 
Highland Polychrome Ware. Costa Rica. a, b, Plumed Ser- 
pent motive, type B; c, Two-headed Monster motive; 
d, e, Plumed Serpent motive, type C. e, PM; others, 
CRNMoNb-d Courtesy of Moi. Saville) sa 9 0. a oe. 300 
Highland Polychrome Ware: Plumed Serpent motive, 
type C. a, Nicoya peninsula; b, Costa Rica, CRNM.. . 302 
Highland Polychrome Ware: Two-headed Monster pat- 
tern, type A. Costa Rica. CRNM. oat OY 
Highland Polychrome Ware: Two- headert Monster ¢ mative 
and miscellaneous types. a, 0, Costa Rica (courtesy of 
M.H. Saville); c-e, Costa Rica, AMNH; f-h, San Isidro 
de Guadaloupe, Costa Rica, BM (after Joyce, 1918)...... 302 
Highland Polychrome Ware. Costa Rica. a, Alligator mo- 
tive; b, Two-headed Monster motive, type C. CRNM......304 


Red-line Ware and Highland Polychrome Ware. Costa 
Rica. CRNM.. ne 


oH 300 


XII 


CSU 
lea. 


8 PA 
cic Vis 


CPV i: 
CUMIN 


CELX: 
Cle 


GUx 
CALI 


CSAs 
CUXIY. 


GIA: 
CLXVI. 


dQ A 
CLXVITT. 
CERT 
Cie 
COX 
CUA: 
CLXXIM: 


CLIN: 
CLARY: 


CUXXVEE 
CU AV iE 


CLAXVIIL 


POTTERY OF COSPA RIGA 


AND NICARAGUA 


Red-line patterns, type A. Costa Rica. Late 

Red-line Ware, type B. a, d, f, g, Costa Ries 7: ie ‘Mer- 
cedes, Costa Rica; c, e, Anita Grande, Costa Rical. eae 308 

Red-line Ware, type C. a-d, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; 


e, Costa Rica; f, Guapiles, Costa Rica. TO 
Yellow-line Ware. a-c, Las Mercedes, Casts Ree an dent 

Rica... eds ccna e beth oe 2 edie en oe Sie 
Yellow-line Ware. Las Mercedes, Costa Rica............... 314 
White-line Ware, type B. a, d, e, Las Mercedes, Costa 

Rica; 6, c, f, Costa Rica. oe Lb 
Black-line Ware, type A. a, ¢, e, ie ies Meréedaet fon 

Rica; d, g, Anita Grande, Costa Rica; ), h, Costa Rica . 318 
Black-line Ware, type B. Las Mercedes, Costa Rica.... .318 
Lost-color patterns. Las Mercedes, Costa Rica............. 320 
Lost-color (e) and Maroon Incised (a-d) Wares. Costa 

Rica osc os pe ee ed ey eee ola ole oy 322 
Maroon Incised Ware. a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; 

others, Costa Rica. ene | 
Chocolate Ware and Meee Thoised Wares a, Meee fe 

cised Ware, Costa Rica; others, Chocolate Ware, Costa 

Rica. b, c, f, Las Mercedes. 326 


Chocolate Ware. Costa Rica. f, CRNM. 42 we 326 
Chocolate Ware and Red-lip Ware. a-c, Chocolate Ware, 
Costa Rica, PM and USNM;; d-m, Red-lip Ware, Costa 


Red-lip Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica................. 328 
Red Ware. a, d, Costa Rica; b, c, e, Las Mercedes, Costa 

Rica; f, Anita Grande, Costa:Rical) soe 328 
Red Ware. a, c, d, Costa Rica; b, f, Las Mercedes, Costa 

Rica; ¢, Cartago, Costa Rica... ..°. 2.0) oan 330 
Red Ware. a, Angel, Ecuador; }, e, f, h, Costa Rica; ¢, d, 

Cartago, Costa Rica; g, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica......... 330 
Curridabat Ware. a, c, g, 1, 7, Costa Rica; }, a Ib igas 
_ Mercedes, Costa Rica. SG Se eee 
Curridabat Ware. h, Gacapo: Chua: Rican 1, Las Mer- 

cedes, Costa. Rica; others, Costa Rica. 2 UShiMil =e 334 
Curridabat Ware. a, b, e, f, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; ¢, 

d, Costa Rica. ...65 5.000. Dock eS se 2 Oe 334 
Curridabat Ware: Interior patterns on bowls, Costa Rica:.... 336 
Tripod Ware. a, 0, e, f, Fish motive, Costa Rica; c, d, g, h, 

Animal motives, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. Ss . 9388 
Tripod Ware. a, d-f, Las Mercedes, Costa Riese ah Coste 

Rica; c, Los Pueblos, Costa. Rica . 2.2 (eee 340 
Tripod Ware. a, Costa Rica, USNM; 8b, San Isidro de 

Guadaloupe, Costa Rica, Tinoco collection............7; 342 


Curridabat Ware, Highland Polychrome Ware, and Tripod 
Ware. a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; 6, Costa Rica, 
CRNM; ¢, Agua Caliente, Costa Rica, CRIN DiS ee 344 


GIO LX. 
CIO ee 
lee I: 


CLARA. 
CX OAITI, 


CLXXXIV. 
CLeCA XV, 


CLXXXVI. 


CAAA VIT. 


CLXXXVIII. 


CLXXXIX. 


ES, te 
WAG). 


CXGIT, 
oe Lil: 


NES GA A 
CXCV. 
CXCVI, 
CaseVi: 


CACVIIT, 
CXCIX. 


Ce. 
CCL, 


ils 
CCl. 
GCEly, 


CGN. 


ILLUSTRATIONS XIII 
PAGE 
Tripod Ware. Filadelfia, Costa Rica. a, PM.. Set ene el 
Stone Cist Ware. a-c, e, g, Costa Rica; d, Anita Grande, 
Costa Rica; f, Cartago, Costa Rica; h, Las Mercedes, 
Costa Rica. : Re sAG 
Stone Cist Ware: Monkey aetnes Edd conventiondlizead ne 
rivatives. b.f, Chiriqui, Panama; others, Costa Rica.. 350 
ATCC a WN At Oo Ost ae Cd me tee, aerate ee ag le dog acrs ate 354 
Large jars. a, San Isidro de Guadaloupe, Costa Rica, BM 
(after Joyce, 1916); b, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica........ 356 
Large jars. a, Costa Rica; b, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica.......358 
Miniature vessels and Handled Ware. a-o, Miniature ves- 
sels, Costa Rica; p-u, Handled Ware, Costa Rica.......... 362 
Incense burners. a-c, e, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; others, 
ROSE G HE Seema Saat ire hare tM CPR ce” he Mita ete es. 9 366 
Pottery stands. a-c, f, Costa Rica; d, e, Las Mercedes, 
Wis a tel CATS SA og hee Lc ea A Ii OR Oa re mR A inn Gere mE 368 
Pottery and stone heads. Costa Rica. b, Las Mercedes 
Cot rate RANTING Shere ls dat cactege Aire heaate ohne Lette crue rece BAY aches 3€8 
Pottery heads. Costa Rica. CRNM. (Courtesy of M. H. 
SIR oien feo ket, Gee CRORE, gee Ge ee ara Sr rin, Maan tener pat See 370 
Figurines. Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. E272 
Figurines, a-c, Chiriqui type, Costa Ries Bs hia aie 
PULL AS wie Le yh 1] a LOStA RICE, art tak, ng eee inte oie 374 
Pottery, types irom southern Costa’ Rica 30.22.65 on ee ne 380 
Forms and decorative motives of the pottery of the Pacific 
BEG UIE REAL Os Bin te SS Ges NG ty Gnas he ok tema eee R ES 386 
Forms and decorative motives of Highland Wares .......... 388 
Figurines. Nicaragua. a, Mayan type; 0}, c, Venezuelan 
types; d, ‘‘Archaic’”’ type. Musei Preistorico ed Etno- 
grafico, Rome. Epa tieg, 2 402 
Site map, Mace ta, see More ER ne er peer ery Re EY RS 422 
Burials at Las Guacas, Costa Rica. (After Hartman, 
RNa ANC rene sans alent Ae t hater ait ne wausig fae eh OC, Pee 424 


Salinas bay, showing archeological sites. (After Flint MS.)....432 
Mounds on Zapatero island, Nicaragua. (After Bovallius, 

Gy Lote rea ee ie I ae ce a iesee Sod Pa 436 
Pibem Iai < OSTA INICA ee as cats cece he A38 
Burial mound and general map of Las Mercedes, Costa 


Rica. (After Hartman, I901).. : . .-440 
Burial mound at Orosi, Costa ie (After Harti root) . 442 
Partial plan of Las Mercedes, by Alanson Skinner . vent sO 
Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. a, Retaining wall of Hibund 

south of Cemetery 3; b, Two-story grave in Cemetery 4...452 
Stone figures. Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. a, Cemetery I; 

p. Gemetery Aan. Re yee i cae ceed eee rare cena 456 


XIV 


TRO 


140. 


I4!. 


l4g: 
143. 
144. 


145. 
140. 
147. 
148. 
149. 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


FIGURES 


Chocolate Ware bowl, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica... ..... 3) 3 5eeeeee 
Chocolate Ware bowls, Gosta Rica. a, CMP... ....... 2. 


Chocolate Ware effigy vases. a, Nicoya peng Costa Rica, 
CRNM;; J, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. 

Chocolate Ware jar, Nicoya peninsula, Contes Rice 

Chocolate Ware jars, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rina a, -CRNM. 

Chocolate Ware bowl, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. CRNM..... 

Black Ware. a, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica, Anderson collection; 
b, Ometepe island, Nicaragua, USNM;; ¢, Filadelfia, Costa Rica, 
PMS at 

Black enor jar, Nieowa AEA EE TA Cone Ricks CRNM. 


White-line pattern from floor of a bowl of Orange- Brown Ware 
Filadelfia,;Costa Rica:\PM ..........: 0. 02 2 40 ee 


Orange-Brown Ware bowl, Costa Rica. 
Pottery head, Filadelfia, Costa Rica. PM. 


Orange-Brown Ware bowl, Nicaragua. Muses! Preistaen ed marae. 


phico, Rome.. 
Orange-Brown ee Jaie eee Rien AMNH. 
Bowl from Costa Rica representing a human hea 


Orange-Brown Ware squash effigy jar, Nicoya neninentes Costa Rew 


CMP.. ‘meme 
Bowl with Praiclal Bei: fete Rice Treen colleqan ; 
Jar with modeled snakes, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. CRNM. 
Orange-Brown Ware jar, Filadelfia, Costa Rica. PM......... 
Black Ware jar, Costa Rica. 


Incised jars. a, Costa Rica, CRNM: ay Cae of Caen ‘ Guacatene 


Nicaragua, PM. 


Red Ware hunch- ee ya jars. a, Costa Rica; 0, Filadelfia, 


Costa Rica, PM. tS 
Incised design, Onno Brown re Riladelage ‘Coe Ree PM. 
Incised designs. a-c, Orange-Brown Ware, Filadelfia, Costa Ree 


d, Red Ware, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. PM G35 


Modeled Alligator Ware. a, Department of Occidente, Nicaragua, 
Peabody Museum of Salem; b, c, from the Squier collection, and 
the type specimens of this ware, AMNH. 


Modeled Alligator Ware. a, Filadelfia, Costa Rice b, Nicowe ross 
Rica. PM... oe pk we we oy 


Modeled Alligator Ware, Alta Gracia, Nicaragua. PM. 
Large alligator effigy vessels, Costa Rica. CRNM. 
Zapatero Ware. a, Zapatero island, Nicaragua; }, Onetere lana 


Nicardgua, USNM. i). 06.5005 05 oe be 
Orange-Brown Ware, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica................. 
Part of a figurine, Liberia, Costa Rica,-PM .. . )> ee 


Solid clay head, Costa Rica. CRNM.....:.. 


Figurine, Lake Valencia, Venezuela... ...... >. 


Figurine, Nicaragua. PM.. 


150. 


151. 
Ls2. 


153. 
154. 


155. 
156. 


157. 
158. 
159. 
160. 
161. 
162. 
163. 
164. 
165. 
166. 
167. 
168. 
169. 


170. 


Cai, 
172; 


E93: 
174. 


75, 
176. 


177. 
178. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Figurines. a, Nicoya, Costa Rica, PM; }, Boruca,- Costa Rica; c, 
Ometepe island, Nicaragua, USNM..... peaks 

Whistles, Costa Rica. AMNH. a 

Nandaime Ware figurine, Witreey USNM. 

Nandaime Ware Figurines. a, c, Nandaime, Nicaea wien PM; Tk d, 


ere eRe ie 2 Us NIV oe ttt scone hae ee ee NOAA, Ss a eke 
Orange-Brown Ware figurines, Costa Rica. AMNH............... 
Figurines, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica.a, CRNM;),PM.......... 


Figurines. a, es, peninsula, Costa Rica, PM; b, Lake Valencia, 
Venezuela. 


Figurines. a, vs Naniaiine Nene Nicarabuat ‘PM; c-e, Orange- 
Proumay aren ostaunicas(¢s USN IM). even wihed cma eae 


Human heads. a, b, Miravalles, Costa Rica; c, d, Santa Helena, 


Rte ata IN IVEY. to igs bee sar ois hata Aes As Ua ptr 


Orange-Brown Ware whistle, Lagunilla, Costa Rica. PM...... 


Orange-Brown Ware whistles, Costa Rica. AMNH. 


Red Ware figurines. a, Rie Nicaragua, USNM; a ie piiedalae 


Costar Rica, PM. 


Red Ware eariries: a, eoatar Rie USNM; is aNicoves Soni 
Dre Ee Ee eA eres" ars eerle Bie bc Sa Gee BAS ee 


Figurine, Venezuela. . ROR RR A Fans sake. OA ob Me I ee ne: 
Figurines. a, Oars Broa! nevare: Moyogalpa, Nicaragua, 
USNM; 0, Zapatero Ware, Nicaragua, USNM; c, Ulua valley, 


SUMAN REPU AN anges hc Ak nai Sek Sek ais, Bad Siuee wee hee aS 


Pottery drums. a, Red Ware, Costa Rica; 6, Chocolate Ware, es 
peninsula, Costa Rica, PM; c, Bugabita, Sa USNM. 

Pottery drums, Nicoya porineals, Costa Rica. ee 

Pottery drum, Santa Helena, Nicaragua. USNM. 


Pottery rattles. a, Los Pueblos, Costa Rica; }, Ghee Rica AMNH. PAF 


Miniature bowls. a,c, d, Bird effigies, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica; 
b, Turtle effigy, Nicoya peninsula; e, Bird rane: Sardinal, Costa 
ica. a-c, e¢, PM: d, f, USNM.. a seated 

Pottery funnel, Sardinal, Costa Rae USNM. 


Rica; b-d, Stamps (b, Costa Rica; c, Escasu, Costa Rica; d, Fila- 
delfia, Costa Rica); e, Pestle, Nicoya peninsula; f, g, Discs, 
Costa Rica; h, 1, Jar covers, bores peninsula. a, CRNM; 
ce, 8,4, PM. 


Pottery discs, Ome. cence nn Wane a, Nigose ite ay tenes 
Rica, CRNM;; b, San Miguel, Ometepe island, Nicaragua. PM.... 


Pottery spindle-whorls. a, Costa Rica; b, Ometepe island, Nicaragua, 


Ree MG AA Pay a ood PRS eos, SRT TN IS Ons eee, 
Pottery lip-plugs, Orange-Brown Ware, Filadelfia, Costa Rica. PM... 
meas 


Pipes, or snuffing tubes, Costa Rica. AMNH....... 


XV 


PAGE 


| .261 
a O2 
203 


me2O4 
..265 


.265 


7206 
207 


2207 
ee ies 
a, Orange-Brown Ware, Costa Rica; b, Red Ware, Costa Rica........ 
Orange-Brown Ware whistles, Costa Rica. a, b, PM;c, USNM....... 
13270 


. 269 
2270 


2271 
me f2 
e273 
Pres? 8 
mers 
ee 7 
2aZ6 


) ehewy 
Be OM, 


Behr ay te’ 
ero 
Miscellaneous pottery objects. a, Rattle, Nivova Seana Gocta 


=3270 


2280 


. .280 


281 


XVI 


179. 


180. 
181, 


182. 
183. 
184. 
185. 


186. 
187. 


188. 
189. 
190. 


IQI. 
192. 
193. 


194. 
195. 


196. 
197. 
198. 
199. 
200. 
201. 
202. 


203. 


204. 
205. 
206. 
207. 
208. 
209. 


210. 
211. 
212. 


213: 
214. 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


PAGE 
Stone slabs. a, Costa Rica; b, Cartago, Costa Rica. (Courtesy of 
“WoH. Holmes) «0. sc06. cain 0k Qi ae tees tse ne 287 
Section of graves, Santiago, Costa Rica. (After Hartman, 1901).......288 
Metate from Cartago, Costa Rica. CRNM. (Courtesy of W. H. 

Holmes). 5.05 iss is S645 at oS ise de Pe 289 
Gold disc, Cartago, Costa Rica. CRNM —.2.7 5 i. 7 290 
Wooden stool, Cave of Cucinizna, Nicaragua: PM 7... 22). eee 291 
Stone bowl, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. ..... V2 =... 0. 2 eee 291 
Stone statue and implements. a, Eastern Costa Rica, USNM;; 8, c, 

Cartago, Costa Rica, PM; d, Costa Rica, PM. eee ea 
Highland Polychrome Ware, Las Mercedes, Chett Rict mr Yi 
Highland Polychrome pattern on a plate from Filadelfia, Costa Rica: 

PM. osc eres bac eek ea ocd oe ae 2 rr 298 
Designs from bowls, Highland Polychrome Ware, Costa Rica..........302 
Highland Polychrome Ware, Costa Rica. abe 
Alligator patterns, Highland Palvehrone Ware (ater Hacciem 

IQOI). kee ee esa ce sne cece whe fee 4 gis 0els tee Si i 303 
Highland Polychrome Ware, Costa Rica... ... 7... 304 
Red-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. pe aOR 
Red-line Ware. a, c, Costa Rica; 3, Beane Aten Foy Rise c 

CRNM 2... ce cece wee ene oes 4 oe plain isecen ann 307 
Red-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica........ .. pee 308 
Red-line Ware patterns. a, c, Costa Rica; b, d, Las Mercedes, Costa 

1h 6 (or: PREM M 309 
Red-line Ware patterns. (After Spinden, 1917a).....................310 
Red-line pattern, Costa Rica. CRNM .... <2... 92. 3. 310 
Red-line Ware, Costa Ricay...2..5... 0. 5... 5) eee ee iI 
Red-line Ware, Costa Ricas ...... <2.) 2.0. enceeenn 312 
Red-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica: J. 22). 3) ee eee 312 
Yellow-line Ware. a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; b, c, Costa Rica....... ans 
a, Red-line Ware, Anita Grande, Costa Rica; b, Oaxaca, Mexico, 

PM; c, Yellow-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica.............. ais 
a, b, Yellow-line Ware, Las Mercedes and Anita Grande, Costa Rica; 

c, White-line Ware, Anita Grande...... .... J. oe eee 
Yellow-line Ware patterns, Costa Rica. )... >...) eee 
White-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. . .. 7) 315 
White-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica... . 7. 2) ee 316 
White-line Ware pattern, Costa Rica. ......... 03.) eee 316 
White-line Ware patterns, Costa Rica. (a, After Spinden, 1917a)...... ai 
a, Black-line Ware, Anita Grande, Costa Rica; b, Stone bowl, Las 

Mercedes, Costa Rica; ¢, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica 2323s eee 318 
Black-line patterns. a, Costa Rica; 6, San Isidro de Guadaloupe, 

Costa Rica, BM; c, Costa Rica, CRNM .... 72. ee 319 
Lost-color Ware. a, Costa Rica; b, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; c, 

Costa Rica 2.0. sc aie ene eo nce apes oy ny oo) 221 
Lost-color Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica ./-. 72) 322 
Maroon Incised Ware, Costa Rica........: .. 2) see 324 
Chocolate Ware pattern, Cartago, Costa Rica. CRIN Mie 326 


215. 
216. 
oT: 
Oro. 
219. 
220. 
231. 
222. 
223. 
22 A. 


225. 


226. 
227, 
228. 
229. 
230. 


231. 
237, 


223. 
234. 
235. 
236. 


Day 


238. 
239. 
240. 
241. 


242. 
243. 


244. 
245. 
246. 
BAT 
248. 
249. 
250. 


251. 
252. 


ILLUSTRATIONS XVII 


Chocolate Ware. a, Anita Grande, Costa Rica; 6, Costa Rica......... ; se 
Chocolate Ware. a, Costa Rica; 6, Anita Grande, Costa Rica.......... B27 
Pama OMN Vt e COSta hi C as ee cele ere wee, Gt man kis Cakes 328 
Porm Are mosta Rigas UN Mim eck ees wet ss os ss Ce eas Dee Oa 329 
fem yate: Cartaco. Osta Rica teeta tenet ete i te Le Ole hs eae KT 
brates a RV ATC, Ost aN SACAs OTe ee oes ate es wets os Aly ts aac 
Vessel resembling Curridabat Ware, Tumaco, Colombia............ 334 
Mecorocive detais, iridabat® Wares ius oi3 ce saw fo cet cee os bs es 335 
ipo are. LassMercedés, Gosta Rica. icc sy... coe Se oe cee es eG 
Gold eagle, Costa Rica. Peabody Museum of Salem. (Courtesy of 

MVE POTIRATIO es Gee OMNES ahs oo Si eae aN CE i ee Bie ek Gals 338 
Legs of Tripod Ware. a, Costa Rica, USNM; b-d, Las Mercedes, 

Sea DG eee ate Pune, We eee Alte irae oe ae, Mea gee eine he ee teeca sk 339 
Series ai ares (Osta RICA SUS NIV oc ee itt as hae erg neg Wey are 339 
Yripod Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica...... 0... ..00. 00.0 4a es .340 
Smee vate Cartato,, (Costa Rica’, oa! cn ahkse ooo o's. eal eae ee ol 341 
Tripod jar, painted purple, orange, and white; Costa Rica............ 342 
Tripod Ware fragments. a, Tres Rios, Costa Rica, PM; }, c, Costa 

Samet MV ete or ec. 8 has ee ee aa) nd, Pee SO EAL EE: ais 343 
Tripod Ware, San Isidro type, San Isidro de Guadaloupe, Costa 

heceweviso, formerly Tinoco.collection): 2000.2 wes is ea ke 344 
Tripod Ware. a, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica, CRNM;; b, La Con- 

PetecnTmersta nica. (NE? C. Costa Rica ts of coe sarees Sue ot en's 345 
Messemtom angel, Province of Carchi, Ecuador...) e209. eh. wn ee 346 
prone twist. Ware. decorative details, Costa Ricay. 00.00. 62.2 2.5 0s ose 347 
meEG EU AL Ono Cislal ES ICA on, Gr uae ec hc oe ee haan an or he sews ge 348 
Stone Cist Ware. a, Cartago, Costa Rica; 6, d, Costa Rica; c, Las 

ROS ee le UC GE AS 5104S eee teas GUE cal Oday Os ao ahh wn are ekaee eae hae 349 
Stone Cist Ware. a, 6, Costa Rica; c, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; d, 

ne ECRT ALICE ME OSTAR ICR Ar oe te te cree enc oth oe tee «et eee F 350 
Rim figure from Angel, Province of Carchi, Ecuador................. 351 
Stone Cist Ware. a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; b, c, Costa Rica........352 
Piamed Wateruosta Rica). uss sak. Late aes, Aw iee eeen ee ree 353 
a, Handled Ware, Cartago, Costa Rica, PM; 6, Handled Ware, Costa 

Rica; c, Twin Stone Cist Ware vessels, Costa Rica................ 354 
Large tripod jars. a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; b, Costa Rica.........356 
Tripod jar, San Isidro de Guadaloupe. Costa Rica. BM. (After 

MCRD OLIN) Geen eee ee a Sn gs Seis so nce ee Bat ete Stee ioae ie re err 2 357 
Effigy jars. a, Costa Rica; b, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica............... 357 
re PRmDOCLIONC OSta gh ICd fio cit ick artaetss bn habs ee apie eos pee ee eae ee 358 
Preseanieuisormenioy jar. Costa aniCa ds. 1k cea se pe ae eee 358 
fines jars, as. Mercedes, Costa Rica.o) . 1s. esa aon Oe eee fg eines 359 
pamesnrelirvaiats,. Osta BRACE ir 60.55 oes Sine Dl eae adie nes an 360 
Meminemoy vessels, Casta Rica ys. 2a. 5 a natula ate. woes Se ee 360 
Vessels with Atlantean supports. a, Costa Rica, CRNM; 6, Anita 

Grande. Costa Rica: c¢,.lFarrazi, Costa’ Rica (Gox collection). 7 2 2. 361 
Bowls with Atlantean supports, Costa Rica. a, CRNM. ....-..2.-0... 362 
Miniature Red Ware.vessels,Costa Rica .. ...2F. se Sevau eee pee 362 


XVIII 


253. 
254. 


255. 
256. 
257. 


258. 


259. 
260. 
201; 
262. 
263. 
264. 
265. 
266. 
267. 
268. 
269. 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


PAGE 
Tripart miniature vessels, Costa Rica... . 2.1... 2s 0s 9s 363 
a, Handle of a double vessel, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; 6, A crude 

bowl, Costa Rica. . 363 
Incense burners. a, 0, ‘h ite Mercadegs Goeth ee a ete Rice 364 
Incense burner handles, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica................. 365 
Incense burner from San Isidro de Guadaloupe, Costa Rica. BM. 

(After Joyce, 1916)icc a5 02 «vant ne sesee ager» «102 neler 366 
Miniature incense burners. a, 0, Cartago, Costa Rica; c, Arenilla, 

Cartago, Costa Rica, PM. . 366 
Stone stand, Las Mercedes, Costa Rick ade CaO 
Pottery stands, Costa Rica. a, Nicoya; b, Teas Mercedes PM. of eaten eas 368 
Large pottery heads, Costa Rica..............+.) 369 
Effigy jar, Puriscal, Costa Rica. PM....... 7; .... +. 3: oe 
Figurines, Costa Rica. a, ¢, USNM 2... 6... ses 2s oe 
Effigy rattle, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica............... 371 
Miniature canoe, Costa Rica... i. 054.0. 4 <> » se) 0 ee 
Boat-shape vessel, Costa Rica... 5. ...2... «+. 4/43 
Figurine, Costa Rica. AMNH .... 2 2.7. 2... 5s 
Figurines, Costa Rica. weage 
a-c, Bird effigy aiiaries Goats Rich; ee “Riedie repitentine 

dogs, Costa Rica.. MOE ee 
Red Ware figurine, fae Matenles ‘Costa Rice ol VG ae 374 
Whistles. a, Boruca, Costa Rica; b, Costa Rica; c, Tierra Blanca, 

Cartago, Costa Rica. PM. ne 
a, Whistle, Anita Grande, Cones Ra 2 Whe ee Mercades) 

Costa Rica; c, Rattle, Costa Rica. ae 2 
a-c, Rattles, Costa Rica; d, problematical each ont Rice: USNM eee 
Problematical vessel, Costa Rica. USNM. ....... [aa 376 
Pottery drum, Yellow-line Ware, Costa Rica. Cox collection..........377 
a, Whistle, Costa Rica; }, Drum, Costa Rica; c, Miniature drum.......377 
Pottery rings, a, Costa Rica, USNM; }, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica..... 378 
Designs from cylindrical stamps, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica...........378 
Vase of southern Costa Rican type.. .380 
Plumbate Ware jar, Tola, Nicaragua. PM. 395 
Maya bowl, Department of Occidente, Nice PM. .396 
Figurine mold and a cast from it, ena PM...) 40a .402 
Figurine from Niquitaoy, Venezuela. 1 ehOF 
Jaguar motive in Peru. a, Nasca; ), c, “Chicane a Reauees (After 

Tello, 1923).. Be .408 
Map showing sites on n Oinetene island ae Nictracieam ar. os ee 
Pictograph at Arroyo de las Calaveras, Salinas bay, Costa Rica, 

(After Flint MS.).. .432 
Pictograph at Orosi, Costa Rice (After Hartman, 1901) .. eee (8) 
Plan of mounds at Williamsburg, Costa Rica. (After Hartaee 

TQOL) 6.6 cn ee ee Baan Gare ee oe ee leepe ese occ 442 
Plan of mounds and enclosure, Costa Rica Farm, Costa Rica. 

(From a sketch map by Alanson Skinner)... .... 9... 462 


Plan of mound and graves excavated by Alanson Skinner, Anita 
Grande, Costa Rica.... 2.0.0. «00% 0108 0s 1s ee 


Parr Il 
THE PACIFIC AREA —Continued 


CHAPTER XI 


MONOCHROME WARES 


r NHE classes of pottery hitherto considered have depended 
largely, though not entirely, on color for their decorative ef- 
fects; the groups remaining for discussion depend for em- 

bellishment on modeling and incising, and in a general way are of a 

single shade. ‘This distinction is not absolute, for, as we shall see, 

touches of color not infrequently are added to monochrome vessels 
and incised lines are often emphasized by rubbing color into them. 

Several distinct wares are thus treated, which for the greater part 

are interrelated, and which have been grouped under the term 

“Monochrome Wares”. ‘The divisions of this larger group are as 

follow: 

I. Chocolate Ware 


II. Black Ware rege characteristic 
III. Orange-Brown Ware e northwestern 
Costa Rica. 


IV. Red Ware 
V. Palmar Ware | 


Primarily characteristic 


VI. Modeled Alligator Ware é 
of western Nicaragua. 


VII. Zapatero Ware 


CHOCOLATE WARE 


Chocolate Ware is distinguished by special shapes and designs, but 
more especially by the characteristic chocolate color of the slip. 
Vessels of this class are found most abundantly in the Nicoya penin- 
sula, whence they passed freely in trade to the Lake of Nicaragua, 
the Highlands of Costa Rica, and even to the distant Province of 
Chiriqui in Panama. Indeed, the name itself was devised by Mac- 
Curdy (1911) to designate the specimens found in collections from 
Chiriqui. In the Highlands of Costa Rica not only the Nicoya trade 
pieces are found, but a local copy of Nicoya Chocolate Ware was 
made. 

Decoration is obtained by modeling and incising, and, to a lesser 
degree, by painting. Paint is primarily used to fill incised patterns, 
thus bringing them out in strong contrast to the dark field (pl. cr), 
a technical treatment encountered also in the Highland area of Costa 


227 


228 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Rica and northward as far as central Mexico. In addition, white 
paint is used on the underbody and legs of tripod bowls (fig. 117). 

Subclassification in the wares already considered has been based 
(1) on the method of decoration (modeling, painting, etc.), and (2) 





Fic. 117.—Chocolate Ware bowl, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. 
(Diameter, 9 in.) 


on the nature of the design itself. This method has here been aban- 
doned and Chocolate Ware has been classified chiefly on the basis of 
shape and modeled decoration, as follows: 


(Large. 

(Small. 
(Alligator god. 
| Alligator. 

IT. Vases 4 Human figure. 
| Bird. 

| Monkey. 


{ Human figure. 
) Animals. 


I. Bowls 


LEl Se lacs 


The shapes involved by these terms have already been defined: 
bowls are shallow open vessels, vases are very tall vessels, and jars 
are of approximately equal width and height. 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. Cl 


e & Pe ee 


Soe ow F} 


4 SRM ee we 


q 





CHOCOLATE WARE. COSTA RICA 
(DIAMETER: 4, 8 IN.; D, 11 IN.; C, 12 IN.) 


230 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


to the incised patterns. Pl. ci, a, has an annular base, a form rarely 
encountered in this ware. Fig. 118, a, is a freak piece, which is sup- 
ported by two parallel clay legs fashioned after a type encountered in 
the pottery and stone stools of Chiriqui. On one side of the rim is 
a large macaw head, and on the opposite side are two “tails” which 
run from the rim to the base in the manner seen on the Highland 
jaguar effigy metates of stone (fig. 181). 


BowrLs—SMALL. UYPE 


The smaller type of bowl is shown in pl. cut. All of these have 
elaborate incised patterns, and all except two a modeled animal head 
on the side. The tripod legs are of a characteristic conical form. 
The incised patterns are cleverly built up of triangles, squares, diag- 
onals, and frets; a has a somewhat specialized shape and design which 
come from the lower part of the Tempisque valley. 

Small Chocolate Ware bowls are found in the Nicoya peninsula and 
in the Highland region (pl. cLxv). The two groups may usually, 
though not always, be distinguished by the greater refinement of 
treatment of the Nicoya specimens. Unfortunately the provenience 
of this type cannot be established very definitely. 


VASES 


The typical Chocolate Ware vase is shown in fig. 119, a. Its 
characteristic features are the tripod legs, the sharp ridge near the 
base, the long neck, and recurved rim. Decoration consists of in- 
cised designs filled with white paint, and figures modeled in renee 
Subclassification is based on the nature of the latter. 


THE ALLIGATOR GOD 


One of the most conspicuous forms of goldwork from Chiriquti is 
a monster which MacCurdy has designated the Alligator god (pl. 
LXXVIII, a). Its presence in this region has already been noted on 
Nicoya Polychrome Ware (pl. LXxvit, a), and it reappears on Choco- 
late Ware vases such as pl. cu, b. The right-hand aspect of this re- 
niarkable vessel shows a large protruding alligator head with ears 
and ear-plugs, below and to the side of which are modeled arms. 

Pl. crv, c, f, and fig. 119, a, apparently represent transitional forms 
between the Alligator god and a human form. 


CNIS ‘f dO ¥aLaWVIG) 


voly VLSOO 


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WL SSO 
w\(\\\ “oD 


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<q Tee 
a Te (\ 
ie iN or {\ AY A\ 


\\ renee AAAS 
Ds A) (A) 
So AA) 

oe AY 





VWNOVYVOIN GNV VWOIN VLSOD AO AYA LLOd—dOYHLOT 


HD “Id 








of 





CHOCOLATE WARE 231 





ri 


| 


| 





Fic. 119.—Chocolate Ware effigy vases. a, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica; 
b, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica (height, 8.5 in.). 


THE ALLIGATOR 


Pl. cit, a, shows a protruding alligator head, above which the 
body is indicated by a series of nodules which represent the scales. 
This method of delineating the alligator scales is highly developed in 
the conventionalized aspect of this reptile in the region to the east 
and south. Other alligator heads project from the body, neck, and 
rim of this unusual vessel, so that altogether, including the Alligator 
god, there are eight projecting heads. This specimen seems to be 
transitional between Chocolate Ware and Modeled Alligator Ware. 

Pl. crv, g, is embellished with a projecting alligator snout and eyes 
modeled in low relief. 


THE HUMAN FIGURE 


Pl. civ, c, f, and fig. 119, a, may well represent the transition from 
the Alligator god to a human type. They show decorations very 
characteristic of this shape of vessel. As a rule the features of the 


232 POTTERY OF COSTALRICA CAND NICARAGUA 


face and the arms and legs are shown in relief, the body being indi- 
cated by incised lines. Pl. civ, e, shows this motive as an effigy bottle, 
and h illustrates a carefully modeled human bust in relief on the side 
of a vessel. 


THE BIRD 


A modeled bird is seen on the side of the vessel in fig. 119, b. The 
tail and wings are indicated in low relief and the head is represented 
by a loop handle with dots on it. The bird is not common on vessels 
of this ware. 

THE MONKEY 


Pl. ctv, a, shows a monkey modeled in relief on the sides of a 
cylindrical vase. The general position of the head, limbs, and tail is 
not dissimilar to that of the Nicoya Polychrome Monkey of type E 
(pl. Lx1x), which has developed from Mayan prototypes. 


JARS 


Chocolate Ware jars are usually globular or subglobular, with 
high and often flaring necks. A common modification is the addition 
of a.spout, thus producing the form known in the Mayan area as 
“chocolate pots’—a term based on function and not on color. The 
majority of these vessels are effigy types, among which the human 
head predominates. 


THE HUMAN FIGURE 


The human face occurs in three positions on Chocolate Ware jars: 
on the neck (pl. cv, e), on the body (pl. cv, a), and on the spout 
(pl. cv, b). Fig. c of the plate noted shows a vessel with a face on 
the neck, and with arms and legs indicated by incised designs. Fig. 
121, b, has a similar head, and the arms are suggested by two elabo- 
rate curved patterns which recall some of the reptiie bodies of Nicoya 
Polychrome Ware (pl. Lxiv). Pl. civ, d, shows a more elaborate 
treatment of the face, and b a face with the long slit eyes so character- 
istic of Venezuelan figurines (fig. 156, b). PI. cvt, a, c, show the 
face, arms, and legs in relief without the addition of incised details, 
and pl. cv, ec, is a very large and simple type with bulging eyes. 

Faces on the bodies of Chocolate Ware jars are not common. The 
example seen in pl. cv, a, has the nose, eyes, and eyebrows in relief, 
and the cheeks are covered with elaborate incised patterns. The gen- 


“AYVM ALVTODOHD 


voluw VLSOD 


\ 


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PHAN ae Rey 
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Mey i\\ \\ Ws ‘ee Si! i Sof 
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4) ‘i ane: \ "i 
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dOUHLOT 


WNOVUYVOIN GNV VOIN VLSOD 40 AYXALLOd 


WID “Id 





CHOCOLATE WARE 233 





Fic. 120.—Chocolate Ware jar, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. 
(Diameter, 9 in.) 


eral outline of this vessel suggests a form common in Nicoya Black- 
line Ware (fig. 114, dD). 

An interesting example of the human figure on a chocolate pot is 
shown in fig. 120, in which the entire body, as well as the arms and 





Fic. 121.—Chocolate Ware jars, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. 


234 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


legs, is indicated by incised patterns. The face of this specimen, 
which was on the spout, unfortunately is missing. Fig. 121, a, has 
two heads, one on the neck and one on the base of the spout, facing 
upward, a most unusual position. 

Pl. cv, b, is decorated with six projections which apparently are 
representations of the female breast. They also suggest the legs of 
tripod vessels of this ware, such as are shown in pls. cr, b, and 
Gin 

ANIMAL FIGURES 


Animal figures are not so common as human on this class of vessel. 
Fig. 122 probably represents a bat with outstretched wings, a form 
which occurs also on the 
Chocolate Ware vases, 
and is sometimes carved 
in"jade. PINcyittscaavery 
rare shape in which a 
square body has been set 
in the waist of a jar of 
hour-glass shape. Two 
sides of this vessel are 
decorated with incised 
patterns possibly repre- 
senting the alligator, 
while the other sides 
carry in relief the head, 
arms, and legs of animals 
which may well be jaguars. Vessels of this shape occasionally are 
found in Nicoya Polychrome Ware. 





Fic. 122.—Chocolate Ware bowl, Nicoya penin- 
sula, Costa Rica. 


Pl. cv1, d, possibly represents the monkey; g has the same narrow, 
prognathous jaws, and the spout clearly represents the tail; / is 
marked by a long snout and large whiskers, and may be the tapir; e 
has an unusual shape and bears the likeness of an alligator. The tall 
loop handle recalls pottery from the coastal region of Peru. 


BEAGK eW AR 


The only historical descriptions of the pottery from the Pacific 
region are contained in the passages from Oviedo and Castaneda, al- 
ready quoted (page 40), which refer to a lustrous black ware 
of surprising beauty. Archeological remains scarcely justify the 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CIV 





CHOCOLATE WARE. NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA 





VYDIN VLSOD ‘VINSNIN3d VYAOOIN ‘34YVM 3LVTIODOHS 














WNOVUVOIN GNV WOIYN VYLSOD 30 AYSa.LLId—dOyHLot 


‘ ss \\ 
e : B\ ‘1 
ll WEY 
\\\ \ i. DA 












AD Nd 


BLACK WARE 235 


enthusiasm of Oviedo, yet they have disclosed a well-defined though 
uncommon black ware which runs from the Nicoya peninsula to 
Ometepe island in Lake Nicaragua. The surface of these vessels 
has been highly burnished and originally was covered with a varnish. 
A single fragment, the leg of a tripod vessel, in the Peabody Museum 
has preserved the original finish unimpaired, and retains a luster 
which defies reproduction. In several of the specimens presented 
below, however, a hint of the original high polish is retained. 

Only three shapes are commonly encountered: (1) The subglob- 
ular jar, peculiar to no one ware; as in the Chocolate Ware vessels 
of this class, there is often a spout. (2) The shoe-shape jars, char- 
acteristic of Zapatero Ware but found sporadically in Nicoya Poly- 





Fic. 123.—Black Ware. a, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica; 6, Ometepe island, 
Nicaragua (height, 4 in.); c, Filadelfia, Costa Rica (height, 4 in.). 


chrome Ware, Black Ware, Chocolate Ware, etc. (3) The cylindrical 
bowl, which sometimes occurs in other wares but is particularly asso- 
ciated with Black Ware. Vessels of this class, together with Luna 
Ware, are frequently found with the large burial urns. As stated 
above, objects of European manufacture have been discovered with 
this type of burial. 

Black Ware decoration is limited to modeled details and simple 
incised patterns, sometimes filled with white paint. Modeled em- 
bellishment usually results in the portrayal of a human face, of which 
examples are shown in pl. cvit1, c, f, and fig. 123. These faces occur 
on the body of the vessel, a position in which they are rarely found 
on Chocolate Ware jars. Fig. 123, a, however, shows not only a 
shape but an arrangement and decoration of Chocolate Ware type, 
although the vessel itself is black. 

Fig. 123, c, is a boot-shape jar with two animal heads placed one 
above the other. Flanking these heads are two pairs of incised fore- 
legs, and there is a single pair of legs of similar form at the other 


236 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


end of the vessel. The front and rear legs are connected by a geo- 
metric pattern. Fig. 124 illustrates a black globular jar decorated 
with the figure of an alligator in relief. The orifice of the vessel 
occupies the space where the animal body should be, but the head, 
arms, legs, and tail are 
indicated in low relief 
surrounded by an in- 
cised line. A similar 
type occurs in the Black 
Ware of Peru. 

Incised patterns are 
normally geometric and 
consist of bands en- 
closing simple frets 
which encircle the outer 
rim of the vessel, as 
seen in pl. cv, c. In 
certain cases, however, 
life forms are shown 
entirely in incised tech- 
nic, of which an ad- 
mirable example is 





Fic. 124.—Black Ware jar, Nicoya peninsula, 
Costa Rica. given in pl. cCxi, h, 


which is taken from the 


body of a Black Ware jar. The animal delineated is the jaguar, as 
can be determined from the characteristic markings associated with 
this animal in Nicoyan art. 


ORANGE-BROWN WARE 


The major part of Monochrome Ware pottery falls into the group 
to which the name Orange-Brown Ware has been given. This in- 
cludes those vessels in which the natural color of the paste has not 
been modified, and the name is descriptive of the color range due 
to local types of clay. It is more than possible that many of the 
specimens answering this description have lost their original color 
through the bleaching action of a tropical soil and climate, especially 
vessels belonging to Chocolate, Black, and Red Wares. However, 
certain definite shapes and patterns can be placed in the Orange- 
Brown group. 

The color of this ware varies from light orange to a dark brown, 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CVI 





CHOCOLATE WARE 
a, C-f—NICARAGUA. 0, g—NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA 





PL. CVII 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 





CHOCOLATE WARE. NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA 
(HEIGHT, 5.5 IN.) 





ORANGE-BROWN WARE 237 


darker, mdeed, than Chocolate Ware, but of a different quality. In 
most instances the surface has been highly burnished and sometimes 
traces of a varnish can be detected. Decoration is effected by in- 
cised designs and by modeled details. Color is sometimes rubbed 
into the incised patterns, and touches of red and white paint at 
times appear on the body of the vessel. Very rarely painted patterns 
in white are found. Fig. 125 shows such a design, from the 
interior of a bowl, which represents four alligator heads so arranged 
as to form a swastika. White-line decoration 
appears on a large ceramic group in the 
Highland region, and its occurrence on the 
Pacific coast is doubtless due to borrowing. 

Orange-Brown Ware is most frequently 
found in the region north of the Gulf of 
Nicoya. It is found also in the Nicoya 
peninsula and in the southern portion of 
Nicaragua. Local variants of this ware 
abound, distinguished primarily by the clay 
and to a lesser extent by the shape and dec- FG. 125.—White-line 
oration. No effort has been made to dis- eet from floor of a 
; 4 owl of Orange-Brown 
tinguish these types, as the greater part of Ware, Filadelfia, Costa 
the material available cannot be assigned to Rica. 
definite localities. 

The majority of vessels of this ware are either actual effigies or 
are derived from effigy forms, hence subclassification has been made 
largely on the basis of the animal shapes portrayed, as follows: 


1. Alligator. 7. Human head. 

Por urtle:; 8. Squash. 

3. Monkey. 9. Doughnut. 

4. Jaguar. 10. Snake. 

5. Armadillo. 11. Incised tripod bowls. 
6. Human figure. 12. Miscellaneous shapes. 


ALLIGATOR BOWLS 


Pl. cvut, a, shows a tripod bowl with a large alligator head pro- 
jecting from one side. The jaws are thrown wide open, thus exposing 
the teeth. The body of the vessel represents the trunk, and the tripod 
supports are the legs of the animal. Fig. e is a ring-base bowl with 
two large projecting heads connected by an incised pattern upon the 
rim. Another example appears in pl. cx, e. 


238 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Pl. cviu, d, shows a form of tripod bowl very common in the . 
Nicoya region. On each side are two triangular extensions which 
represent the head and upturned snout of the alligator. Not infre- 
quently small buttons on the upper surface indicate the eyes. 

A third form of alligator is marked by a projecting head and tail, 
and by broad, flipper-like legs. In pl. c1x, f, the head is very much 
reduced in size, but the legs are more pronounced. The tail is indi- 





Fic. 126.—Orange-Brown Ware bowl, Costa Rica. (Diameter, 5.2 in.) 


cated by a ridge on the rear tripod leg. In e of the same plate the alli- 
gator head has disappeared, but the outline of the vessel, when viewed 
from above, suggests that the star-like outline may have come from 
the type of alligator in f. Another example of this form is given in 
fig. 126. 
TURTLE JARS 

Pls. cvi1, b, and c1x, a, represent an animal covered by a shell 
which is probably a turtle, though perhaps an armadillo. The former 
is more likely, as the long snout which characterizes the armadillo is 
absent. The turtle, though not common in the art of this region, 
has been found also in the painted whistles (fig. 151, a). The speci- 
mens illustrated here are marked by a ridge at the outer extremity. 
Oval openings in this ridge occur on opposite sides, in one of which 
a head and legs can be distinguished, and in the other a tail and legs. 
The upper surface is covered with incised patterns. 


Tue MonkKey. 
Two representations of the monkey are shown in pl. c1x, c, d. The 
animal is modeled almost completely in the round. In one example 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CVIII 





BLACK WARE AND ORANGE-BROWN WARE 


Cc, J7—BLACK WARE, NICARAGUA; ot heys—-ORANGE-BROWN WARE. 1, TOLA, NICARAGUA; 0, f, SARDINAL, : 
COSTA RICA; d, LAGUNILLA, COSTA RICA; €, NICARAGUA 


fs 





ORANGE-BROWN WARE 239 


(d) it faces toward the vessel and in the other (c) away from it. 
Both of these objects exhibit a feature known in American ceramics 
only in the region of the Gulf 
of Nicoya, namely, mobile heads 
which can be turned in any di- 
rection, and which call to mind 
the balancing heads of Japanese 
dolls. Fig. 127 shows one of 
these heads, representing an un- 
known animal, which has_ be- 
come separated from its orig- 
inal setting. This specimen 
discloses a long neck terminat- 
ing in a button which prevents 
the head from detaching itself 
from the body. One other speci- 
men exhibiting a similar head is 
illustrated herein (pl. cxtv, a). Heads of this form are confined to 
no particular ware. They are not common. 





Fic. 127.—Pottery head, Filadelfia, 
Costa Rica. (Diameter, 3 in.) 


THE JAGUAR 


Pl. cx, b, shows an effigy jar which recalls Nicoya Polychrome 
Ware types, from which this form is doubtless borrowed. The 
nature of the animal is not clear, but from other specimens it seems 
probable that the jaguar is intended. 


THE ARMADILLO 


A somewhat fanciful treatment of the armadillo is seen in pl. cx, f. 
The outline of the carapace is suggested by a raised ridge. At the 
left is the tail and at the right is the head, with clasped paws on the 
nose, a characteristic position of this animal in Nicoya Polychrome 
Ware (pl. xtx, a). On the upper surface of the vessel is an incised 
pattern consisting of triangles, which are usually associated with the 
armadillo. They are placed in regular lines, which suggest the divi- 
sion of the central portion of the carapace into bands. Pl. cx, d, 
gives a more obvious rendering of the same animal, in which the 
major features are all indicated in relief. 


240 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


THE HUMAN FIGURE 


The human figure is not made the basis of effigy vessels in Orange- 
Brown Ware,—a feature distinguishing it from Red, Chocolate, and 
Black Wares,—but it is found in the shape of complete figurines 
which are attached tothe sides of bowls in such fashion as to form a 





Fic. 128.—Orange-Brown Ware bowl, Nicaragua. (Length, 5.5 in.) 


handle. An example of this form is seen in pl. cx, a. This speci- 
men belongs to the pigeon-breasted class of figurines discussed below. 
The man represented here grasps in his right hand an object which 
may be a pestle, while the round excrescence on the chest may be a 
mortar. Another view of this 
specimen is given in pl. CxI, d. 
The slight ridge below the in- 
cised band is characteristic of 
Orange-Brown Ware _ bowls 
in the territory immediately 
north and west of the Gulf of 
IW AAW  Nicoya. 

: WA Pl. Cx, ¢, Shows vascuca1- 

AAW : : ; 

z. vessel in which a human figure 
is represented as holding the 
bowl across his knees. The 
surface of this unusual piece 
has been badly battered and it 
may once have been painted. 
Another and finer example is 
given in fig. 128. 


( 
ee 
= u BAA? 





Fic. 129.—Orange-Brown Ware jar, Costa : : : 
Rica. (Height, 4.5 in.) A very interesting specimen 


LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CIX 





ORANGE-BROWN WARE. NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA 


a, b—SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF EFFIGY VESSELS. Cc, d—BOWLS WITH LOOSE-HEADED FIGURINES ON 
THE SIDE. ¢, /—ALLIGATOR EFFIGY BOWLS 


‘ 
’ 
, 
* 
‘ 
- 
te. 5 : 
‘ 
‘ 
. 
= 
‘ 
. “ i 
= ef 
5 
= “ 
- . i 
=f 
. 
- 4 
‘ 
= 
. 
= . 
- 
™~ 
- 4 
, * 
' 
, . 
¢ 





ORANGE-BROWN WARE 241 


from this group is seen in fig. 129, in which the human figure is 
represented as bearing the entire vessel by means of a tump-line 
passed across the forehead. The incised pattern is brought out by 
touches of red, a not uncommon feature in this ware. <A _ similar 
piece has been illustrated by Brinton (1883, p. 78), and others have 


been found in Peru. ; 
THE HuMAN HEAD 


A most unusual adaptation of the functional outline of the choco- 
late pot to the representation of a human head is shown in pl. crx, 
b, b’. The spout has been 
utilized to represent the 
hair, and the main orifice 
the mouth. Flanges on the 
side indicate the ears, at the 
base of which are ear-plugs. 
The eyes are brought out by 
modeling, and there is a 
small beard. A _ similar 
head from Salvador, also 
provided with a spout but 
exhibiting features of Maya 
type, is in the Museum of 
the American Indian, Heye 
Foundation. A second ex- 





ample from Costa Rica is Fic. 130.—Bowl from Costa Rica 
shown in fig. 130, which Subse s Sagi head. (Diame- 


lacks the spout seen on the 
previous example. A somewhat similar concept occurs in central 


Mexico. xg 
THE SQUASH 


Effigy vessels representing the squash occur in the greater portion 
of the pottery area of the New World, more specifically from the 
middle Mississippi valley to Peru and Bolivia. They occur sporadi- 
cally in the Pacific and Highland regions. Fig. 131 gives an example 
in Orange-Brown Ware, which has an opening at the top of the stem 
and represents Cucurbita maxima. 


DoUGHNUT-SHAPE VESSELS 


Pl. cx, g, h, show two vessels made in the form of rings which re- 
semble large doughnuts; g is covered with an elaborate incised 


242 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


pattern, and / has a head indicated by features modeled in relief. 
Another example of this rare form is illustrated in fig. 21, b, in con- 
nection with Nicoya Polychrome Ware. This shape appears in pot- 
tery from the Recuay valley in Peru. 





FIG. 131.—Orange-Brown Ware squash efhgy jar, Nicoya peninsula, Costa 
Rica. (Height, 8 in.) 


THE SNAKE 


The plumed serpent has been described at length with Nicoya 
Polychrome and Luna Ware designs. It is totally absent from the 
various Monochrome Wares, although occasionally a snake, unadorned 
by avian attributes, makes its appearance. Fig. 132 shows a tripod 
bowl (probably of Highland Polychrome Ware) which illustrates 
the usual treatment of this reptile. This rare form occurs also in 
Orange-Brown Ware, of which an example is given in fig. 133, which 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CX 





ORANGE-BROWN WARE. NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA 


7] 





& 


ORANGE-BROWN WARE 243 


is decorated with four 
snakes on the body and one 
on the cover. A realistic 
modeled snake is seen on a 
cylindrical drum of Orange- 
Brown Ware in pl. cxxxi1v, 
be a, 


INCISED TRIPOD. VESSELS 


A comparatively — large 
subgroup of Orange-Brown 
Ware is formed by vessels 
of the type shown in pl. 
Caiecwem: Lhey may, pe 
classed for the greater part 
as deep tripod bowls with 
incurved sides and flattened 
lips. Incised designs are 
found on the sides and also 
on the lips. In fig. e there 
is a small ridge immediately 
above the junction of the 
legs, which is very charac- 
teristic of specimens from 
Guanacaste. In fig. a is pre- 
sented an example with a 
less restricted orifice and 
without the heavy rim of 
the previous specimens. 
This form of vessel is eet 
found on the Pacific coast Fic. 133.—Jar with modeled snakes, 
of Central America, not Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. 
only in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, but also in Salvador and Guate- 
mala. Discussion of the patterns is reserved for the moment. 








MISCELLANEOUS SHAPES 


The majority of the cooking vessels of the Nicoya region are of 
Orange-Brown Ware. As they are usually without decoration they 
have not found their way into collections in great numbers, but have 
been used by the present inhabitants of the country, as have the 


244 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 





FG. 134.—Orange-Brown Ware jar, Filadelfia, 
Costa Rica. (Diameter, fo in.) 





greater portion of the me- 
tates which have been found 
by excavation in recent 
years. A series of such ves- 
sels is shown in pl. CxII, 
which illustrates the com- 
mon domestic pottery of the 
region. Fig. 134 is a large 
vessel of this class which 


‘has been decorated by an 


elaborate incised pattern on 
the neck, - Fig soe 
small jar the form of which 
is doubtless derived from 
the waisted gourds that are 
used habitually as water- 
bottles in Central America. 


RED WARE 

Red Ware, like Black 
Ware, is not a large and 
distinctive group, although 
certain designs appear most 
characteristically on vessels 
with a red slip. The word 
slip is perhaps too definite 
to apply in describing this 
ware, for the layer of color 
is scarcely more than a 
wash. Most Red Ware ves- 
sels are of the forms just 
described as cooking vessels 


(pl. cxir), which need no further exposition. 

Fig. 136, a, shows an incised pattern in which conventional rep- 
tilian heads appear on the shoulder of a Red Ware vessel. ‘The 
interior portion of the pattern has been painted a deeper red, thus 
emphasizing the whole design. This type of decoration is rare. 
The shape also, with two spouts, is very uncommon. Fig. 136, b, 
illustrates a piece similarly decorated, but the incised design is 


filled with black. 


*yolu VLSOO—2-9 ‘D 


VIVWALYNDS ‘OONV1a o11vavo—q 


auvVM NMOUs-aSONVHO 





“hi 
Lh ele 
A Witty 


RR (ed 
si\\ wall 
\W\\Wi “1 \ 








Snare da eeu 
ELAN 


a 4H 
x\ 
a 


iy) } 



































dOYUHLOT 


WNOVHAVOIN GNW VOI vVLSOD jdo AYALLOd 


XD °Id 








RED WARE—INCISED DESIGNS 245 


Pl. cxu, f, 1s a tripod bottle with a tall neck and flaring lip. This 
shape is apparently confined to Red Ware, and its distribution runs 
from the Gulf of Nicoya to the 
Gulf of Culebra. 

Fig. 137 shows two vessels of 
a type developed from the hunch- 
back, pigeon-breasted figurines 
discussed later (pl. cxxxI, a). 

The four groups just described 
complete the number to be dis- 
cussed under Red Ware. It 
should be stated, however, that 
this does not include more than a 
fraction of the vessels having a 
red slip. Under a different sys- 
tem of classification these might qn! 
all be grouped together, but in “My a 
order to adhere to a primary 
grouping into painted and un- 
painted wares, it has been neces- 
sary to divide the vessels which 
best represent the transition be- 


Wii 
~ = LT WEA ZA 


il Gi 
tween the two main classes. Thus WW {Gee 
many of the specimens described . f: 
above under Black-line Ware 
have a red slip, and the same is 
true of Nandaime Ware. 





Fic. 136.—Incised jars. a, Costa Rica; 
INCISED DESIGNS 'b, Cave of Cacao, Guacatepe, Nicara- 
gua (diameter, 6 in.). 

The four Monochrome Wares, 


just discussed—Chocolate, Black, Orange-Brown, and Red Wares— 
are all adorned with incised patterns, which are so similar in the 
various groups that they may be treated as a whole. These designs 
fall into four general classes: (1) life forms, (2) conventionalized 
life forms, (3) geometric, (4) “textile” patterns. 


Lire Forms 
Representations of animal forms entirely in the incised technic are 
not common. An admirable example is given in pl. cxt, h, which 
represents the jaguar, as indicated by the characteristic markings. 


246 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


More commonly, however, the head and perhaps the limbs are shown 
in relief with the other parts incised, as in pl. cv, c, and fig. 122. 
A complete series illustrating the change from incised to modeled 





FIG. 137.—Red Ware hunch-back effigy jars. a, 
Costa Rica; b, Filadelfia,Costa Rica (diameter, 7in.). 


portrayal can easily be 
worked out. 


CONVENTIONALIZED 
LIFE FoRMS 


Patterns which ex- 
hibit zod6morphic char- 
acter’ are “fare, “al- 
though found in all 
parts of the Pacific 
area. ~ PI “Gxihieee 
gives an example from 
Nicaragua which is 
obviously not purely 
geometric, yet the ex- 
act nature of which 
has not been deter- 
mined. Fig. g of the 
same plate is a not 
dissimilar example 
from Boruca. 


GEOMETRIC DESIGNS 


The great majority _ 
of incised designs are 
geometric. They fall 
into two groups, one 
of which occurs on the 


inner rim or on top of the lip, and the other is found on the exterior 
of the vessel. The second group consists of parallel lines or some 
such extremely simple embellishment (pl. cxt, c). The first group 
contains various patterns which merit more extended discussion. 
The basic unit of most incised patterns is the hatched triangle. 
Pl. cxu, b, c, illustrate relatively simple forms in which the main 
panel has been cut up into rectangular units which are lined with 


hatched triangles. 


— 


LOTHROP—PO 





TTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


RED WARE, BLACK WARE, 


a, D—RED WARE, LAGUNILLA, COSTA RICA. 
BROWN WARE, LAGUNILLA AND SA 


N VICENTE, COSTA RICA. 


AND ORANGE-BROWN WARE 


c—BLACK WARE, FILADELFIA, COSTA RICA. 
f—RED WARE, SARDINAL, COSTA RICA 


d, €—ORANGE- 


PL. CXIl 








ee 





INCISED DESIGNS 247 


Almost as common as the triangle is the diagonal, and complex 
motives are usually made up of combinations of the two. Simple 
diagonals appear in the upper band of fig. 139, d, and crossed diag- 
onals are seen in pl. cxu, e. Fig. 138 shows crossed diagonals inter- 
spaced with cross-hatched triangles, 
a further development of which ap- 
pears in fig. 139, b, which in turn 
develops into a rectangular guilloche 
as ina. The guilloche is also rep- 
resented with rounded outlines, of 
which an example is given in pl. 
cx1, e. The rectangular guilloche Prete deae ont 
and certain diagonal motivesy such § Orange-Brown Ware, Filadelfia, 

; Costa Rica. 
as pl. ci, a, b, carry a strong feeling 
of the patterns and technic of basketry, an art which the natives have 
maintained on a high level down to the present day, but of which no 
pre-Spanish examples are known. 

Other patterns include the terraced fret, of which an elaborate ex- 
ample is given in fig. 139, c. Squares and diamonds are not com- 
mon, but sometimes are found (pls. cr; cu, e). Circles and semi- 
circles are also rare patterns (pls. ci, a; cil, f). Finally, the cross 
and compound cross occur occasionally (pls. cI, c; CU, e). 








TEXTILE PATTERNS 


Certain designs appear on effigy vessels which, from their position 
in relation to the effigy parts, justify the assumption that they repre- 
sent garments. Moreover, the patterns themselves make it not im- 
probable that they are reminiscent of the actual textile designs. For 
example, pl. cxrut, f, is the pattern which completely encircles a smal] 
effigy bowl, the head of which is the cover (like fig. 157, c). The 
arms and breasts are shown in relief. Between the breasts is a rect- 
angular incised panel, and another one appears on the back of the 
vessel, linked to the first by parallel lines. These two panels quite 
probably represent the front and back of a huzpil, and the triangles, 
zigzags, and stars within the panels may be the textile pattern. 

Pl. cx111, a, is a similarly placed panel which may be seen between 
the breasts of the Alligator god in pl. crt, b. The general outline is 
here suggestive of a shirt, and the patterns convey a strong suggestion 
of woven material. Pl. cx11, d, comes from the back of the effigy 
vessel shown in fig. 121, b, and obviously falls in the same group. 


248 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 





Fic. 139.—Incised designs. a-c, Orange-Brown Ware, Filadelfia, Costa 
Rica; d, Red Ware, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. 


PALMAR WARE 


A distinctive class of pottery was discovered by Bransford (1881) 
at Palmar in the Department of Rivas, southern Nicaragua. It is 
distinguished primarily by broad incised lines and simple decoration 
in red paint. All examples known to the writer have come from 


LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXIII 














Wy Wy WY Yy NY, 
A SORT 
Ce ee 
aoe Some eS eT aE | 


Y WWW 
IN IN XX AN 





INCISED DESIGNS 
b, c, e-g, i—ORANGE-BROWN WARE. 


G@, d—CHOCOLATE WARE. h—BLACK WARE 





PALMAR AND MODELED ALLIGATOR WARES 249 


southern Nicaragua, and it may prove to be a local variant of Nan- 
daime Ware. 

The characteristic shapes are three in number: (1) subglobular 
jars (pl. cxtv, >), (2) globular bottles (pl. cxiv, a), and (3) small 
cylindrical vases (pl. cxiv,c). Of these the last two are peculiar to 
this ware. 

The surface of the vessels exhibits a gray-brown clay, sometimes 
completely covered by a red slip. More commonly, however, broad 
bands of red paint have been applied in such fashion as to emphasize 
the incised designs (pl. cxiv, b). Rarely simple painted decoration 
appears independently, as on the neck of f. 

The incised patterns are marked primarily by the width of the line 
employed, which sometimes (as in pl. CxIv, d) suggests a carving 
rather than true incising. The designs themselves fall into three 
groups, one of which (a-c) is connected with the hanging-line motive 
considered above (pl. c). A second group is marked by greater 
elaboration, as seen in f, in which the color contrast makes the whole 
not unlike the British flag. A third group is exemplified in e, on 
which parallel lines were carelessly incised before the clay was dry. 
This specimen presents a series of modeled ridges, and it may be 
intended as a squash effigy. 


MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE 


A. small but spectacular class of pottery from western Nicaragua 
and northern Guanacaste has been named “Modeled Alligator Ware” 
in deference to its principal decorative motive. It has been sub- 
divided into two groups on the basis of clay, finish, and shape. 


Type A 


The Modeled Alligator Ware vessel of type A is normally a large, 
flaring, ring-based bowl, with a cover of similar but inverted shape 
which is surmounted by a large figure of an alligator modeled in the 
round. The exterior of the vessel is usually decorated with raised 
buttons of clay, often punctured, and is sometimes covered with 
comb markings. In most cases the covers have one or more holes 
drilled in the top in such fashion as to suggest that the vessel was in- 
tended for burning incense, the smoke of which issued through the 
reptilian mouth. 

The clay employed varies in color from very light brown to dark 
gray-brown. A plaster-like white wash once covered the surface, 


250 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND. NICARAGUA 


although in most specimens it has now disappeared. Not infrequently 
there are broad bands which have been painted red and highly bur- 
nished (pl. cxv), and these sometimes are further adorned by incised 
lines filled with white paint. Occasionally both black and red bands 
are found (pl. cxviir). 

Pl. cxvi shows two rather simple vessels of this class. In the 
opinion of the writer the base of a should be exchanged with that of 
b, but they have been photographed according to the original labeling. 
Pl. cxvil, a, ilustrates a specimen in which the nature of the animal 
is easily seen, and on which the dots representing the alligator scales 
have been placed not only on the reptile but on the cover and base of 
the vessel. Pl. cxvit, c, is a similar example, in which the alligator 
is portrayed with less 
realism. Fig. 140, c, 
was obtained and illus- 
trated by Squier and 
must be regarded as the 
type specimen of this 
class of pottery. 

Conventionalization 
of the alligator takes 
place through the elab- 
oration and finally the 
reduplication of the 
snout in a fashion some- 
what similar to that al- 
ready seen on Nicoya 
Polychrome Ware. In 
pl. cx1x, b, the reptilian 
body is represented in 
the same manner as be- 
fore, but the eye has 
been brought back to 
the shoulder and _ the 
upper jaw has become 
an enormous serrated 

Fic. 140,—Modeled Alligator Ware. a, De- oop. This specimen 
partment of Occidente, Nicaragua; b,c, fromthe alsg exhibits the open- 


Squier collection, and the type specimens of this. : 
Sree ee ings usually found in 





LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXIV 









C d 


PALMAR WARE 
€—ALTA GRACIA, NICARAGUA; otheys—NICARAGUA 








wr 


Pa 





LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXV 





MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE. LIBERIA, COSTA RICA 


LENGTH, 10 IN. 


MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE 251 


covers of this ware, presumably for the smoke of burning incense. 
PI. cxvu, d, shows a very fine example in which the head is rendered 
by five projecting loops, and b of the same plate has followed the 
normal course of the alligator in Nicoya Polychrome Ware and has 
two such heads (fig. 78, b). 

The close connection of the Modeled Alligator Ware and the 
Painted Alligator of Nicoya Polychrome Ware is further established 
by pl. cxrx, e, in which the lumps representing the alligator scales 





Fic. 141.—Modeled Alligator Ware. a, Filadelfia, Costa Rica (diameter, 
6 in.); b, Nicoya, Costa Rica. 

appear beside painted geometric patterns of the type associated with 
the painted forms ; f again shows connection with Nicoya Polychrome 
Ware, for the alligator scales are seen on a pear-shape vessel of 
Nicoya type; d is a small vessel of Orange-Brown Ware adorned with 
the alligator-scale motive. Fig. 141 exhibits simplified forms of true 
Modeled Alligator Ware from Guanacaste. 

The use of bosses, or even spines, on the exterior surface of ves- 
sels has an extremely wide distribution to the north, although with the 
exception of the pottery from Lake Amatitlan in Guatemala it is not 
elsewhere a dominant motive. Occasional specimens of this decora- 
tion come from Maya sites of all ages, from central Honduras (Ten- 
ampua), from the Highlands of Guatemala (Amatitlan), several sites 
in southern and central Mexico, Casas Grandes in northern Mexico, 
and from the Southwest and the middle Mississippi valley in the 
United States. Similar adornment is found on pottery from Colombia 
and Ecuador, and two specimens from Porto Rico are known to the 
writer. Whether this wide range is due to independent origin or to 
radiation from a single center cannot be stated at present. 


252 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Although the great majority of the figures crowning vessels of this 
ware represent the alligator, other forms occasionally are found, 
among which the Alligator god, the human figure, and the shark are 
important. The Alligator god has already been discussed (pl. Lxxv1), 
and his appearance side by side with that of the alligator noted. PI. 
Cxvit1 shows him seated on a low throne on the cap of a large Alliga- 
tor Ware vessel, the red and black bands of which have retained in 
part their original luster. The posture of this figure recalls some of 
the large seated stone statues of this region. PI. cxIx, a, again rep- 
resents this deity. The alligator jaws and looped snout are apparent, 
the latter pierced by a nose-plug. Ear-plugs and a conical hat also 
show that the god and not the animal figure is intended. Fig. 140, a, 
is also probably the Alligator god, although the absence of the head 
makes identification uncertain. These two specimens represent the 
limits of distribution of this group, one coming from the Nicoya 
peninsula and the other from near Fonseca bay. 

Fig. 140, b, one of the specimens collected by Squier, shows a 
human torso with an alligator clinging to the head and shoulders. 
This piece is of importance, for it exactly reproduces the concept so 
frequently seen in the large stone statues of this region (pl. Iv, d). 

Fig. 142 represents a shark, dis- 
tinguished by its jaws, teeth, and 
dorsal fin. It must be regarded as 
a mythological shark, however, 
owing to the presence of four limbs. 
The shark is found in Lake Nica- 
ragua, having acclimated itself after 
the impounding of the fresh lake 
waters by the great volcanic up- 
heaval. Sharks are also numerous 
on both the Atlantic and the Pacific 
coast of Nicaragua, the former 
being noted for their ferocity and 
the latter for their size. In the art 
of Mexico cipactli is both the alli- 
gator and the shark, although the 
former is usually represented. This 
particular aspect of the shark, dis- 
tinguished by the presence of legs 





Fic. 142. — Modeled Alligator 
Ware, Alta Gracia, Nicaragua. : 
(Height, 11.5 in.) and a bar across the mouth, is 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXVI 


& 





MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE. ALTA GRACIA, NICARAGUA 
(HEIGHT OF 4, 10.5 IN.) 





LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXVIi 






4, 


ss 


PUR 
Sets 
> 
x 





MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE 
a-c, COSTA RICA. d, LIBERIA, COSTA RICA 


- 





MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE 253 


very closely paralleled by ceramic remains from British Honduras 
(see Gann, 1900, pl. xxxiv), which probably date from just 
before the conquest. The shark is not a common motive in south- 
ern Central America, although a form with a bar held in the 
mouth appears in Chiriqui goldwork (Lothrop, 1919, pl. 1). Mr. 
T. A. Joyce recently drew the attention of the writer to pottery sharks 
of this type from La Tola, Ecuador, which formed part of an exhi- 
bition of indigenous American art held in London by the Burlington 
Fine Arts Club (Joyce, 1920). <A strong resemblance to Modeled 
Alligator Ware is seen in certain pottery vessels from the Chicama 
valley in Peru (Tello, 1922, pls. 1x, x1), which are assigned to the 
culture of Chavin. Toe 


The second class of Alligator Ware includes true alligator effigy 
vessels, usually of considerable size, and made with the characteristic 
finish and clay of Chocolate Ware or rarely Orange-Brown Ware. 






a 
OOD 


pom ae = —__, 


——— 


Fic. 143.—Large alligator effigy vessels, Costa Rica. 





Fig. 143 shows two examples which differ in the details of body 
treatment. The complete representation of the animal is attempted 
in both, and the opening of the vessel placed in the center of the back. 
Pl. cxrx, c, shows an example from Las Mercedes on the Atlantic 
slope of the Highland area, to which it probably passed in trade. 
This class of pottery is very rare, and its geographical limits cannot 
-be laid down. | 


254 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


ZAPATERO WARE 


The name “Zapatero Ware” has been used to designate the burial 
urns of all shapes and the related smaller forms. It 1s marked by a 
coarse, friable clay, with which there is mixed much sand. _ This 
clay is of a characteristic gray-brown, rarely a red-brown, which 
makes it distinguishable from the other wares of this region, Both in 
color and in texture it is closer to Modeled Alligator Ware than to 
any other. Decoration is in the form of comb markings, modeling, 
and painting. Subdivision has been made on the basis of (1) burial 
urns, and (2) small vessels. 


BuRIAL URNS 


Burial in urns has already been discussed and its distribution in 
this region noted (page 96). The urns themselves are of three types: 
(1) boot-shape, (2) circular, and (3) canoe-shape. The first two 
forms are the common ones; canoe-shape urns have been seen at only 
one site—Filadelfia, Costa Rica. The boot-shape and round urns 
are covered by inverted bowls, which are either smaller vessels of the 
same ware or are Luna Ware bowls. Glass beads have been found 
in burial urns on the islands of La Ceiba and Solentiname in Lake 
Nicaragua, thus definitely establishing the date of these vessels and 
of Luna Ware. 


BOOT-SHAPE BURIAL URNS 


Of the 160 burial urns examined by Bransford (1881, p. 19), 96 
were boot-shape. This form is admittedly derived from the bird 
effigy jar; it appears in a more naturalistic aspect in the pottery from 
the Costa Rican Highlands; it has a wide distribution to the north, 
covering Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, New Mexico, and the mid- 
dle Mississippi valley; to the south it extends as far as Ecuador, 
Peru, and the Argentine. Bransford surmised, probably correctly, 
that these vessels were used for household purposes as well as for 
burial, for not infrequently the rim was cut away to admit the body 
(pl. cxx1, c-e), an unlikely contingency had the vessel been expressly 
made as a coffin. 

The surface of the urns exhibits considerable variation. Some- 
times it has simply been scraped smooth; again it has been burnished 
and painted with broad bands (pl. cxx, d); sometimes it has been 
covered with comb markings (pl. cxx, b). 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE. ALTA GRACIA, NICARAGUA 
(HEIGHT, 14.5 IN.) 





PL. CXVIII 











LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXIX 





MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE 


a@—NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 13.5 1N.). 0—-NICARAGUA (HEIGHT,9IN.). C—LAS 
MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. d—SAN JOSE’ DE LOS ANIMALES, NICARAGUA. €—NICOYA PENIN- 
SULA. /—SAPOA, COSTA RICA 


a 





ZAPATERO WARE 255 


The normal range of shapes is presented in pls. cxx, cxx1. It will 
be noted that in some specimens the rim has been removed to allow 
the entrance of the body. Decoration is obtained by red bands in 
the examples illustrated by pl. cxx, c-e, and on all the vessels by 
means of appliqué ribbons of clay, the nature of the designs is not 
always clear, owing to their simplicity. Pl. cxxt, d, shows an alligator, 
and e has a serpent (left) and an animal with an enormous tongue 
which may be a tree-toad. A simplified form of this animal appears 
on each side of the alligator in d of the same plate. 


CIRCULAR BURIAL URNS 


Circular burial urns constituted slightly more than forty percent of 
the number examined by Bransford, who found no difference from 
the boot-shape urns in their manner of occurrence. PI. cxx, f, shows 
a large example, once decorated by an applique band about the neck, 
now broken away. PI. cxxI, 

c, which is decorated by a were 

modeled animal, has had the 
rim cut or ground down. 
Mireur in pl, cxxi, b, is 
quite complete, and discloses 
the fact that this class of ves- 
sel has a flaring rim. 

Piece ac. shows an urn 
shallower than the other ex- 
amples of this class hitherto 
examined. This flatter form 
was sometimes used as a cov- 
er instead of a Luna Ware 
bowl; Bransford (1881, fig. 
7) illustrated a vessel of al- 
most identical shape which 
was thus used. 

Fig. 144, b, shows a type 
of bowls one of which was 
placed over and one under 
the heads of the Santa 


Helena Ware burials exam- Fic. 144.—Zapatero Ware. a, Zapatero 


ined by Bransford. In size island, Nicaragua (height, 5.5 in.); 0, 
i Ometepe island, Nicaragua (diameter, 
some of this class are com- 8 in.), 





256 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA",AND NICARAGUA 


parable to the true burial urns which contained a complete body. 


CANOE-SHAPE BURIAL URNS 

In examining the surface indications at the large refuse-heap at 
Filadelfia, Costa Rica, the writer observed several fragments of ves- 
sels shaped like the square-end dugout canoes employed in river traffic 
throughout Central America. No specimen more than half com- 
plete was encountered, as the natives of this town, in digging into 
the aboriginal refuse with machetes, invariably cut through rather 
than around the burial urns, which they do not consider worth pre- 
serving. The writer was promised the next complete specimen dis- 
covered—and is still awaiting its arrival. 


SMALL VESSELS OF ZAPATERO WARE 

The group entitled “Small Vessels” embraces chiefly the unpainted 
specimens discovered by Bransford at Santa Helena on Ometepe 
island. The Luna Ware burials are true urn burials, whereas in the 
Santa Helena (Nicoya Polychrome Ware) burials the body was 
usually extended on its side. The food vessels were frequently of 
shoe-shape, though small, and sometimes they contained the bones 
of children. 

The pottery of this type has been made a subdivision of Zapatero 
Ware because it offers such strong technical similarities to the urns. 
Thus, decoration consists of bands of red paint and modeled animal 
figures, and comb markings also are found.. Furthermore, the spe- 
clalized boot-shape is 
common, and the only 
other shape is a rather 
large circular bowl with 
LZ, flaring rim, closely re- 
py sembling the circular 
=D burial urns. Subclassifi- 
: cation is based on these 
shapes. 





BOOT-SHAPE VESSELS 


A boot-shape vessel of 
the small type is shown 


in pl. cxxu, e. It is un- 
Fic. 145.—Orange-Brown Ware, Nicoya penin- pl : tis u 
sula, Costa Rica. (Length, 7 in.) decorated save for comb 





PL. CXxX 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 





ZAPATERO WARE BURIAL JARS 


a, D—NICARAGUA. C—EL MENCO, NICARAGUA (DIAMETER, 20 IN.). d—OMETEPE ISLAND, NICARAGUA 
(AFTER JOYCE, 1916). €, f—OMETEPE ISLAND, NICARAGUA 


aA 


~ 





LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXI 





‘N 


ZAPATERO WARE BURIAL JARS 


@—SANTA HELENA, NICARAGUA. b-€—HACIENDA LUNA, NICARAGUA. (DIAMETER, 12 IN. TO 25 IN.) 





ZAPATERO WARE 257 


markings and two small dots at the end of the toe. In g the number 
of dots is increased and placed in such fashion as to form a crude 
face. In ha fully developed effigy type is illustrated. Pl. cxxIII, e, 
exhibits an example with the rim polished and painted red, while the 
body is covered with comb marks; ¢ is decorated with scorpions mod- 
eled in relief, within the curve of the claws of which are simple faces. 

Comment has already been made on the general distribution of 
shoe-shape vessels, and a word should be said about their appearance 
in other wares of this region. Pl. cxxi, b, shows an example in 
Nicoya Polychrome Ware, the end of which is decorated with a face 
and the body encircled by a guilloche. In pl. cxxu, d, f, are two dif- 
ferent types of Chocolate Ware. Specimen a is Orange-Brown Ware 
and b is Black Ware. Fig. 145 shows the adaptation of the chocolate 
pot to this shape. 

BOWLS 


Examples of the smaller Zapatero Ware bowls are given in pl. 
cxxI, a, and fig. 144, b. The former ranks as an effigy vessel and 
probably represents a turtle. Fig. 144, b, is covered with comb mark- 
ings except on the rim, which is polished and painted red. A small 
animal head appears on the side. 

Relief decoration from fragments of bowls of this class is shown in 
pl. cxxu, a, c, f. It will be noted that the decoration is really 
modeled on the side of the vessel, whereas the decoration of the burial 
urns is appliqué. Some of the decorations of this type exhibit a 
strong feeling for line, most notably c and f, the former represent- 
ing an unknown animal and the latter a bird head. 

Zapatero Ware in general, and this subdivision in particular, ex- 
hibit a certain similarity to some of the tomb pottery from Copan. 
However, the relative ages of the two wares apparently prohibit 
direct connection. 


CHAPTER XII 


MISCELLANEOUS POTTERY OBJECTS 


not intended for use as receptacles. Such forms include fig- 

urines, whistles, and other things made for amusement or play, 
and also various objects, such as pottery drums, which are made 
usually of stone or of wood, but which sometimes were formed of 
clay. It seems that there is a legitimate field for the fictile art, includ- 
ing not only the usual vessels but figurines and other modeled forms ; 
yet, when technical command has been obtained, there is a constant 
tendency to produce freaks, objects for which clay is not the ideal 
material. As an example, we can point to the pottery pestle seen in 
fig. 174, e, a utensil which shows evident signs of use but which 
could not have had the grinding properties of any pebble. 


, NHIS chapter is devoted to a discussion of the ceramic pieces 


FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 


In discussing figurines it has been found desirable to include whis- 
tles at the same time, for almost all whistles form figurines and most 
figurines are whistles. An analysis of the musical range has not 
been attempted because the specimens inspected are widely scattered 
and standard conditions for testing could not be obtained. However, 
this aspect of the figurines from southern Central America has been 
covered by the works of Holmes (1886), Wilson (1896), MacCurdy 
(1911), and Wead (1900). 

The classification of figurines and whistles offers some difficulty 
because the types cannot always be definitely associated with the 
wares already considered. The arrangement presented here, then, 
can not be considered final, and doubtless will be changed when the 
spade has further revealed actual conditions underground. 


NicoyA PoLyYCHROME WARE FIGURINES 


Nicoya Polychrome Ware figurines have the same clay, slip, var- 
nish, and paints as the vessels of this ware, but the designs are some- 
what different, as they represent tattooing or body painting, and tex- 
tile patterns. 


258 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXIl 





ZAPATERO WARE 
a, Cc, @-N—SANTA HELENA, NICARAGUA. 0, d—FILADELFIJA, COSTA RICA 


~ 





LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXIII 





SMALL BOOT -SHAPE VESSELS 


a, b—BLACK WARE, OMETEPE ISLAND, NICARAGUA. C, €—ZAPATERO WARE, NICARAGUA. d—ORANGE- 
BROWN WARE, COSTA RICA. ‘—CHOCOLATE WARE, COSTA RICA 





FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 259 


HUMAN TYPES 


At least half of the figurines of this ware represent the human 
form in different aspects. Conspicuous among these are large stand- 
ing figures of the type shown in pl. cxxtv. The breech-clout, painted 
with red and black lines and supported by a red band, is raised in 
slight relief. The breasts, shoulders, abdomen, and thighs are cov- 
ered with elaborate black patterns which may represent tattooing or 
painting, and the chin is adorned with lines painted in red and black. 





Fic. 146.—Part of a figurine, Li- Fic. 147.—Solid clay head, 
beria, Costa Rica. (Height, 3 in.) Costa Rica. 


Pl. cxxvi, f, is a smaller but complete figure of this type, decorated 
in similar fashion. Fig. 146 is a head of the same class which shows 
clearly the methods of dressing the hair in two locks. Pl. CxxvI, e, 
a whistle, is complete in itself, the projection of the head being the 
mouthpiece. It is doubtless connected with the large figurine type, 
and with the type of effigy jar seen in pl. xxv. 

Pl. cxxvi, a, shows a large, heavy clay head in which the eyes are 
represented by deep circular depressions. Fig. 147 illustrates a simi- 
lar form. This type is probably connected with the large clay heads 
found on the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica (pl. cLxxxvii1), and also 
bears a resemblance to some of the faces which appear on Nicoya 


260 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Polychrome vessels, such as fig. 32. 


uncertain. 


reese: 





FIG, 
zuela. (Height, 4.5 in.) 


148.—Figurine, Lake Valencia, Vene- 


The provenience of this class is 





The commonest Poly- 
chrome figurine type 
from the Nicoya area is 
shown in pl. Cxxv, a-g. 
These small figures are 
hollow and were made in 
molds. The top of the 
head is usually open and 
in some cases (a, )) this 
opening is circular, but 
more commonly it has 
been pinched into a nar- 
row oval. The posture 
of the figures seated with 
outstretched legs and 
arms at the sides recalls 
the “Archaic” figurines 


of Mexico, as well as South American types such as fig. 148. Indeed 
this resemblance has led Spinden (1917a) to suppose that all Ameri- 


can pottery spread from a single 
center and that these seated fig- 
urines are the primal type. A 
discussion of this hypothesis is 
presented later (page 400). It 
may be stated here that it is in- 
compatible with the evidence fur- 
nished by this region. 

Tattooing and facial painting 
are usually seen on figures of this 
class. The upper portion of the 
body and the legs are often cov- 
ered with patterns which suggest 
woven designs (pl. cxxv, c-g). 
Quite frequently also there is a 
large head-dress on which are 
painted designs of a similar char- 
acter. 

The 


commonest Nicaraguan 


Fic, 


149.—Figurine, 





Nicaragua. 
(Height, 5 in.) 


LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXIV 





NICOYA POLYCHROME WARE: NICOYA PENINSULA. COSTA RICA 


HEIGHT, 9 IN. 





2 
a 


>>, 


ah 





LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXV 





NICOYA POLYCHROME WARE FIGURINES 
a-[—COSTA RICA. 9—BOLSON, COSTA RICA. /-j7—NICARAGUA 


of 


ae 
atthe 


has 





FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 261 


type of Nicoya Polychrome Ware figurine is shown in the same plate 
(h-7). Whereas the Nicoya figures just discussed are seated with 
legs extended in front of the body, this class is standing partially 
erect or squatting. The modeling of the head, arms, and body is 
similar to that of the last class, except that the eyes have a charac- 
teristic slant. The legs end in a flat foot instead of a point. The 
painted patterns are of a different character, as can be seen from fig. 
149. The fact that this class was mold-made is established by fig. 
282, which shows a mold and the cast therefrom. 

Pl, CxXXvII is a very unusual oval vessel supported by two Atlantean 
figures which belong in this figurine group. The exterior pattern is 
not complete; the interior design portrays a jaguar and human head 
such as appear in pl. xxx, a. 


ANIMAL AND MISCELLANEOUS FORMS 


Animal forms are not so common as human among Nicoya Poly- 
chrome Ware figurines. Two examples of the Nicoya seated type 





Fic. 150.—Figurines. a, eS Costa Rica (ieights 4.5 5; in,); b, ponies 
Costa Rica; c, Ometepe island, Nicaragua (height, 5 in.). 


appear in pl. cxxv, e,g. The former is probably an “Armadillo” god, 
for the shape of the head and the position of the arms recall the 
standard representation of the armadillo in this region (pl. x1x, a) ;g 
is the Jaguar god, who is found also in the goldwork of Chiriqui. 
Fig. 150, a, shows a figurine which represents a monkey. .One arm 
is stretched backward and the hand grasps the tail, a posture more 


262 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


clearly represented by the figurine shown in b, which is a much more 
common form. Indeed, monkey figures of this type extend from the 
Ulua valley in Honduras to the Province of Chiriqui in Panama. Fig. 
151, a, represents a turtle, also a type of wide distribution. PI. 
CxXvI, c, d, g, are all whistles and represent unknown animal forms. 





Fic. 151.—Whistles, Costa Rica. (Diameter of a, 
6 in. OPbe 7540) 


Fig. 150, c, is an unidentified bird. Fig. 151, b, is a large pottery 
conch-shell, which forms a whistle. 


LunA WarE FIGURINES 


Pl. cxxvitt, c, c’, can be definitely assigned to Luna Ware owing. 
to the characteristic slip and the Luna Ware serpent motive on the 
back. It is a very squat seated figure holding a bowl on the chest 
in a position which recalls the Chacmool. The figurines represented 
in a and b apparently belong in the same group. 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXVI 





NICOYA POLYCHROME WARE FIGURINES 


a-c, J—NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA. d—CERVANTES, COSTA RICA. €—LAS CANILLAS, LIBERIA, 
COSTA RICA. f{—SARDINAL, COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 8.5 IN.) 





. 


FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 263 


NANDAIME WarE FIGURINES 


Nandaime Ware is characterized by a red slip and by both painted 
and incised designs. With this class of vessels have been found fig- 
urines such as that shown in fig. 152, which is a squatting female 
figure with a load of some kind slung diagonally across the back. 
Fig. 153, c, is a similar figure from the type site, Nandaime: b is a 
standing female type which probably belongs in this ware; a, a fat- 
bellied figure wearing an apron. Fig. 157, b, shows an efigy jar 
which consists of a seated human being minus the torso; a shows 





Fic, 152.—Nandaime Ware figurine, Nicaragua. (Height, 3.5 in.) 


some bird heads from Nandaime which may be from figurines but 
more probably came from the sides of cylindrical jars. 


CHIRIQUI ALLIGATOR WARE FIGURINES 


The most numerous class of white-slip painted vessels encountered 
in Chiriqui is called Alligator Ware in deference to the types of de- 
sign painted thereon. With it are associated definite figurine types, 
most of which extend as far north as Puerto Limon and the Gulf of 
Nicoya: pl. cxxix, a, b, show two examples from the Peninsula of 
Nicoya; a is a seated female figure with wide-spread legs, holding a 
sniall bowl; b is an animal of uncertain nature holding an unknown 
object in its paws. The animal’s body is the resonator of a whistle, 
the mouthpiece of which is in the elbow and the sounding edge in the 


264 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


armpit. Other examples of Chiriqui figurines from northern Costa 
Rica are illustrated in figs. 267, 268. 


d 





Fic, 153.—Nandaime Ware figurines. a,c, Nandaime, 
Nicaragua; b, d, Costa Rica. 


CHOCOLATE AND ORANGE-BROWN WARE FIGURINES 


Figurines and whistles of Chocolate and Orange-Brown Wares 
merge one into the other in such fashion that they cannot be segre- 
gated. The double group thus formed is extremely common in 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXVII 





NICOYA POLYCHROME WARE. COSTA RICA 


EENGTH, 17.1N. 


FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 265 


Guanacaste. It may be subdivided into human and animal types, of 
which the latter are more common and frequently are whistles. 


HUMAN TYPES 


Fig. 154, a, shows a seated female figure with a detachable head. 
The body is barrel-like and is surmounted by a bottle neck, in which 








Costa Rica. (Height of c, 4.5 in.) 


holes have been pierced opposite similar holes in the head, in order 
to fasten the two together. MacCurdy (1911, fig. 249) illustrates 


Fic. 155.—Figurines, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. 


similar covers on figurines of Chiriqui type. In Nicoya they are 
found only on figurines of this class and on miniature jars (fig. 157, 
c). Other examples of these figurines are shown in fig. 154, c, and 


266 POTTERY OF ‘COSTA RICA AND INIGARAGUA 


155, a, both of which have lost their caps. In all three specimens 
there is an incised panel down the center of the body, and further 
decoration on the arms and legs. Fig. 154, a, is seated on the ground; 
fig. 155, a, is seated on a low stool; fig. 154, c, is standing and holds 
two long, slender objects in the hands. IT igures with objects of this 
general shape held in either hand have a wide distribution: they are 
found in the Mexican codices, in late Mayan goldwork (pl. Lxxvitt, 
1), in the stone carving of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, in the gold- 





Fic. 156.—Figurines. a, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica (height, 12 in.); 
b, Lake Valencia, Venezuela (height, 6 in.). 


work of Chiriqui (pl. Lxxvu, 1), in the gold and stone (San Agus- 
tin) art of Colombia, and in the stone (Tiahuanaco) and pottery and 
textiles (Nasca) of Peru. The place of origin of the type is ap- 
parently South America. 

Fig. 156, a, is a large standing female figure bearing a bowl on one 
shoulder. A whistle is situated in the right armpit, the mouthpiece 
for which is provided by a hole in the back. The rounded head- 
dress and the mask-like face recall the Red Ware human figures. 


LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXVIII 





LUNA WARE FIGURINES 
a, b—OMETEPE ISLAND, NICARAGUA. C—NICARAGUA (HEIGHT, 5.5 IN.) 


Mer 


tt 
5 Ps 
2 
e 
i 





FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 267 


The stumpy legs, greatly enlarged at the knees, suggest the pottery 
from the Antioquia district in the Cauca valley of Colombia. 

Pl. cxxx, e-g, show another type of human figure which is sup- 
ported by a projection behind (broken off in f), which usually forms 





Fic. 157.—Figurines. a, b, Nandaime Ware, Nicaragua; c-e, Orange-Brown 


Ware, Costa Rica. 


the mouthpiece of a whistle. The faces recall Red Ware figurines ; 
the head-dress is either rounded as in e, or surmounted by a bird as 
in g. Pl. cxxx, f, introduces a new technic of decoration, namely, 


the use of the roulette, 
which is seen more clear- 
ly in J—a process fully 
described by Holmes 
(1892). Its use in this re- 
gion is apparently limited 
to Orange-Brown Ware 
figurines and whistles. 
Pl. cx, a, illustrates 
the use of figurines of 
this ware as handles. The 
example presented here 
has the pigeon-breasted 
body typical of Red 
Ware human figurines. 
Pimcxx, b, shows the 
Alligator god used as the 
handle of a vessel. 





Fic. 158.—Human heads. a, b, Miravalles, Costa 
Rica; c, d, Santa Helena, Nicaragua. 


268 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Pl. cxxxut, 7, illustrates a figurine that approaches the “Archaic” 
type of Mexico, found also in Guatemala, northwestern Honduras, 
and eastern Salvador. This specimen was obtained by purchase in 
Managua, and its original finding place is unknown, so that it may 
well have passed in trade in aboriginal times, or have been brought 
to Nicaragua recently by some collector. To the writer it strongly 
recalls similar mold-made (the true “Archaic” figurines are not made 
in molds) specimens from such sites in eastern Salvador as Santa 
Elena or Quelepa. Fig. 158 shows pottery heads suggesting the types 
from eastern Salvador provisionally identified as Lenca by the writer 
GRE. 

Fig. 155, b, illustrates the manner of dressing the hair in two braids. 
Pl. cxxx, d, shows a woman holding a child in her lap while a second 
child rests in a sling upon her back. Both these pieces give a hint 
at manners and customs of the aborigines, but such specimens un- 
fortunately are not common. 


ANIMAL TYPES 


The armadillo has already appeared in several classes of pottery. 
Orange-Brown Ware figurines representing this animal are shown 
in pl. Cxxx, j, m, which may be 
recognized from the characteris- 
tic position (see pl. XIx, a). 

Fig. 159 is a large whistle 
which may represent the coati. It 
will be noted that the hair on the 
body is represented by a rough- 
ened surface obtained by cutting 
away the original polish. The 
mouthpiece of this specimen is 





the nose. ‘ 
ex S Fig. 160, a, shows a double- 
F1G.159.—Orange-Brown Ware whistle, | : ‘ 
Lagunilla, Costa Rica. neaded bird effigy. The type is 


a little uncommon, for more 
usually one of the heads is replaced by a mouthpiece and the whole 
specimen forms a whistle with a globular resonating cavity. Fig. 
161, a, is also a bird, the features of which are attached to a tubular 
whistle. The back of the specimen is shown in the illustration. 

Fig. 161, c, shows a large tubular whistle, the mouthpiece of which 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


PL. CXXIX 





a b 


CHIRIQUI STYLE FIGURINES. NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA 








FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 269 


appears to be a serpent head. In pre-Spanish times it is probable 
that most of the whistles were of this form and were made of reeds 
or bones. Fig. 162, b, repre- 
sents a coiled snake with a 
mouthpiece attached to the side 
of the body. This specimen 
suggests a possible origin of the 
type of doughnut-shape vessels 
before discussed (pl. cx, g, h). 

Fig. 162, a, probably repre- 
sents MacCurdy’s Crab god 
(fig? 68). It consists of the 
crab-shell, split in the middle, 
above which rises a more or less 
human head. There is a whis- 
tle of this ware in the form of a 
crab in the Anderson collection 
in San José. The crab also ap- 
pears in gold and stone, as well 
as on the painted pottery of this 
region. 

Pl. cxxx, k, shows a small 
animal, probably an_ alligator, 
attached to the top of a hollow 
cylinder. This form also ap- 


pears in the Allig ar FIG. 160—a, Orange-Brown Ware, 
Spe : peas OF Costa Rica (diameter, 3.75 in.); b, Red 
Chiriqui (see MacCurdy, 1911, Ware, Costa Rica (height, 2.5 in.). 


figs. 280, 281). Pl. cxxx, h, i, 


are whistling figures which cannot be identified with certainty. Fig. 
161, b, represents a squash. 





RED Ware FIGuRINES 

Red Ware figurines and whistles are practically always of human 
form, which for the greater part falls into two groups, one dis- 
tinguished by a pigeon breast and hunched back, and the other by 
a barrel-shape body. The origin and distribution of the first group 
deserve a word of comment. The hunched-back figure has been a 
Christian symbol of good luck since time immemorial and is worn 
with the approval of the church by the Indians of Central America 
today. However, there is no doubt that the hunched-back figure had 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


in 1! 


E*) 
i] 
el /, # hie | & 


Fic. 162.—Orange-Brown Ware whistles, Costa 
(Length of a, 4.5 in.) 





Rica. 


LOTHROP-—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXX 





mM 


CHOCOLATE WARE AND ORANGE-BROWN WARE WHISTLES AND FIGURINES 


a, f,1—LAGUNILLA, COSTA RICA. b—BOLSON, COSTA RICA. C—BUENOS AIRES, COSTA RICA. d, h, m— 
COSTA RICA. €—NICARAGUA, 9, i—FILADELFIA, COSTA RICA. j, k—NICOYA, COSTA RICA 





Ca 


a 





FIGURINES AND WHISTLES F494 


some symbolic influence in purely aboriginal times, for its distribu- 
tion extends from Tennessee to Peru, although it is nowhere very 
common. 

Fig. 163, a, shows an example from Nicaragua in which the pro- 
projections, feet and buttocks, chest and back, are approximately 
equal. In pl. cxxxI, a, a’, are shown a female effigy of this type 
from the Peninsula of Nicoya, decorated with incised patterns on 





“ " , oe 


Fic. 163—Red Ware figurines. a, Sapoa, Nicaragua (height, 4 in.); }, c, 
Filadelfia, Costa Rica (height of b, 7.5 in.; of c, 6.75 in.). 


the head and body. Illustrated in fig. 163, c, is a large whistle of this 
class, the mouthpiece of which is in the point of the spine. 

The barrel-bodied type of Red Ware figurine is shown in fig. 163, 
b. It differs from the preceding group only in the absence of the 
projecting chest and back. Pl. cxxxit, j, is a very simple example 
which once stood upon three legs. PI. cxxxt, b, b’, is a most unusual 
effigy vessel with the spout placed behind the head, which is of a 
typical Red Ware form. The body is decorated with incised patterns. 

Both the above groups show a resemblance to the figurines of 
Venezuela. Thus the typical rounded head-covering of the Nicoya 
examples is seen on a figurine in fig. 156, b. The long slit eye of this 
specimen also occurs in the Nicoya region (pl. crv, b). 

Further examples of Red Ware figurines are given in fig. 164, 
which may date from post-conquest times and which recall certain 
types of effigy vessels now in use in the Peninsula of Nicoya. 


ave POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 





is b 


Fic. 164.—Red Ware figurines. a, Costa Rica; 6, Nicoya peninsula, 
Costa Rica (height, 12 in.). 


ZAPATERO WARE FIGURINES 


The figurines shown in fig. 165 are apparently of the same clay as 
the large burial urns and therefore belong in the Zapatero Ware 
group. They are by far the crudest ceramic remains from Nica- 
ragua; a and b, both of which are water-worn, represent male and 
female types; c is the female type and shows the common method of 
representing the eyes. Pl. cxxxu, d, is a similar form of extreme 
crudity; c is of the same clay as the preceding examples but appears 
to have been made in a mold; b is marked by a head of greater width 
than the body. This is characteristic of Venezuelan figurines, of which 
an extreme example is given in fig. 166. Pl. cxxxuml, e, is a small 
effigy vessel representing a monkey, made of the same typical clay. 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXX)I 





RED WARE. BOLSON, COSTA RICA 


, ~ 7 « 
Z * 
c ry 
i d 
rl * ae 
‘ / 
. 
‘ ' 
- 
’ 
‘ 
r , 
= 7 
, ’ 
z ' 
. 
~ 
v 
. + 
wm, 
‘ 
aK 
‘ . 
' . 
“ Us 
* 
Phi 
4 
an i 
* 
is 
? : 
° + 
~ Pal 
’ 
. 
be 3 t 
. 
, 
7 A 
+ * 
t 
' 
% x 
far 
' 
rf * 
fi * 
‘ + 
* \) 
i ie 
le =e Py 
. 





FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 273 





a b . c 
FIG. 165.—Zapatero Ware figurines, Zapatero island, Nicaragua. (Height of 
oes i, Ob 225 ine soherd Ine 
ULua VALLEY FIGURINE TYPES 

The ceramic remains from the Ulua valley, on the north coast of 
Honduras, present several definite figurine types made known through 
the researches of Gordon 
(1898). One group which 
finds its way to the High- 
lands of Guatemala, Salva- 
dor, and also to Nicaragua, 
is based on the combination 
of one or more globes with 
animal and human figures. 
A simple example is seen in 
pl. cxxxu, f, which repre- 
sents an unknown animal 
with open jaws. It may be 
compared with g, which is 
of Black Ware from Nica- 
ragua. Similarly fig. 167, c, 
an old man with a bowl or 
a basket on his back, is an 
Ulua Valley example, and b ff i yy 
is the same concept in Zapa- EW ae” Sul" 


tero Ware from Nicaragua. Fic. 166.—Figurine, Venezuela. (Height, gin.) 










———— 


Saat ANA MA , 


274 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Fig. 167, a, is an extremely complicated specimen from Nicaragua. 
The profile view shows an alligator on the left and a more or less 
human head on the right. The front view (a’) shows a long tongue 
which protrudes from the human head. 

Ulua Valley forms not only penetrated to the Pacific coast of 
Nicaragua, but also reached the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica. The 





Fic, 167.—Figurines, a, Orange-Brown Ware, Moyogalpa, 
Nicaragua (height, 5.5 in.); 0, Zapatero Ware, Nicaragua 
(height, 3.75 in.); c, Ulua valley, Honduras (height, 4.5 in.). 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXII 








to ze c eee . wah 


FIGURINES 
a, D—GRANADA, NICARAGUA. C, d—ZAPATERO ISLAND, NICARAGUA. €, i—NICARAGUA. f—ULUA 
VALLEY, HONDURAS. 9—MOYOGALPA, NICARAGUA. h—MIRAVALLES, COSTA RICA. 


J—SARDINAL, COSTA RICA 


me 





DRUMS 275 


remains of this type from the latter region are discussed below (pl. 
GXCE)s 
DRUMS 


Two generalized types of drum were used by the pre-Spanish in- 
habitants of Middle America, one of which was struck on the side 
and the other on the end. The latter form is especially character- 
istic of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and is used to this day by the 
Indians of Talamanca. Pottery drums of this type extend from 
Chiriqui (fig. 168, c) to British Honduras, but are found in greatest 
numbers in the Peninsula of Nicoya. The specimens from this region 
may be subdivided on the basis of the wares enumerated above. 

Red Ware drums are shown in pl. cxxx111, a, b. They are deco- 
rated with broad grooves which sometimes form simple patterns as 





cs 


Fic. 168.—Pottery drums. a, Red Ware, Costa Rica (height, 10.5 in.); 5, 
Chocolate Ware, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica (height, 7 in.); c, Bugabita, 
Chiriqui (height, II in.). 


ina. The shape is cylindrical with a slight narrowing at the middle. 
Fig. 168, a, is an unusual shape decorated in a deeply incised pattern. 

Chocolate Ware drums appear in pls. CXxXXIII, c; Cxxxiv, f, and 
fig. 168, b. The shape is that of a slender cup with an expanding 
foot. Decoration consists of incised patterns as in pl. CxxxIv, f, or 
modeled figures on the side as in fig. 168, b. Pl. cxxxiv, f, shows 
with special clearness the roughened area over which the drumhead 
was lashed. 

Orange-Brown Ware drums are shown in pl. cxxxiv, a-e. The 
shape is similar to the Red Ware type, but more slender. The waist 


276 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


is encircled by a molding, which is decorated with incised or incised 
and punctured lines. Above the molding is a wide geometric band. 
Below is a pair of modeled fig- 
ures and sometimes a second geo- 
metric panel. Pl. CxxxXIV, a, rep- 
resents the monkey, b and d the 
‘ > serpent, and ¢ the alligator. 
ime a While Red Ware and Choco- 
eh i late Ware drums are essentially 
hellow cylinders, the Orange- 
Brown type is divided into two 
parts by a partition in the in- 
terior, a little below the middle. 
Thus two notes could be obtained 
by placing a head on each end. 
This division takes place at the 
level of the feet of the monkey 
in pl. CXXXIv, a, and at a cor- 
responding level in other speci- 
mens, so that a vertical cross- 
section would resemble the letter 
H. Fig. 168, c, shows a drum 
from Chiriqui with a_ similar 
median band and animal figures, 
but which lacks the interior divi- 
sion of the Nicoya forms. 
Nicoya Polychrome Ware fur- 
Fic, 169.—Pottery drums, Nicoya nishes but few examples of 
SS pees Rica. (Diameters: ¢,  qrums, F ig. 169 shows two ex- 
amples from the Nicoya penin- 
sula; a is decorated with simple geometric patterns; b represents a 
bird with an elongate body, at the tail-end of which is an opening for 
a drumhead. Fig. 170, from Nicaragua, resembles in shape the com- 
mon jar type of this ware. 












































RAPES 


The use of rattles and drums was the normal accompaniment of the 
dance. Few rattles, however, were made of sufficiently durable ma- 
terial to survive. Fig. 174, a, shows a pottery ayote, or squash, 
which is filled with sand and small pebbles, forming a very service- 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL, CXXXIIlI 


] 





a b c 


POTTERY DRUMS, COSTA RICA 
a—RED WARE. 0—RED WARE (HEIGHT, 9 IN.). C—ORANGE-BROWN WARE 


rh 


ait 


“ 





LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXIV 





ORANGE-BROWN WARE (a-e) AND CHOCOLATE WARE (f/f) DRUMS 


a, C-€e—NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 8 IN. TO 16.5 IN.). b—MANAGUA, NICARAGUA (HEIGHT, 
3.1 IN.). {COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 10 IN.) 





RATTLES—MINIATURE VESSELS ahi 


able rattle. Fig. 171, b, is a hex- 
agonal form, also provided with 
a handle; the panels are painted 
alternately red and white. Fig. 
171, a, is a pottery ball with three 
small openings ; it may once have 
contained pebbles and been used 
as a rattle. 


MINIATURE VESSELS 


Miniature copies of the larger 
ceramic forms are found in al- 
most all pottery areas. They are 
rare, however, in the Pacific 
region, except in the district F!G. ae aC Pen 
north and west of the Gulf of 
Nicoya, where such vessels in Orange-Brown Ware are not uncom- 
mon. Bird effigy jars are the form most frequently encountered ; 

=~ a series of these is shown 
: | in fig. 172, a, c-f. The ex- 
eae a @) | ample shown in D probably 
i ere, represents a turtle, while 
\. PRs joy fig. 157, d, is a monkey. 
\ ZB | A different type of jar 
is shown in fig. 157, c, in 
which a small tripod vessel 
is surmounted by a cap 
which suggests the Alliga- 
tor god; e is a cap of the 
same type. Both of these 
caps are pierced by two 
small holes through which 
a string was passed in 
order to secure them to the 
body of the vessel, in the 
manner already seen in 


Fic. 171.—Pottery rattles. a, Los Pueblos, certain kinds of figurines 
Costa Rica (diameter, 3.75 in.); b, Costa 


Rica (length, 7 in.). (fig. 154, a). 








278 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 








Fic. 172.—-Miniature bowls. a, ¢, d, Bird effigies, Nicoya peninsula, Costa 
Rica; b, Turtle effigy, Nicoya peninsula; e, Bird effigy, Sardinal, Costa Rica 
(diameter, 3 in.). 


FUNNELS 


Fig. 173 shows a half-dome of pottery with a spout in the center. 
The interior is covered with a red slip and a simple black-line design. 
This curious piece may have been a cover or a funnel; the latter 
seems more probable. Vessels of this shape from Nasca in Peru 
are known, but the pro- 
jection has no opening 
and is evidently intend- 
ed to be stuck in the 
sand. 


JAR COVERS 


Covers for opengves- 
sels are not of frequent 
occurrence, but are 
found most commonly 
in the northern part of 
Fic. 173.—Pottery funnel, Sardinal, Costa Rica. the Nicos Peas 

(Diameter, 9 in.) Two types may be 

recognized, one of 

which is simply a bowl inverted over the mouth of a larger vessel, as 

in the case of urn burial. More or less specialized forms sometimes 

are found (figs. 50, b, and 74, c) which are decorated across the bot- 
tom in such a manner as to suggest this use. 

Another type of jar cover consists of pottery discs which set across 
the mouth of the vessel. They were lifted in some cases by a handle 





LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXV 











qk 


\ 


mm 
} 


ir 





POTTERY SPINDLE-WHORLS. NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA 
(DIAMETER OF 9, 3 IN.) 


* 





JAR COVERS 279 


(fig. 174, 7) or by a hole in which the finger might be inserted (fig. 
175, a) ; but more commonly a hole was drilled in the center through 
which a string could be passed and secured by a knot (fig. 175, b). A 
glance at pl. cxxxv will show that jar-cover types fade into spindle- 
whorls with but little break. 

The wares represented by jar covers are chiefly Orange-Brown 





Fic. 174.—Miscellaneous pottery objects. a, Rattle, Nicoya peninsula, Costa 
Rica (length, about 4 in.); b-d, Stamps (b, Costa Rica, length, 1.5 in; 
c, Escasu, Costa Rica, length, 2 in.; d, Filadelfia, Costa Rica, length, 2 in.); 
e, Pestle, Nicoya peninsula (length, 2 in.); f, g, Discs, Costa Rica (diam- 
eter, ae and 2 in.); h, 7, Jar covers, Nicoya peninsula (diameter, 3 in. and 
eR Ith); 


280 





_ 


Fic. 175.—Pottery discs, Orange- 
Brown Ware. a, Nicoya peninsula, 
Costa Rica; 6, San Miguel, Ometepe 
island, Nicaragua (diameter, 4-5 in.). 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


and Nicoya Polychrome. The de- 
signs are usually geometric. As 
examples of life forms, a monkey 
and an alligator are shown in fig. 
174, h, 1. Fig. 175, 6, is deco- 
rated with an incised pattern the 
nature of which is not clear, but 
which is obviously related to the 
Nicoya  Polychrome  Red-line 
group (fig. 88, b, c). 


SPINDLE-WHORLS 


Whorls for spindles are usually 
flat discs of which a variety is 
given in pl. cxxxv. Some of these 
(e, f) are merely reworked pot- 
sherds, but others (d, g) are 
clearly made as discs, but of such 
size that they may have been jar 
covers rather than whorls. The 
effigy type illustrated in b prob- 
ably is a whorl because it bal- 
ances about the hole. Somewhat 
thicker examples are represented 
by a and c, which, together with 
b and g, are decorated by incis- 
ing. 

Fig. 176 


shows a different 


type of whorl, also decorated by incising, but much more massive 
than those considered. Whorls of this shape are common in eastern 


Salvador. 


SINKERS 


PE GCRX SVL eo eae ee 
show selections from a group 
of similar objects which were 
found by Bransford heaped 
over the head of a skeleton. 
This writer believed that they 
were attached to a net for 





Fic. 176.—Pottery spindle-whorls. a, 
Costa Rica (height, I in.); 6, Ometepe 
island, Nicaragua. 


LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXvVI 





a, b, e, f—POTTERY SINKERS, SANTA HELENA, NICARAGUA. c—POTTERY CELT, ZAPATERO 
ISLAND, NICARAGUA. d—POTTERY BEADS, MIRAVALLES, COSTA RICA 


a 


ne: 


id 





SINKERS—STAMPS—LABRETS 281 


which they served as sinkers. It will be observed that they are re- 
worked sherds; b has been cut with greater care than the others ; 
a, e, and f have been countersunk in order that they may be securely 
fastened, but the shape has not been otherwise modified; f is a frag- 
ment of rim. 


SLAMES 


Cylindrical stamps are found over the greater part of Central 
America and South America. Two generalized types are used, in 
one of which there are projections at each end on which the stamp 
spins, and in the other of which there are depressions at the ends in 
which the fingers are inserted. The distinction is comparable with 
that of the “male” and “female” forms of spear-throwers. 

Among the examples given in pl. cxxxvit it will be observed that d 
belongs to the first group and that all the others are of the second 
type. The patterns are probably all derived from the alligator, 
marked as usual by the triangular scales. In a the head, eye, body, 
and legs can be distinguished, and they also can be studied out in d, 
but the other specimens show only geometric patterns to which 
alligator scales are attached. 


VABRETS 


Labrets have been found in considerable numbers in the Pacific 
area. The gold labret of Chiriqui is unknown, but perforated jade 
labrets are disinterred in the Nicoya peninsula. In fig. 177 we illus- 





Fic. 177.—Pottery lip-plugs, Orange-Brown Ware, Filadelfia, Costa Rica. 
(Length of a, 2 in.) 


282 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


trate several examples made of clay. Of these d represents the type 
commonly made of Jade. 


BEADS 


In pl. cxxxvi a string of pottery beads is shown. These are very 
delicately made and have been fired at a high temperature. Each 
bead is encircled by a number of parallel grooves. 


MISCELLANEOUS FORMS 


A few other objects, all of great rarity, deserve brief mention. 
Pl. cxxxvi, c, shows a pottery ax decorated with a human face 
which recalls Zapatero 
Ware figurines, such as 
that. in pl CKRXxiee, 
Fig. 174, e, is a pottery 
pestle, much worn on 
the working surface. 
Fig. 178, a, is apparent- 
ly a pipe with a double 
mouthpiece. No smok- 
ing pipes from this re- 
gion are recorded by 
historians, and tobacco 
was anciently consumed 
in the form of cigars. 
It is suggested that this 
object was used for tak- 
ing snuff by way of the 
Fic. 178.—Pipes, or snuffing tubes, Costa Rica. nostrils, for it recalls 

(Length of a, 3 in.; of 6, 3.5 in.) the Y-shape tubes used 

for that purpose in the 

West Indies and the northern coast of South America. Fig. 178, }, 

is a pottery tube decorated with a modeled animal, which may have 
been used for the same purpose. 








% 


LOTHROP-——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXVII 








Vy 
NS 


(}\. 


b e 


POTTERY CYLINDRICAL STAMPS: ORANGE-BROWN WARE. NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA 


Part III 
THE HIGHLAND REGION 


| 
| 





CHAPTER I 


GENERAL FEATURES 


already been discussed and the remains from the Pacific region 

have been described. The Highland region (fig. 1) comprises 
that part of Costa Rica lying northward of a line drawn from Puerto 
Limon to the Punta Herradura, with the exception of the eastern 
shores of the Gulf of Nicoya and the Province of Guanacaste. The 
portion of this area lying west of San José is practically unknown 
archeologically. It is probable that the district is transitional in type 
between the central and eastern Highlands and Nicoya. For con- 
venience in discussing the pottery, the following geographic divisions 
should be noted: (1) the Atlantic slope, (2) the Cartago valley, 
(3) the San José valley, (4) the Pacific slope. These districts are 
often marked by local styles, even in those wares which occur in all of 
them. 

The archeological remains of the Highland region have been the 
subject of intensive study by Hartman, to whose industry and excel- 
lent publications all future students must pay tribute. In character 
these remains bear strong resemblance to those of Chiriqui, so much 
so, indeed, that the region may well be considered to have had a 
specialized culture developed from the Chiriqui and modified by 
contact with northern influences. As the Guetar were the only known 
pre-Spanish inhabitants of this region, the archeological remains must 
necessarily be attributed to them. 


, | NHE archeological divisions of Nicaragua and Costa Rica have 


MOUNDS 


The chief visible evidence of former occupancy consists of mounds. 
In the central valleys they are rubbish-heaps of irregular shape, which 
often contain cist burials. On the Atlantic coast they are so grouped 
as to enclose courts or a series of courts in a manner suggestive of 
influence from the north. At Las Mercedes (pl. ccr) there was 
an elaborate example of the latter, now destroyed by the spade of 
treasure seekers, and another example occurs at Williamsburg (fig. 
288) and Costa Rica Farm (fig. 289). Hartman (1901, p. 10) found 


that these more pretentious mounds were made by erecting a stone 
285 


286 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


wall of the requisite shape and filling the enclosure thus formed with 
earth, a method of construction also known in the Pacific region 
(page 95). At Las Mercedes the stones of the casing were river 
bowlders from thirty to sixty centimeters long. 


HUT RUINGS 


No description of the dwellings of the Guetar is known. How- 
ever, at several sites there are circles of stones (pl. ccir), ranging 
up to seventy feet in diameter, which evidently represent the accumu- 
lation of débris around the base of the circular palenques of the type 
used until recently by the Indians of Talamanca (pl. mr). These 
dwellings are simply huge tipi-like structures of logs and thatch. In 
the Highland region they were constructed on the ground, but to the 
south of the Cordillera de la Candelaria they were set on low plat- 
form mounds. 


LARGE STONE, STATOR 


The stone statues from Lake Nicaragua have already been dis- 
cussed at length (page 91), and their presence on the eastern shore of 
the lake has been noted. Thence they extended southward across the 
Rio San Juan as far as the vicinity of Puerto Limon. A splendid 
example of the Costa Rican statue is given in pl. cxxxvitt, which is 
more carefully carved than the majority. The animal figure capping 
a human figure, which is characteristic of Nicaraguan types, is pres- 
ent, though in a modified form. In most Costa Rican statues it 
is absent. 

It is noteworthy that the Chacmool, or recumbent figure holding a 
bowl on the breast, extends to the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica. 
Three examples from this region are known to the writer, one in 
the park at Puerto Limon, one in the American Museum of Natural 
History, and one in the United States National Museum. 

Hartman’s investigations at Las Mercedes showed that the large 
stone statues were set on top of the walls that formed the sides of 
the mounds. In Nicaragua, it will be recalled, they were found 
around the base of the mounds, except at some sites to the east of 
the lake. 


CARVED SLABS 


Large slabs of stone, elaborately carved along the edges and across 
the top, are characteristic of the Atlantic slopes of the Highland 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXVIII 





STONE STATUE. COSTA RICA 





a ¥ ’ ; s 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXIX 





STONE SLAB. ANITA GRANDE, COSTA RICA 
(HEIGHT, 6 FT., 4 IN.) 





CARVED SLABS 287 


region. Examples are shown in pl. cxxxrx and fig. 179. The deco- 
ration on the sides is in low relief and across the top are animal fig- 
ures carved in the round, usually monkeys or birds. The only speci- 
men of this kind found in situ was discovered by Skinner (MS.) at 
Anita Grande where it stood erect in the midst of the cemetery. 





Fic. 179.—Stone slabs. a, Costa Rica (width, 19 in.); b, Cartago, Costa Rica. 
(Courtesy of W. H. Holmes.) 


These carved slabs are paralleled by those from Manabi in Ecuador 
and Chavin in Peru. From the statement quoted on page 81 it is clear 
that these stones, or similar forms of wood, were set up over graves. 


288 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


METHODS OF BURIAL 


The usual burial of the Highland region was in a rectangular stone 
cist, of which Hartman (1909) distinguished four types. The first 
type is built entirely—walls, floor, and roof—of flat stone slabs, and 
is particularly characteristic of the Cartago valley. A second type, 
found in the vicinity of San José, is constructed of oval river 
bowlders and has no roof. A third class occurs on the Atlantic coast ; 
it has walls constructed of river bowlders and floor and roof of large 
slabs, and is much larger than type 2. Finally, on the western side 
of the Cartago valley 
cists were made of 
small, square-cut 
slabs used like bricks. 
In addition to the 
rectangular cists, 
Hartman found at 
Santiago some glob- 
ular stone cists (fig. 
180) in the same 
mound that contained 
Fic. 180.—Section of graves, Santiago, Costa Rica rectangular ‘ Sore 

(After Hartman, 1901.) The variations in 

form exhibited by 

the Highland cists are due in large part to the nature and abun- 

dance of the local stone supply, as for example on the Atlantic coast 

where large slabs had to be transported, while river bowlders were 
easily obtained. 

The cist burials usually occur in a mound or within a circle marked 
by hut rings. Beneath the ground indescribable confusion often 
reigns, for not only are there sometimes as many as three tiers of 
cists, but the burials often touch one another, and cists of irregular 
shape were sometimes necessary to place another body in the already 
crowded cemeteries. In the more confused burial grounds, prin- 
cipally in the Cartago valley, the cists are often so small that secon- 
dary burial must have been practised. Elsewhere, as on the Atlan- 
tic coast, burial at length was more common. 

Cist burial is not uncommon in the New World. It is found in 
Mexico and Guatemala, and in various parts of the United States, 
as New Jersey, Illinois, Tennessee, Georgia, and New Mexico. The 





METHODS OF BURIAL—GRAVES 289 


Costa Rican graves, especially those on the Atlantic coast, show close 
resemblance to those of Chiriqui, which in turn merge into the rock- 
cut shaft graves of Colombia and Ecuador. Cist burial was com- 
mon on the Peruvian coast, where the walls were made of wood. 
Stone cists were used in the Recuay valley. 

Columbus, on his fourth voyage, touched at the village of Cariay, 
where he observed artificially preserved bodies stored in specially 
prepared houses. Such treatment of the dead was probably reserved 
for those of the highest rank, whereas lesser folk were buried in the 
ground. While normally cists were used, in some cases there is rea- 
son to believe simple inhumation took place. Hartman (1907b), 
in his excavations at Curridabat, found no trace of burials, yet the 
vast quantity of apparently purposely broken pottery encountered 
strongly suggests a funerary offering to corpses whose very bones 
have totally disappeared. 


OBJECTS FROM GRAVES 


1. Metates—Grinding plates of stone for the preparation of corn 
in the spirit world are frequently found in the graves (fig. 181). 
Whereas the Nicoya metate consists of a rectangular plate with three 
legs, the Highland metate is usually oblong and has four legs. The 








Fic. 181.—Metate from Cartago, Costa Rica. (Courtesy of W. H. Holmes.) 


Nicoya hand-stone projects from each side of the plate, but the 
Highland metate has a ridge around the edge, which necessitates a 
short hand-stone. The Highland metate usually has an animal head 
projecting from one end, while a tail runs from the opposite end to 
the base of a leg in such fashion as to form a handle. The usual 


290 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


animal form represents the jaguar. The Highland metate obviously 
closely resembles the type encountered in Chiriqui, and indeed so 
close is that resemblance that no safe rule can be laid down by which 
the types of the two regions can be distinguished. Similar metates 
are found in South America as far south as Ecuador (Verneau and 
Rivet, pl. 1x). 

One metate (pl. cxL) from this area merits special attention. It 
has three legs like the Nicoyan type, but has a ridge around the 
erinding plate like the Highland type. At the base of the legs 
project human heads upon which jaguars stand, which in turn, 





Fic. 182.—Gold disc, Cartago, Costa Rica. 


support monkeys clasping their tails (cf. fig. 182). Under the center 
of the grinding plate is another group of figures. At the base is a 
double-headed alligator upon which stands a Jaguar god grasping 
two objects in his hands (cf. pl. Lxxviu1, /) and holding a serpent 
with a human head in his mouth (cf. pl. Lxxvut, a), The head-dress 
of the Jaguar god is composed of four animals standing on their 
fore-legs and attached to the base of the grinding plate by their tails. 
This remarkable specimen not only shows the technical ability of the 
aborigines in carving large blocks of stone, but bears silent witness to 
the wealth of mythology now completely lost. 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXL 





CEREMONIAL METATE. SAN ISIDRO DE GUADALOUPE, COSTA RICA 
(LENGTH OF TOP, 24.5 IN.) 


+ 





OBJECTS FROM GRAVES 291 


2. Stools—Stone stools, of which an example appears in the center 
of pl. CXL, consist of a round plate encircled by a ridge and sup- 
ported on a tall pedestal. A series of small heads often depends from 
the edge of the plate. The base is pierced by slits, triangles, diamonds, 
etc. Sometimes it consists of a series of Atlantean figures, a form 
reflected in the pottery. Such stools are found with unbroken dis- 
tribution and of indistinguishable types from the Highlands of Costa 
Rica to the Province of Chiriqui. 

The identification as stools is not absolutely accurate, for many 
specimens show evidences of grinding upon the upper surface. How- 
ever, in Costa Rica, as well as in the West Indies, chiefs were wont 
to sit upon low stools, and as these objects sometimes were made of 





Fic. 183.—Wooden stool, Cave of Cucinizna, Nicaragua. 
(Length, I1 in.) 


pottery (which could not be used for grinding), their primary pur- 
pose may well have been as stools. Furthermore, it is probable that 
all the metates of this and other regions were employed as stools. The 
wooden seat in fig. 183 is comparable with the stone metate and 
with wooden stools of the West Indies, South America, and 
Yucatan. 


3. Stone Stands—Pot- 
tery supports for round- 
bottom vessels are fre- 
quent finds. A _ corre- 
sponding type made of 
stone is shown in figs. 
250.0, and 259. *It will 
be observed that they are 


like the stone stools Fic. 184.—Stone bowl, Las Mercedes, Costa 
minus the plate. Rica. (Diameter, 3.75 in.) 





292 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


4. Stone Bowls—Stone bowls resembling certain types of pottery 
are occasionally found (fig. 184). A fine example of a tripod cylin- 
drical jar of stone, elaborately carved, was once in a Costa Rican 
collection, but its present whereabouts is unknown. 

5. Small Stone Figures—Among the smaller stone objects, carved 
human figures are common. Three groups may be recognized. The 
first consists of standing figures usually grasping an object in each 
hand in a manner suggesting the goldwork (pl. Lxxvi1, ). Not 
infrequently these statues hold a human head, and the example in 
fig. 185, a, holds a head in one hand and an ax in the other, a subject 








Fic. 185.—Stone statue and implements. a, Eastern Costa Rica; 
b, c, Cartago, Costa Rica; d, Costa Rica. 


suggestive of human sacrifice, to which it is known the Guetar were 
addicted. There exists a very similar motive in the art of the Peru- 
vian coast. 

A second type consists of the human head, usually about half life- 
size, cut squarely across the neck (pl. cLxxxvitl, c). This may well 
be the same severed head as seen in the arms of the previous class, 
and is perhaps commemorative or symbolical of human sacrifice or 
victory in battle, or it may have been placed in the grave to represent 
the slave of the dead. Similar heads are found in pottery. 

A third kind of human figure, of which examples appear in pl. 
CXLI, is seated with the arms across the knees. Often ‘an object is 
held to the mouth as though to represent a man eating, or playing a 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXLI 





MISCELLANEOUS STONE OBJECTS. COSTA RICA 


oO 


*% 


Ty 





POTTERY CLASSIFIED 293 


whistle. The height of these figurines is usually only a few inches, 
but several specimens about two feet high were encountered in build- 
ing the railroad and are now in the United States National Museum. 
A general resemblance may be noted to the Mexican seated stone 
figures known as Indios tristes. 

6. Stone Axes—The polished ax of the Highland region (fig. 
185, 6, ¢) is usually diamond-shape in cross-section, a characteristic 
which extends from this vicinity to the Province of Chiriqui. A 
second class (fig. 185, d) is flaked, but not polished. The monolithic 
ax is not known, but double-bit forms of the flaked type occur. 


POTTERY 


The basis of pottery classification has already been discussed in 
connection with the fictile remains of the Pacific region (page 105) ; 
but it will be well to state again that classification on a unified basis 
is not possible, and this is especially true of the Highland region. 
Thus, clays, color, shape, and decoration all enter into the classifica- 
tion presented below. However, several specialized shapes, such as 
the bowls supported by Atlantean figures, crosscut the various wares 
in such fashion as to form separate groups. ‘These have been treated 
at the end under the title “Miscellaneous”. 

The reader will recognize such terms as Red-line, Lost Color, 
Maroon, Tripod, and Handled Ware, which have already been 
adopted to designate Chiriquian pottery groups. These names are here 
applied to the same class of pottery as the Chiriqui wares, modified 
but slightly by a different environment. Indeed, the list below does 
not tell the story of the indebtedness of the Guetar potters to those 
of Chiriqui, and in almost every ware to be examined we shall find 
traces of the virile art of that region. 

In estimating the art of the two areas, unfortunately but little can 
be said about the remains of the intervening provinces of Talamanca 
and Boruca. The latter is known to contain many large cemeteries 
which have been rifled by the natives. The gold has, for the greater 
part, been melted, but quite a number of pottery specimens have found 
their way into private collections from the Highland region, and, with 
no distinctive labeling, have ultimately become the property of the 
museums on whose collections this study is based. However, the 
specimens illustrated here have been selected with reasonable certainty 
as to their provenience. 


294 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


The classification on the basis of which the Highland pottery will 
be discussed is as follows: 


I. Polychrome Ware. 


Red-line Ware. 
Yellow-line Ware. 
II. Simple Painted Wares2 White-line Ware. 
Black-line Ware. 
Lost-color Ware. 


Maroon Incised Ware 
Chocolate Ware. 
III. Monochrome Wares Redlip (wate: 


Red Ware. 


Curridabat Ware. 
Tripod Ware. 
Stone Cist Ware. 
Handled Ware. 


IV. Appliqué Wares 


V. Miscellaneous. 


LOTHROP — POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXLit 





HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE. COSTA RICA 


DIAMETER OF @, 7.5 IN. 








CHAPTER II 


POLYCHROME WARE 


N examination of Polychrome Ware can be made more easily 
A» anticipating our conclusions and stating at the outset 
that Highland Polychrome Ware is no more than an offshoot 
of Nicoya Polychrome Ware, modified, it is true, by local genius and 
by further borrowings from the art of Chiriqui. In Nicoya the 
polychrome vessels form a large part of the total, but in the Highlands 
the reverse is true. The clay, slip, firing, etc., of the Highland Poly- 
chrome is not different from that of Nicoya. The colors employed 
are red, orange, brown, purple, and black. Both purple and brown 
are more frequently used than on the Pacific coast, and black is some- 
times employed as a filler as well as for outlines. Painted patterns 
are usually outlined by thin lines, not so fine as those of Luna Ware, 
but intermediate in quality between Luna and Nicoya Polychrome 
Wares. In this connection it must be remembered that in primitive 
times there doubtless was direct communication between Nicaragua 
and the Cartago and San José valleys across the Cordillera Central 
and the plain of San Carlos, which now form an impassable barrier 
to ordinary travel. 
The technics of decoration, as on the Pacific coast, are modeling 
and painting. Subclassification has been made along these lines 
according to the type of design. 


MODELED FORMS 


Modeled forms are not common in this ware, and those found are 
partly of types already considered, to which it will be sufficient to 
draw attention. Pl. cxtv, b, shows a vessel with a painted and 
modeled face (see fig. 30, b), on the back of which is a typical High- 
land Polychrome Ware pattern. Another example appears in pl. 
CXLII, b, marked by diagonal slits in the legs, which are a character- 
istic of the Highland region. 

Two types of jaguar effigy bowls from Nicoya, which are some- 
times found in the Highlands, have already been noted (page 119). 
In addition a third type, of which examples are given in pl. CxLtur, 
c, occurs regularly in the Highlands and rarely in Nicoya. It con- 


295 


296 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


sists of a round or rarely oblong bowl, from one end of which pro- 
jects a jaguar head. There are two legs on the side of the vessel next 
the head and one on the opposite side. The exterior wall always, 
and the interior wall and floor sometimes are decorated with patterns 
derived from the alligator, a design that will be discussed later. a 
cxiit, b, shows a type of jaguar effigy bowl of Chiriquian origin, 
but marked in this specimen by diagonal slits in the legs in a manner 
characteristic of the Highlands. 

Pl. cxuiu, a, a’, shows an animal effigy, representing perhaps a 
tapir or a pig, on the back of which is a bowl. This piece is of special 
interest owing to the nature of the painted decoration. The exterior 
pattern is derived fromthe scutes of the Chiriqui alligator, while 
the interior design is characteristic of the Highland region. 

Pl. cxtu, a, represents an effigy jar with an animal head on the 
side in the manner characteristic of Nicoya, and legs with diagonal 
slits in Highland style. Occasionally pear-shape jars with animal 
heads on the side are found in Highland sites, but their numbers are 
so few as to raise the suspicion that they may be trade pieces. 

Pl. cxty, a, shows a unique vessel. It has a false base about half 
an inch above the true base, and the hollow space contains clay balls 
which rattle when the vessel is shaken. On the side is a modeled 
animal figure of uncertain nature which has one of the loose heads 
already discussed (page 265). : 

As in the Nicoya peninsula, the legs of tripod vessels from the 
Highland area often represent animal heads. Examples of the two 
commonest forms are shown in pl. cxtv1. In b the tip of the nose 
and mouth is pinched flat, thus forming a broad line which rests on 
the ground. In a the nose comes to a sharp point. A third type of 
leg, seen in pl. cxLviit, b, represents a human figure supporting the 
body of the bowl on its shoulders. This form was probably developed 
in the Highlands. 


PAINTED DECORATION 
THE PLUMED SERPENT 


The dominant position assumed by the Plumed Serpent in Nicoya 
Polychrome Ware patterns has received extended treatment above. 
Designs of similar origin are frequently found on Highland Poly- 
chrome Ware as well. It will be recalled that in Nicoya the more 
natural forms of serpent are distinguished by certain characters which 
persist in the less natural and geometric forms, and which serve as a 


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LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


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HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE: PLUMED SERPENT MOTIVE, TYPE A 


a—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA (LENGTH, 3.5 IN.). 0—OROSI, COSTA RICA. C—SAN ANTONIO DE NICOYA, COSTA RICA. 
€—TWO-HEADED MONSTER PATTERN, COSTA RICA 


d—OMETEPE ISLAND, NICARAGUA. 





vy 


PLUMED SERPENT MOTIVES 207 


basis of identification in patterns which otherwise have lost all re- 
semblance to the original prototype. The most persistent of these 
features are the plumes and the cross-hatchings, dots, ete., which 
mark the body. 
TYPE A 

Pl. cxLiv, c, shows a simple form which presents no great difficulty. 
The head faces to the left and is crowned by projections which may 
be plumes. At the right are the tail plumage, “aura” (the lines 
between the plumes), and cross- 


hatched areas. Fig. a of the plate (a WWWMWIMMIJY{ZZ } 
has plumes in front of the face, \ it | | | ; 
yy, a 


or rather where the face should 


Yi \ \\ 
be, as it has disappeared except 4p ll » Qp 
for the eye. Fig. 186 represents Aa SW 
a small jar decorated with a pat- (|; 7 [; | MAT 
NS | 


tp 
tern from this group. PI. cxtrvy, (i | | 
d, is from Nicaragua, and shows < 
a somewhat similar breaking-up SS 
of the Serpent motive. SS Ss 


SS = = 


TYPE B Fic. 186.—Highland Polychrome 
The simplest form of the ee eee Se AS 
Plumed Serpent of type B is 
shown on the extended band of pl. cxiv, b. Curiously enough, this 
design is painted upside down, and the plate must be reversed to view 
it properly. When this is done, the head, painted in orange and red, 
is at the right. Beneath are the jaws, the upper of which is white 
and the lower orange. The orange portion of the head terminates in 
a scroll immediately in front of the mouth. This may well repre- 
sent the fang, which is greatly enlarged in some of the Nicoyan 
examples (pl. xiv, b). Behind the head are yellow and red loops 
representing the head plumes. The body (painted yellow) ends in 
a hand-like tail plume. On the lower zone line are two long serpen- 
tine arms. These should be attached to the body, but have become 
separated in the process of conventionalization. The presence and 
significance of such limbs on the plumed serpent have already been 
discussed (pages 146-159). 
Pl. cxivir, a, shows several changes. Above and to the left of a 
central rosette is the eye, to the left of which is a large projecting 
fang. Beneath the fang are the jaws and lips. The latter have had 


= 





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298 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


the markings typical of hands placed on the ends of them. To the 


a 





right of the central rosette is a large rectangular panel representing 

the head plumes. The arms extend in either direction along the base 

line, and the body lies along the top of the panel and then down the 

right side, terminating in a double hand representing the tail plumes. 

The rim pattern on pl. cxtvi, b, shows the Plumed Serpent of 

type B in its most typical Highland guise. The chief characteristic 

is the enormous fang, beneath which are the lips tipped with hand 

motives. At the base of the panel are the legs. To the right of the 

head is a small cross-hatched panel, recalling the body markings on 

the Nicoya Plumed Serpent motives. At the extreme right is the 

tail plumage, represented by a series of chevrons, dots, and hatchings. 

In pl. cxim, c, the rim pattern has an arm and hand beneath the 

jaw, while the head 

plumes, seen to the right 

itd) of the head, are tipped by 

ac I's ea ba gm the hand motive. The 

litle nt \V “ ‘) treatment of the body 

= and the tail in this speci- 

men strongly recalls the 

jaguar of Nicoya (pl. 

XXxvV, a). Pleceryines 

is treated in a_ similar 

fashion and _ the _ tail 

curved back upon itself 

is obvious. A new fea- 

| ture is the introduction of 

<1 ‘ic space-filling panels, which 

may be seen on each side 

Fic. 187.—Highland Polychrome pattern on a of the tail, and which are 

pes from Filadelfia, Costa Rica. (Diameter, not infrequently found 

with the Jaguar motive 

(pl. xxxv1, b). Fig. 187 has a face of the type now familiar, which 

is flanked by “tails” with recurved tips. The general assemblage of 
this pattern recalls such motives as pls. Lint, b, and Ly, 0. 

Pl. cxtyt, a, shows conventionalization through the elimination of 

parts. The head and mouth offer no peculiarities. To the right of 

the head are two perpendicular plumes tipped with the hand motive. 


Farther to the right is a large rectangular pattern in black and red. 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXLV 


rv Vy 


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ISPS foe ecerteta 





HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE. COSTA RICA 


a@—BOWL WITH LOOSE-HEADED FIGURINE AND TWO-HEADED MONSTER PATTERN, TYPE A. O—EFFIGY BOWL WITH PLUMED SERPENT PATTERN, TYPE B,. 


DIAMETER OF @, 6 IN, 





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PLUMED SERPENT MOTIVES 299 


This also represents plumes and may be compared with the plumes 
seen in pl. cxivu, a. All other parts, even the minor pattern sep- 
arating the repetitions of the main design, have totally disappeared. 

The Highland Plumed Serpent of type B is usually accompanied 
by a secondary geometric pattern which serves to separate the oc- 
currences of the major design. Sometimes this pattern consists of 
simple colored bands, as in pl. cxLu, c, but more commonly it is a 
circle containing small concentric circles to which are attached small 
hatchings, as in pl. cxtvi, b, or else the bent arms of a swastica. 
Pl. cxLit, c, in addition to the parallel bands of red, orange, and 
black, has “‘tail-like” appendages projecting from the outer zone line 
between the fang and the parallel bands. Pl. cxtvit, e, shows 
fringed staff-like objects attached to the base of the panel. Similar 
forms appear in the hands of deities and men in the Mexican codices 
and on Nasca pottery from Peru. It is suggested that they represent 
the staff decorated with feathers, the Aztec chicauagtli, which was 
the badge of authority given to the heralds by the caciques. (see 
page 49). 

The patterns of this and other Highland Polychrome groups are 
normally outlined by fine lines, while those from Nicoya have much 
heavier lines, a difference which can be seen by a comparison of a 
and b, pl. cxtvi. The colors used are red, orange, brown, purple, 
and black. At least four of these appear together usually. The use 
of purple is confined largely to the Highland Plumed Serpent and 
the Nicoya Textile Pattern group before described (pl. Lxxx1, e). 
The shapes associated with this design are the round-bottom and 
tripod bowls, and rarely the pear-shape jar. The provenience is the 
Peninsula of Nicoya eastward to the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica. 
The majority of specimens have come from the Cartago and San 


José valleys. 
TYPE C 


The next class of Plumed Serpent differs from the preceding in 
that it is formed of two examples of type B fused together. In pl. 
CXLVvII, d, the central eye is common to two heads. The right head 
is upside down and the left in the normal position. Beneath the 
projecting fang of the left head may be seen the jaw and legs. The 
body runs along the base line of the panel. Fig. e of the same plate 
is similarly assembled, though painted in a different style. Pl. cxivut1, 
b, shows this motive on the lip of a tripod cup, the right head as 
usual being upside down. 


300 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Pl. cxu, c, illustrates the adaption of this motive to the circular 
field of the bowl floor. The pattern here portrayed is not dissimilar 
to that on the rim of pl. cxtvi, a. Pl. cxLvr, a, is unusual because 
the plumes are fringed with double T’s in a fashion found on plumes 
of Nicoya Polychrome Ware (pl. xxix, b). The right-hand tail 
plumes grow directly from the end of the body, while the left side 
shows the body terminating in a hand which grasps two feathers. 

The commonest and simplest method of delineating this pattern 
appears in the circular panel of pl. cxLvi, b, which represents two 
entire serpentine figures joined by a vertical bar. The head of each 
is crowned by a curved crest, and immediately behind the head are 
“wings”. The body, bent back upon itself, terminates in a “hand” 
which represents plumage. This monster is closely connected with 
the double alligator seen on Red Ware bowls (fig. 195, b). 


THE Two-HEADED DRAGON OR MONSTER 
TYPE A 


The pattern seen in pl. CxLIx is one of the most typical in High- 
land Polychrome Ware. It consists of two opposed faces outlined 
by broad red bands and connected with each other by loops. The 
whole pattern is not unlike the Aztec ollin sign, although the re- 
semblance is only superficial. The normal field for this pattern is 
the interior of tripod bowls of the type seen in pl. cL, d, yet it also 
occurs as an exterior design as shown in pl. CxLv, a, the interior 
rim of which is occupied by the Jaguar motive seen in pl. Xxxvil, D. 
Pl. cxtvu, c, shows this pattern on a large vessel from Nicoya in 
association with a “textile pattern”. Pl. cL, c, again shows the same 
combination. Pl. cL, e, gives another example on the interior of a 
vessel, differing from pl. CXLIx in the treatment of the face. 

The origin of this pattern is by no means obvious, but it is parallel 
(though not similar) to the Mayan Two-headed Dragon in that it 
partakes both of the nature of the serpent and the jaguar. The 
connection with the Plumed Serpent may be seen from pl. XLvill, c, 
which has two faces (the left-hand one broken off) on opposite sides 
of the vessel, which are joined by a pattern representing the serpent 
body and marked by cross-hatching. In the Highland Two-headed 
Dragon there are two opposed heads linked by a not dissimilar motive 
minus the cross-hatching, which, however, is usually found in the 
adjacent triangular panels. The connection with the jaguar is es- 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA ¥ PL. CXLVI 


OLE MEET DLO ATEN 
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HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE: PLUMED SERPENT MOTIVE. TYPE B. COSTA RICA 








LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXLVII 





HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE. COSTA RICA. 
a, b—PLUMED SERPENT MOTIVE, TYPE B. C—-TWO-HEADED MONSTER MOTIVE. d, €—PLUMED SERPENT MOTIVE, TYPE C 


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DRAGON AND FEATHER MOTIVES 301 


tablished by specimens such as pl. cxtiv, e, on which the heads and 
connecting loops are covered with the conventional jaguar markings 
(see pl. xxx, a). Furthermore, the recurved tail typical of the 
Nicoya Polychrome Jaguar motive appears in the space beneath the 
connecting loops. 

TYPE B 


A second class of Two-headed Dragon pattern is represented by 
pl. cL, b, which again has two heads on opposite sides of the vessel, 
each of which is joined to a common body formed by the circular 
central field. From the body two pairs of legs run to the rim of 
the bowl. The intervening spaces are filled with rows of small 
circles. This pattern is obviously connected with the preceding one, 
yet the rows of small circles suggest the alligator markings com- 
monly found on Appliqué Ware vessels (fig. 236). 

This design is found only on the inside of bowls. It is not com- 
mion, and is confined largely to the Cartago and San José valleys. 
Fewer than a dozen pieces are known to the author. 


TYPE C 


A third class of Two-headed Dragon is shown in PLMCHy crea lt 
contains two large triangular heads joined to a small central body. 
At right angles to the heads are two pairs of arms connecting the 
body and the rim. Between the arms and the heads are looped pro- 
jections which may be plumes. A more elaborate example is seen in 
pl. cri, b, which has four pairs of legs treated in a manner which 
recalls the Highland Plumed Serpent of type B. 

This group is related to types A and B and also is connected with 
the Alligator god who is usually shown with a triangular head in this 
region (cf. fig. 208, a). 


THE FEATHER PATTERN 


Attention has already been called to minor patterns of Nicoya 
Polychrome Ware derived from feathers, and in particular to the 
type seen on the wings and body of fig. 35. Rarely in Nicoya, but 
more commonly in the Highlands, this design becomes a major motive 
covering a large area on the vessel. Pl. cru, b, shows a bowl 
decorated with a large cross and a pattern of this nature consisting 
of parallel lines divided into small segments containing dots. Two 
arms of the cross are embellished with concentric circles fringed with 
loops, a pattern found with the Nicoya Human Figure and Monkey 


302 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


designs. Fig. 188, a, has a central square to which four loops are 
attached and the remaining space is filled by the feather pattern. The 


Mi, 


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row Wie b 

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Fic. 188.—Designs from bowls, Highland Polychrome Ware, Costa Rica. 
(Diameter of a, 8.5 in.) 


square is occupied by another feather design, seen also on Luna 


Ware serpents (pl. LXXXIX). 


Fig. 188, b, shows a central circle containing a cross and having 


four attached loops. 


Between two of the loops are Highland Ware 


Plumed Serpents of type B, and the cross, loops, and remaining 


background are covered with feathers. 


TO 
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Fic. 189.—Highland Poly- 
chrome Ware, Costa Rica. 





wr 


This specimen is important 
because it definitely connects this 
motive with the Highlands. Fig. 
189 is an egg-shape jar with ring 
base of Nicoya type, the upper zone 
of which is adorned with the feather 
motive. | 

This pattern is ordinarily found 
on the inside of flat bowls, although, 
as just seen, it sometimes occurs on 
Nicoya jar types. Its range is from 
the Cartago valley westward to the 
Gulf of Nicoya. 


THE ALLIGATOR 


Chiriqui Alligator Ware is dis- 
tinguished by the type of pattern 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


PL. CXLVIII 





HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE: PLUMED SERPENT MOnIV.E vi yee GS 


@—NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA. b—costTa RICA; HEIGHT, 3.5 IN 





, 


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LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXLIX 


$49 wi 


: eet dem, 
ses eu deer rene 3 
tn PF Ie sour e 





HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE: TWO-HEADED MONSTER PATTERN, TYPE A 
COSTA RICA 

















LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CL 


na SEEELT LT 


es 


HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE: TWO-HEADED MONSTER MOTIVE AND MISCELLANEOUS TYPES 


a@, b—COSTA RICA (COURTESY OF M. H. SAVILLE). C-€—COSTA RICA. f-hR—SAN ISIDRO DE GUADALOUPE, 
COSTA RICA (AFTER JOYCE, 1918) 








4 
. 


ALLIGATOR MOTIVE 303 


seen in fig. 69 and motives derived therefrom. Its presence has 
already been noted on Nicoya Polychrome Ware, and it is also found, 
although in a modified form, upon the jaguar efigy bowls of the 
class most typical of the Highland region (pl. cxit, c). The field 
of decoration on these bowls is 
usually the outer rim, but some- <— 
times the inside rim and also the I 
floor are decorated. © comes: 
Pipesi90,)c, is a pattern ap- 
proaching the Chiriqui prototype 
as closely as is often seen. The 
head faces the left and is sur- 
mounted by a crest. The upper 





jaw curves backward in the ap- 
proved style, but the lower jaw is 
absent. Pl. cLi, a, again repre- 
sents the alligator, but the back- 
ground, which in fig. 190, c, is 
completely filled with color, is now 
devoted to rows of dots and heav- 
ily painted ovals and circles. The 
animal body is a triangle filled with 
red, to the right of which are at- 
tached the fore-legs and head, to 
the top of which the tail is joined, 
and to the left corner of which the 
hind-legs are connected. Both of 
these examples come from the 
floors of bowls, a field usually Fic. 190.—Alligator _ patterns, 
more elaborately decorated (when ee eee wat a aiter 
decorated at all) than the rims. 

Fig. 190, b, is a rim pattern which again shows the alligator. The 
head is represented by an oval enclosing an eye. To the left are 
the jaws, both of which are recurved, and the body and tail are in- 
dicated by the long recurved lines extending to the right of the head. 
This example forms a link between zoomorphic figures and de- 
rived geometric motives, which consist of simple frets such as the 
center of fig. 190, a, or of parallel black lines separated by a red 
line and interspaced by circles. These circles often contain dots and 


) 


qu: 


———— 


| 





304 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


may be compared with the head and eye of b, while the parallel lines 
doubtless are derived from the jaw and body lines. The reader 
desirous of following the modifications of the simpler forms should 
consult Hartman (1901), who has presented a long series. 

Other motives besides the alligator are found on jaguar efhgy 
bowls, but they occur so rarely that they do not merit discussion. 
Among the most frequent is the Alligator god. 


MISCELLANEOUS MOTIVES 


Pl. ctxxviut, b, illustrates a tripod bowl with diagonal slits in the 
legs typical of the region of San José. The pattern represents an 


It ‘ 4 





Fic. 191.—Highland Polychrome Ware, Costa 
Rica. (Diameter, 8.5 in.) 


animal the nature of which is not clear. The closest parallel is seen 
in fig. 122 and in certain jade pendants, which are usually accepted 
as bats. The accompanying motive seen on the right of the dec- 
orated zone is found with the Nicoya Polychrome Monkey of type 
A (pl. Lx, a), and this pattern may be an effort to represent the 
monkey full-face. 

The interlocking step scroll is frequently found in the Highlands, 
principally upon the lip (pl. cru, b), but sometimes as a major 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA aes ery 





HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE. COSTA RICA 


G—ALLIGATOR MOTIVE. b—TWO-HEADED MONSTER MOTIVE, TYPE C 


ma Ye, 


os 





MISCELLANEOUS MOTIVES 305 


motive as in pl. cxLit, a, in which the step scroll forms a band around 
one side of the bowl, and in fig. 191 it is seen in combination with a 
series of crosses. | 

The lip pattern of pl. cxtrx has been shown to be particularly 
characteristic of Nicoya Geometric bowls, but it is not uncommon in 
the Highlands, where it is most frequently encountered in com- 
bination with the Two-headed Monster, as in this specimen. 


The Highland Polychrome vessels form but an insignificant frac- 
tion of the fictile products of that region, and most of the designs | 
have been borrowed from the Peninsula of Nicoya. The reader who 
thinks that the connection is not obvious must remember that the 
specimens discussed have almost all come from the Atlantic water- 
shed and that the Pacific watershed above the Gulf of Nicoya, when 
exploited archeologically, can be expected to produce pottery of 
intermediate character. 7 


CHAPTER III 
SIMPLE PAINTED WARES 


OLYCHROME pottery is not very common in the Highland 
p region and the place it occupies on the Pacific coast is in the 

Highlands filled largely by the simple painted wares, which 
are embellished by patterns painted in one, rarely two colors. These 
are grouped into wares on the basis of the color employed. 


RED-LINE WARE 

Red-line Ware is marked primarily by the use of patterns painted 
in red upon a light background. Several classes may be recognized, 
each characterized by special shapes and painted patterns. 

The use of Red-line decoration has already been noted on the Pacific 
coast (pages 189-190), and it is found also in Chiriqui, from which 
area the name itself has been borrowed. The patterns in that region 
fall into the ou designated below as types B and C, although the 
shapes and clay are different. 
In addition to the Red-line 


r Wy = | Al Ware of Chiriqui, the vessels 
OF j of that region known as 
yews me. Painted Handled Ware are 
mule we e decorated in part with pat- 
aa. ee terns painted in red. In 
form they are like those noted 
below as type B. From the 
Province of Chiriqui Red- 
line decoration extends into 
South America as far as 
: IY Ecuador, Peru, and Vene- 
s =) y) eS See) zuela, and somewhat similar 
| patterns are found in all 
these countries. 


YE 


Fic. 192.—Red-line Ware, Las Mercedes, The greater number of 
Costa Rica. (Diameter ‘of a, 6.5 in.) 








Red-line Ware vessels are 
tripod bowls painted with patterns derived from the Chiriqui Alliga- 
tor motive, and there are also certain effigy vessels which often have 


306 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CEI 


CT Tay = 





RED-LINE WARE AND HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE. COSTA.RICA 


* 


xt 





RED-LINE WARE 307 


designs of a similar character. The clay of this class is as fine as that 
of Polychrome Ware, and it is covered by a slip which varies in color 
from light-brown to cream. PI. cLu, a, shows an example which can 
hardly be distinguished from Polychrome Ware. In many instances, 


however, the slip is replaced 
by a light-colored wash 
through which the reddish- 
brown clay is apparent. 

The normal shape is a bowl 
with flaring sides, supported 
by three animal heads, as in 
fig. 192, b. These heads are 
hollow and contain clay balls 
which rattle when the vessel is 
shaken. Fig. 198 has legs of 
similar shape, but the eyes and 
mouth are not indicated by 
slits. Fig. 192, a, is a bowl 
with straighter sides and bulb- 
ous legs, a less common form. 
Fig. 193, a, shows a bowl car- 
ried on the back of an animal, 
probably a jaguar. 

Effigy vessels of this ware 
commonly represent _ birds. 
Fig. 193, b, shows such a type 
with the head and tail indi- 
cated in relief, while c has two 
heads on opposite ends of an 
oval body. Fig. 194, a, is a 
remarkable effigy of the great 
horned owl found at Las Mer- 
cedes. The eyes, beak, wings, 
and legs and tail are decorated 
in red. Another common effigy 
form is the jaguar bowl of the 
same shape as that already dis- 


ae Ti 
YY YF} SW WS 


x YAR 
\ =) 


< San rf Ga ‘\ aS AN 
TT MINNA un a pl Ts 








FIG. 193.—Red-line Ware. a, c, Costh 
Rica; 6, Buenos Aires, Costa Rica. (Diam- 
eter, 6 in. to 7 in.) 


cussed under Highland Polychrome Ware (pl. cixim, d). 
The painted patterns for the greater part are derived from the 


308 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Chiriqui Alligator motive. In the series taken from bowl rims (pl. 
CLut, a), it will be noted that only the head is shown, marked by the 
recurved upper jaw and crest so characteristic of this animal in the 








FIG. 194.—Red-line Ware, Las Mercedes, 
Costa Rica. (Height of a, 8.5 in.). 


art of Chiriqui (fig. 69). 
As in that region, two 
heads, facing in opposite 
directions, are frequent- 
ly joined together. PI. 
CLII, c, gives a similar 
series from bowl floors. 
It will be observed that 
not infrequently one head 
undergoes but little 
change, while the second 
head has become greatly 
conventionalized. Fig. 
195, b, shows a pattern 
of this class which ex- 
hibits considerable feel- 
ing for strength of line 


‘and symmetry. The top 


of fig. 198 is a similar 
pattern executed by an 
unskilful hand. These 
two pieces represent dif- 
ferent “schools” of paint- 
ing.. Fig. 195, @ and d, 
belong in the crudely-ex- 
ecuted class, while the 
other patterns illustrated 
are applied with great 
regularity. The three up- 
per patterns of pl. CLIII, 
b, show respectively two 
entirely separate alliga- 
tors, a swastica on the 
arms of which are small 
heads, and a pattern de- 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


RED-LINE PATTERNS, TYPE A. 





COSTA RICA 


PL. CLIII 








LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLIV 
















] 
ff 


Hy ff} » YD 
HW mY 
Cd from 








iii 
H 


cil 












<> 


SAA 







SS 


SS 





Ne Zi 
—< 
SE 
—— 





RED-LINE WARE, TYPE B 


a, d,f, 9—COSTA RICA. b—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. C, €—ANITA GRANDE, COSTA RICA. (HEIGHT, 


2.5 IN. TO 7.5 IN.) 





RED-LINE WARE 309 


rived from the preceding through the elimination of the “elbows”. 
The central portions of fig. 195, b, c, show a conception somewhat 
similar to that in the two bottom examples of pl. citi, c. Fig. 196 ex- 
hibits a series of similar patterns which has been worked out by 
Spinden (1917a). 

In pl. crit, b, the three lower patterns illustrate the appearance 
of the Alligator god in this ware, and conventionalized forms derived 
therefrom. The central panel of pl. cri, a, gives an elaborate rep- 


ial 


ie 








C 

















on 
Ti oo 


pp tl fim al ¢ 
i Nim a 
(| Il | “a 


D nll 
ts ty 
f i" ) fi i) th 


(a ‘a (Co : 


i} } 
i I Wa 

l ja qm 4 

oa aa ly D g 


ps 
; lug o © ode I i 
i 
Mii 


HI 
Pyagamy mi 
l 


po 
nD 


















oln 










/ 

















| Ww 


\ ni il 

































Fic. 195.—Red-line Ware patterns. a, c, Costa Rica; b, d, Las Mercedes, 
Costa Rica. 


resentation of this deity, who is seen also in the central pattern of 
ne wlos. a. 

Fig. 197 is divided by parallel lines into three narrow panels, which 
in turn are subdivided into three parts. Each of the lateral panels is 
fringed with hatchings and contains at one end an eye. PI. crit, a, 


310 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


is similarly divided and subdivided, and again has panels lined with 
hatchings but without an eye. These patterns may be of alligator 
origin, although it can not be stated with certainty. 


Red-Line Ware of type 
A is found most fre- 


Rene 3 quently on the Atlantic 


<> os) slope of the Highlands. 
Sears jeS* It is found also in the 


Cartago valley, but is 
=) [xs] rare farther to the west. 


Fic. 196.—Red-line Ware patterns. (After TYPE B 
Spinden, 1917Aa.) 

A second type of Red- 
line Ware is confined to vessels made of a very light thin clay, the 
surface of which is usually smoothed and is covered with a thin 
white wash. The common shapes shown in pl. cLtv, a-c, e, g, are the 
bowl, the jar, and the ring-base bottle. The bowls, always small, 
sometimes have a ring-base as in fig. 199. PI. criv, d, belongs to 
the group classed by MacCurdy (1911) as Painted Handled Ware, 
which is adorned with red-line decoration and is not dissimilar to the 
class under discussion except for a much heavier clay. 

Decoration is applied by painting and modeling. The painted pat- 
terns consist usually of simple lines. On the bottles the designs are 
slightly more elaborate, and a diamond filled with dots is a favorite 
motive. Modeled decoration consists of ribbons of clay placed 
around the neck or shoulder of 
the vessel and decorated with 
simple incisions. 

There are a few vessels made 
of the thin clay characteristic of 
this group but lacking painted 
decoration, which may have been 
eroded away. An example is 
shown in fig. 200. 

This class of pottery is not 
common and its exact distribu- 
tion is in doubt. The only defi- 
nitely located specimens known 
to the writer have come from the 





Sree Fic. 197.—Red-line Ware pattern, 
vicinity of Las Mercedes. Costa Rica. (Diameter, 5.5 in.) 


LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLV 







RED-LINE WARE, TYPE C 
a-d—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. €—COSTA RICA. J—GUAPILES, COSTA RICA 


AN 





RED-LINE WARE ait 


IRV AEA ETO 


A third Red-line Ware group consists of vessels made of a thin 
light clay, covered with a pale lemon or buff slip, in shape resembling 


iiesstriped jars of 
Stone Cist and Red 
Wares. Decoration 
consists of modeled 
motives and of geo- 
metric patterns paint- 
edeitered: The com- 
mon shape is a globu- 
lar jar with everted 
lip, supported on 
rather tall tripod legs. 
The modeled decora- 
tion consists of small 
animal figures—birds, 
frogs, monkeys, and 
men—as well as rows 
of punctured dots and 
the punctuated string, 
both of which are as- 
sociated with alligator 
scales (pages 347- 
349). 

Peers vis’ a 
rather simply painted 
piece. It will be noted 
that painted circles, 
separated by rows of 
large dots, completely 




















FIG. 198.—Red-line Ware, Costa Rica. (Diameter, 
8 in.) 


cover the base of the vessel. Similarly treated are d and f, but the 
patterns are more closely knit and there are no blank spaces except 
on the neck of the jar.. Fig. c is a rather different type of pattern, but 
the vessel has the buff slip characteristic of this class. Fig. b is 
associated with this group by the clay, but lacks painted decoration. 

The distribution of this type is not certain, but it apparently comes 
almost entirely from the Atlantic Slopes of the Highlands. Its pat- 
terns have a wide distribution in South America. 


312 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


YELLOW-LINE WARE 


This class of pottery is made of a smooth paste covered with a 
brick-red slip and is decorated with designs painted in a thick yellow 









AN 


nr 


= NY 
=a 
—N 


Nin 
> 
iis 
Z WY ; 
se Yi = aui\ 
S “A a NOON 
p Nl WK 


= 










NNN! li 
/ 


fi QE : & A 
SN, Z 


Fic. 199.—Red-line Ware, Costa Rica. 
(Diameter, 5.5 in.) 


~S SNE we 

SS 
Sw 

AE 

N 


paint. The usual shape is 
a broad shallow bowl with 
slightly incurved sides, of 


%." which examples are shown 


in pl. clv1. A second com- 
mon shape is a deeper bowl 
with flaring sides, tripod 
legs, and an animal head 
projecting from one side 
(pl. civir). The animal 
represented is usually the 
armadillo, distinguished by 
the manner in which the 
paws are raised to the 
jaw. Sometimes the paws 
form part of the legs of 
the vessel, which then rests 
upon the elbows, as in pl. 
xtx, a. More rarely the 
deeper class of bowls rests 
on tripod legs shaped like 


animal heads (fig. 201, c), a type borrowed from Polychrome Ware, 
or is supported by an annular base (pl. civil, a). The bowls with 


annular bases not infrequently have 
side, as in fig. 202, c. 


a modeled human face on the 


In addition to the Yellow-line bowls there is a very much smaller 


group of jars decorated 
with Yellow-line patterns. 
Fig. 203, a, shows an oval 
effigy jar which represents 
the alligator, while b is a 
curious combination of the 
_ alligator and the bird. The 
alligator head is shown, 
while distinct bird wings 


(see pl. xt, p) are mod- 





Fic. 200.—Red-line Ware, Las Mercedes, 
Costa Rica. (Height, 3 in.) 


cLv! 


PL. 


LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


NNN b 


TOM 


\ 





























LINE WARE 
d—COSTA RICA 


YELLOW - 


IN.) 


- TO 10 


7 1N 


(DIAMETER, 


LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA 


a-C 





YELLOW-LINE WARE 313 


eled in relief on the body of the vessel. F ig. 203, a, b, are of shapes 
common to Red-line, Yellow-line, and White-line Wares. Iig. 201, a, 
is a jar with a modeled face on the shoulder, a type usually associated 
with White-line Ware. The design on this specimen, however, is 











ks 
Fic. 201.—Yellow-line Ware. F 1G. 202.—a, Red-line Ware, Anita 
a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica Grande, Costa Rica (diameter, 4 in.); 
(height, 7 in.); b, c, Costa Rica b, Oaxaca, Mexico (diameter, 5 in.); 
(diameter, each 7 in.), c, Yellow-line Ware, Las Mercedes, 


Costa Rica (diameter, 11.5 in.). 


painted in yellow. Although the clay is red, it has been covered with 
bands of dark-red paint on those parts occupied by geometric pat- 
terns. 

The painted patterns are of two styles, marked by broad and nar- 
row lines. The broad-line group (pl. crv, a; fig. 201, b, ovals 
decorated with very simple geometrical motives. Not infrequently 
the narrow-line pattern is placed in a panel painted in the broad-line 
style (pl. ctvit, b,c). The narrow-line designs are usually geometric, 
but are derived from the Chiriqui alligator head. A series showing 


214 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


the development of such patterns is given in fig. 204. It will be 
noted that the more natural forms consist of two simple reptilian 





Fic. 203.—a, b, Yellow-line Ware, Las Mercedes and Anita Grande, 
Costa Rica (height, 4.5 in. and 6.5 in.); c, White-line Ware, Anita 
Grande (height, 6.5 in.). 


heads, marked by the usual upturned snout and crest, separated from 

each other by a circle or a diamond. Conventionalization takes place 
by making the pattern angular and by 
turning the recurved snout into a fret. 

SANG) . . The painted designs of pl. civu, J, c, 
belong at the end of the series. 


Fie ane Pl. civ1, c, d, show a common pat- 
ee y tern consisting of a terrace to which 


a long narrow fret is attached. The 


iO} ay distribution of this motive extends far 


to the north. Fig. 202, b, is a bowl 
from Oaxaca, Mexico, with this same 


Ta pat design painted. in red. Pl. crv, J, 


shows a pattern in which the wavy line 


enclosed by the fret has taken on the 

|_=VS] |=} aspect of a guilloche. 
Finally there is a group of simple 
; |) patterns found usually on the inner lip 
‘| (Ee) | OS of the vessel, of which examples may 
. be seen in pl. civu, b, c. These con- 


|Fe Seeszsensa sist of parallel wavy lines separated by 


; short vertical lines. Sometimes the 
Fic. 204.—Yellow-line Ware : : 
patterns, Costa Rica, vertical lines are not attached to a base 





PL. CLVII 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


LOTHROP 






































COSTA RICA 


- LAS MERCEDES 


YELLOW -LINE WARE 





WHITE-LINE WARE 315 


line, as in two designs at the bottom of fig. 204, and bear a resem- 
blance to the Hanging-line patterns of the Pacific coast. 

The provenience of Yellow-line Ware is the Atlantic slope of the 
Highlands. It is found also in the Cartago valley and more rarely 
in the San José valley. 

WHITE-LINE WARE 

White-line Ware is marked by decoration in white paint upon 
vessels made of good clay covered with a red slip. The white paint 
is of a chalky consistency and crumbles readly if touched, unless the 
vessel is allowed to dry after exhumation. As a result the majority 
of specimens retain but little of the original decoration, and pieces 
fit for illustration are rare. The name “White-line” was devised by 
Holmes to describe the Chiriqui vessels corresponding to type B 
below. The presence of White-line decorations in the Peninsula of 
Nicoya has already received notice (see fig. 125). Three classes of 
White-line Ware may be recognized, each of which has characteristic 
designs and shapes. 

toy Pines 

This group consists for the greater part of globular efhgy jars with 

flaring rims, sometimes set upon tripod supports. More rarely the 





Fic. 205.—White-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Diameter 
of a, 8 in.) 


bowl shapes typical of Red-line, type A, and Yellow-line, are found 
A common effigy type is a globular jar such as fig. 205, a, in which 
a face is modeled in relief on the shoulder, and the body of the 
vessel is encircled by a band of painted design; b shows a jar of this 
type with the head completely in relief. Fig. 203, c, is apparently a 
human figure with the pigeon breast and hunched back so common 


316 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


in the Red Ware figurines of the Pacific coast (pl. cxxx1, a). Fig. 
206 is a large armadillo effigy on which the mobile bands have been 





Fic. 206.—White-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Height, 11 in.) 


placed at the ends instead of in the center of the body, a good ex- 
ample of conventionalization through the displacement of parts. 

The painted patterns of this group are derived largely from Yel- 

low-line Ware, and are almost always geometric in character, al- 

though it is possible to trace their derivation from the alligator. Fig. 

207 shows a pattern in which the upturned snout, eye, and scales of 

that reptile are present. 

SD - The- globular effigy jars 

~ are commonly encircled 


Fic. 207.—White-line Ware pattern, Costa by as or two bands of 
Rica. design. Two bands are 


LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLVIII 





WHITE-LINE WARE, TYPE B 
a, d, €—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. b, Cc, f—COSTA RICA. (DIAMETER, 4 IN. TO 6 IN.) 





WHITE-LINE WARE 317 


sometimes joined by an elaborate panel, as in Hew 205 eG ineactew 
specimens the brick-red of the slip has been covered by broad bands 
of purplish-red paint upon which the white-line pattern is placed, as 
in fig. 205, b. 

(yt lee 


The great majority of White-line vessels are of the shape, clay, 
slip, and color described below as Red Ware, but decorated with geo- 
metric designs in white paint. The paste is usually smooth and 
homogeneous, and covered with a brick-red slip ; sometimes, however, 
it is of the coarse variety associated with the Appliqué Wares. The 
common shape is a globular or slightly subglobular jar, with no neck 
at all, a straight rim, or an everted rim (pl. crvii1). Not uncom- 
monly the vessel is set on short, solid tripod legs, and there may be 
a pair of handles on the neck or shoulder. The usual painted design 
is formed by a series of hatchings and cross-hatchings, as shown in 
the same plate. Commonly a set of parallel lines encircles the 
body of the vessel, from which rise triangular panels. The rim also 
is often decorated with lines as in fig. b. Figs. c and f, especially the 
latter, represent a simpler type of decoration which is found more 
frequently in Boruca and Chiriqui than in the Highland region. 


Hay Plo 


A third class of White-line patterns is confined almost entirely to 
the large tripod jars of the kind seen in pl. cLxxxir. Not only are 
the patterns of a specialized type, but they are marked also by an un- 
usual width of line, which sets them apart from types A and B. A 
group of these patterns is shown in fig. 208. It will be observed that 
they are all set in rect- 
angular panels, in the 
center of which there is 
usually a circle or a dia- 
mond attached to the 
border by four lines. In 


4 | | \f 1 a \ NY 
a 
some cases appear zo0- ee LAC 
morphic figures which © 
probably represent the eave EaN7a | 
b 


alligator and the Alliga- 


Hs god. Verneau and Fic. 208.—White-line Ware patterns, Costa 
Rivera (1912. fig... 52) Rica. (a, After Spinden, r917a.) 





318 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


have published a series of designs in gold and clay from Antioquia 
and Cauca in Colombia, which are strikingly like the Costa Rican 


White-line patterns. 


The large tripod jars on which these patterns occur are found from 


NS : “F = =: il 
H) ie TN 


aves 





Fic. 209.—a, Black-line Ware, 
Anita. Grande,» Costa. Rica 
(diameter, 7.5 in.); 6, Stone 
bowl, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica 
(diameter, 3.5 in.); c, Las Mer- 
cedes, Costa Rica (diameter, 
5.5. atlat 


San Isidro de Guadaloupe in the west 
to Las Mercedes in the east. They are 
uncommon. Smaller vessels of similar 
shape are sometimes found (fig. 243). 


BLACK-LINE WARE 


Black-line Ware is marked primarily 
by designs painted in black upon a red 
slip. More rarely the slip is light- 
brown or cream-color and very similar 
to that of. Polychrome Ware. There 
are two subdivisions, of which the first 
tends toward Polychrome Ware and 
the second toward White-line Ware of 
type B. 

TYPES. 


Type A of Black-line Ware is 
marked usually by a red slip, although 
the white slip of Polychrome Ware 
is sometimes found. The shapes are 
borrowed largely from Red-line, Yel- 
low-line, and Highland Polychrome 
Wares. PI. crix, d, shows the usual 
Red-line form of bowl with tripod legs 
shaped like an animal head; c is a more 
conventionalized type, also characteris- 
tic of Red-line Ware; f is a jaguar 
efigy bowl with Red-line decoration 
within the Black-line pattern on the 
outer rim; e is an armadillo effigy 
bowl of a type common in Yellow-line 


Ware; b and ht exhibit the shape and leg type characteristic of High- 
land Polychrome Ware. Fig. 209, c, is apparently a form borrowed 
from the stone stools of this region. Pl. cLrx, g, h, are supported by 
Atlantean figures. Such supports resting on annular bases are found 


LOTHROP——-POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA FL. CLIX 


A \\Wwuuna 















yy 
— Mey 
Heil Lee 7 


purnaneyeensdcnisitdl 

















y YP \ 2 
2 ‘ 


= 










BLACK-LINE WARE, TYPE A 


a, ¢, @, J—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. 4d, g—ANITA GRANDE, COSTA RICA. 0b, h—COSTA RICA 
(DIAMETER, 6 IN. TO 9 IN.) 


a 





(NI S OL ‘NI s°z ‘MSLAaWVIQ) 


"a AdAL ‘AYVM ANIT- MOvIad 


VOIY VLSOD ‘SHGS9uaW SY 


HY Be Li 
ll 


fad 
H fe 





dOYHLOt 


VNOVYEVOIN GNY VOIN VLSOD 40 ANALIOdW 


X19 “Td 





‘ 


BLACK-LINE WARE 319 


occasionally in most Highland Wares (see page 359), but these fig- 
ures rest directly on the ground, an attribute especially characteristic 
of Black-line and Highland Polychrome Wares. Fig. 209, b, shows a 
stone bowl supported by Caryatides of the same type as the pottery 
examples. 

Four classes of painted patterns are found. The first consists of 
very simple elements, such as diagonal lines (pl. cLix, f), rows of 
dots (fig. 209, c), rows of dots and crosses (DiveLx tc }eeand the 
guilloche (fig. 209, c). A second group (pl. cirx, a, d, ¢) is com- 
posed of double frets of the type previously seen on Yellow-line Ware 
and shown to be derived from two alligator heads (fig. 204). A 
third group (pl. ciix, g, h) has 
a pattern composed of triangles +) m 

like 





containing dots and separated 
from each other by zigzag 
lines. This motive is a common 
one in Chiriqui, where it is de- 
rived from the triangular alliga- 
tor scale. It is found as far 
north as Las Mercedes on the 
Atlantic coast and the Nicoya 
peninsula on the Pacific side. 
Fig. 70 shows an example from 
Nicoya, and pl. .cxtin, a’, an 
example from Highland Poly- 
chrome Ware. PI. crix, b, and 
fig. 209, a, have variant patterns 
belonging in this group. A 
fourth class of design consists 
of zodmorphic figures which are 


found usually on the inner rims Fic, 210.—Black-line patterns. a, c, 


of tripod bowls. Fig. 210, a, eee pneu Isidro de Guada- 














Jp 


y 
Uy 


nl 








NR 
5 al EN 
, Agana: 








which is the inner rim pattern of 
pl. crx, d, represents the alligator head, of which the snout may be 
ecen at-the left.” Fig. 210, c, is a triangular head flanked by arms, 
and may be the Alligator god. Fig. 210, b, shows a bird which should 
be compared with the modeled form seen in fig. 169, b. 

It will be noted that most of the Black-line patterns are accom- 
panied with red bands or filling. A careful examination will show 


320 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


that this red paint is usually not employed in exactly the same way 
as in Polychrome Ware, but often merely surrounds a black-line de- 
sign, as in pl. crix, a. In e of this plate, however, the red band is 
flanked by black lines in regular Polychrome style. This group then 
must be regarded as transitional between Polychrome and the other 
simple painted wares. 

Black-line Ware of this type is most commonly found on the At- 
lantic slope of the Highlands and in the Cartago valley. It occurs 
also, though rarely, in the San José valley, and a few pieces have 
been discovered in the vicinity of the Gulf of Nicoya where it merges 
with a class of small pottery marked by very thin walls and simple 
designs, the description of which has been omitted owing to lack of 


sufficient data. 
TYPE B 


There is a class of Black-line Ware (pl. cLx) exactly like White- 
line Ware, type B, except that the patterns are painted in black in- 
stead of white and the vessels themselves are usually smaller than 
those with white decoration. It will be recalled that White-line Ware 
of type B is found usually on globular vessels with a red slip, which 
is true of Black-line of type B, the patterns of which consist also 
of simple hatchings and cross-hatchings. 


LOST-COLOR WARE 


This name was applied originally by Holmes (1888) to the 
Chiriquian pottery decorated by the so-called negative-painting tech- 
nic. This process is still used in Salvador for decorating gourds, 
and has been described by Hartman (1910). It consists of paint- 
ing a design in liquid wax on the surface of the piece to be deco- 
rated, after which the vessel is painted all over with some dark 
color. The wax is then melted and the original pattern painted with 
wax remains the color of the slip and is outlined by a dark back- 
ground. This technic has a wide distribution. In the New World 
it occurs on pottery from central Mexico, Yucatan, Guatemala 
(Department of Peten), Honduras, Costa Rica (Highland area), 
Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It will be noted that nega- 
tive painting is not found in western Costa Rica and Nicaragua. In 
the latter area it is replaced by a class of design in which the back- 
ground is painted black or red by the ordinary method, thus pro- 
ducing an effect like negative painting (pl. xL). The greatest devel- 
opment of negative painting is found in Colombia and Ecuador, 


“SNY¥S31LLVd YO1O9-1LSOTN 


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y '< 

















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—" 


é f \ _ 


Hy, | 


a" 


\ 














in 














) 














ig nll rv a 


wo 
l 


Z y . 


\ 


, ly 





















































7h, 
; fh.) \. Hh 
4 ' . = u i a nied ~\ 
hte 
| 5 jt. gy Mal ) ) y > 
YS t= 


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iy oi | 


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ae wll bn 





dOYHLOT 


VNOVAVOIN GNV VOIN VLSOD 4O ANRZ1LLOd 


x49 414 





LOST-COLOR WARE 321 


especially in the northern portion of the latter, which I am inclined 
to regard as its original home, although this must await chronologi- 
cal studies for final proof. 

In the Highland area Lost-color Ware is not common, and is hard- 
ly more than a specialized extension of the Chiriqui. This technic 
of decoration occurs on two classes of vessels, one of which has a 
buff and the other a maroon slip. The latter is the more common, 
and some designs are associated with it exclusively. However, so 
many vessels with a maroon slip are decorated by incised designs that 
it has been necessary to divide them into two groups to facilitate de- 
scription, one of which will be found beyond under the title “Maroon 
Incised Ware” (pl. cixim1). Lost-color Ware, on the basis of de- 
sign, may also be divided into two 
parts. 





Dey PEA 


The commonest class of Lost- 
color Ware is represented by the 
patterns in pl. cLxr. These de- 
signs are found on the interior of 
small cups supported by annular 
bases or tripod legs. Fig. 211, b, 
shows a vessel of this class with 
an orange-red slip and a simple 
incised design on the exterior 
wall. In ais exhibited a common 
shape which has three “tails” pro- 
jecting from the rim. 

MacCurdy (1916) has shown 
that the majority of Chiriqui 
Lost-color patterns are derived 
from the octopus, and the pat- 
terns of type A have a similar 





In 











NTT 








origin. Pl. cixt, a, shows a cen- ‘an = 
P ’ bh Sh onan mam By 
tral circular body from which five ‘ \S a 
° ° SS Z 
arms radiate. Figs. b and c are WG , Z 
simple variants. Fig. e is a much Ss 7 
more elaborate treatment in Fic. 211.—Lost-color Ware. a, Costa 


: j Rica (width, 6 in.); b, Las Mercedes, 
which the spiral arms have been Costa Rica (width, 3 inj: ¢ Costa 


transferred from the body of the Rica (width, 4.5 in.). 


322 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


animal to the rim of the bowl where they are placed in pairs. Figs. 
d, f, g show a frond-like treatment of the octopus arms, which is 
found also on vessels from Chiriqui. Figs. d and f have a buft-colored 
slip, while the other examples have a maroon slip. 
6 We a nd sho 5 

A second and less common group of Lost-color Ware vessels is 
decorated with zodmorphic designs, and practically always has a 
maroon slip. There are no standard shapes associated with this 
class, except rather large ring-base bowls such as that in pl. CLXII, a. 
Fig. 211, c, is a tripod bowl decorated with monkeys somewhat like 
the Polychrome type seen in pl. Lxvir. This form is figured by Mac- 
Curdy (1911, pl. xxvi1) among the Lost-color patterns from Chiriqui. 
Fig. 212, b, shows a double-headed human (?) figure, the body of 





Fic. 212.—Lost-color Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. 


which has been carefully scraped away by persons unknown. The 
head-dress apparently represents feathers, for it has attached to it a 
series of T-like objects elsewhere seen on plumes (pl. xxix, b). On 
each side of the body is a pair of scrolls which are probably the oc- 
topus arms just discussed. 

Pl. cLxu, e, and fig. 212, a, show the most remarkable example of 
negative painting yet discovered in Costa Rica. The circumference 
of this vessel is divided by vertical bands into three large and three 
small panels. The small panels are adorned with modeled 
figures seated on the shoulders of the jar, below which are painted 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXII 


min 


























LOST-COLOR WARE AND MAROON INCISED WARE. COSTA RICA 
€—_LOST-COLOR WARE. 4d-d,—MAROON INCISED WARE 


we 





LOST-COLOR WARE 323 


patterns related to a variant of the Chiriqui Octopus. Another 
variant of the Octopus motive is seen on the neck of the vessel in all 
three large panels, as well as on the body of the vessel in one of the 
large panels. The remaining space, i.e. the body of the vessel in two 
of the large panels, is occupied by patterns representing the Alligator 
god. In pl. cixu, ¢, this deity appears in an upright position. The 
face is not particularly reptilian in character, but the hands and feet 
are represented by alligator heads. In fig. 212, a, a double-headed 
figure is shown which is placed on the vessel in a horizontal position. 
The treatment of the head and arms is like that of the other panel, 
but the legs are replaced by a second set of head and arms. 


CHAPTER IV 


MONOCHROME WARES 


HE term “Monochrome” was applied to Pacific Coast wares 

which had only one color, depending for their decoration on 

modeling and incising. It is used in a similar sense to group 
the various Highland wares described below, but this classification is 
by no means an unalterable one. 


MAROON INCISED WARE 


This class of pottery is decorated primarily by incised designs, 
in addition to which there sometimes are lost-color patterns. The 
clay is ordinarily a dull-orange 
color, often tinged with red. 
Over this is a very thin slip 
which varies in color from red 
through maroon to almost pur- 
ple. The slip is often ap- 
plied only to the interior of the 
vessel and the exterior walls. 
Sometimes, as in pl. CLXIII, d, 
it scarcely more than covers 
the lip. Shapes are relatively 
simple. They consist of tripod 
bowls with more or less verti- 
cal sides (pl. cLxIII), ring- 

Fic. 213.—Maroon Incised Ware, HEME bowls (fig. 213), and 

Costa Rica. bowls carried on the back of 
an animal (pl. CLXIV, a). 

Decoration is in four technics: modeling, incising, painting, and 
negative painting. The last has already been considered. Painting 
is limited to broad, chalky white lines on the base of a few vessels 
(pl. cLxir, b). Modeled decoration is found primarily on the tripod 
legs and consists of bird heads such as appear in pl. cLxu, d. In 
rare instances the legs represent Atlantean forms (pl. cLx, D) of 
the type especially associated with Black-line Ware (pl. cLIx, /1). 
Small bird heads are also found on the sides of the vessels, as in 


324 





LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXIII 





MAROON INCISED WARE 
a@—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA; others—COSTA RICA. (DIAMETER, 4 IN. TO 6 IN.) 





j 
* 
4s 
a 4 
i P 
‘ F 
{ 
' 
~ * 
az 
d 
7 
. 
he 
‘ 
1 
-_ 
1 
- 4 
re } 
t 
, { 
} 
. 
‘ 
‘ 

‘ 

— 
’ 
i 

i 





MAROON INCISED AND CHOCOLATE WARES 325 


pl. cLxiu, c. Occasionally effigy bowls occur, of which a of the same 
plate is an example, suggesting the large pottery heads described 
below (pl. cLxxxvur). Pls. cixu, b, and CLXIv, a, both represent a 
jaguar carrying a bowl upon its back. In each case the animal body 
is hollow and forms a rattle, and the first example shows the animal 
with considerable effort at realism. | 

The incised designs are filled with white paint like the Nicoya 
Chocolate Ware patterns. The designs themselves are similar to 
those of Chocolate Ware, and consist of small panels with cross- 
hatching or fringed with small triangles. 

Maroon Ware is found on the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica and 
probably extends southward into Boruca. It is rare in the Cartago 
and San José valleys. 


CHOCOLATE WARE 


In discussing the Nicoya Chocolate Ware (page 226) mention was 
made of its distribution by trade over the Highland area. In 
addition there seems to have been considerable local manufacture of 
Chocolate Ware in the Highlands, which can be distinguished from 
Nicoya specimens by certain modifications of shape and by the 
crudity with which the incised designs were executed. The paste and 
slip are precisely like those of Nicoya. 

One of the most elaborate Chocolate Ware types on the Pacific 
coast is a large bowl with flaring sides supported by tripod legs which 
represent animal heads (fig. 117). This class was copied in the 
Highlands, although the legs were increased in size and modified in 
form, as shown in pl. cLxrv, d. Pl. cixv, 7, shows another Highland 
specimen in which the crude incising can be more readily seen, while 
e is from the Nicoya peninsula and shows a borrowing of Highland 
forms in the modeled elements on the sides and legs, thus proving 
that the interchange of ideas was not entirely one-sided. 

PisecCoxy ab cand CLXV. g; belong to the same class as the bow] 
in pl. cit, a. While the shapes are essentially similar, the designs 
on the Highland specimens are much more crudely executed. PI. 
CLXV, b, h, represent the same class of vessel set upon tripod legs. 
The designs on all these specimens consist of small cross-hatched 
panels. Pl. cLxv, d, is a small Chocolate Ware bowl from Las Mer- 
cedes, corresponding in type with that shown in DLS Gri. soameeL tie 
exact home of this class is in doubt. It may belong to Boruca. Two 
effigy bowls, both of which probably represent the alligator, appear 


326 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


in pl. cLxv, a, c, of which a shows some resemblance to the Pacific 
Orange-Brown alligator bowls. PI. cLxv, f, is decorated with incised 





| | [Wee oy 
’ ——— 


So 
| oo. 
ESS. 





















y, 5 
oa 


7 Treen 
DO 
sR 
f OXKLQO 
CXS 


Fic. 214.—Chocolate Ware pattern, Cartago, Costa Rica. 





panels and rather unusual modeled faces on the sides. Fig. 214 
shows an incised band taken from a Highland specimen: 

In addition to forms borrowed from the Pacific region there are 
two Chocolate Ware shapes which were developed in the Highlands. 
The first consists of a series of bottles, usually with a cylindrical 
body (pls. cLxiv, e, and CLXvI, c), sometimes globular (pl. CLXvI, @) 
and rarely imitating some vegetal form such as the squash or gourd 





Fic. 215.—Chocolate Ware. a, Anita Grande, Costa Rica (height, 
2 in.); b, Costa Rica (height, 4.5 in.). 


(b). These vessels usually are set upon tripod legs and have a handle 
on one side and a projecting animal head on the other (fig. 215, b), 
which might well be a spout, but which rarely, if ever, is functional. 
Sometimes the cylindrical shape is modified by a series of broad en- 
circling grooves as in fig. 215, b. In certain cases bottles of the globu- 
lar type rest upon annular bases as in pl. cLxvi, a. Fig. 25,0 iaee 
miniature vessel of this class. Chocolate Ware bottles are found 
most frequently in the Cartago valley and form one of the most 
attractive, clean-cut Highland pottery groups. 


LOTHROP——-POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXIV 





CHOCOLATE WARE AND MAROON INCISED WARE 


a@—MAROON INCISED WARE, COSTA RICA; others, CHOCOLATE WARE, COSTA RICA. 0, c, f—LAS 
MERCEDES. (HEIGHT, 2.5 TO 7.5 IN.) 


Me 





“AUYVYM ALVIOOOHDSD 


voly VLSOOD 











angle 
tp 


Ny nee ok 
«Mui i 


i 









WN 
AM 
\ 





«i | 


Q 





IN 


Sy 


WY 





dOYHLOT 


VNOVAVOIN ONY VOIN VLSOD AO ANALLOd 


AX19 “1d 


be 





CHOCOLATE AND RED-LIP WARES 327 


A second distinctive Highland Chocolate Ware type, shown in pl. 
CLXIv, f, is doubtless a specialized shape developed from the large 
Nicoya bowls discussed above. 
recurved rim, and is marked by 
tripod legs of definite shape and 
incised designs executed with 
characteristic precision. Vessels 
with similar shapes and patterns 
are sometimes found in Red 
Ware. 

Finally, there are certain 
specimens covered with the typ- 
ical Chocolate Ware slip but of 
forms usually associated with 
Red Ware. Fig. 216 shows ex- 
amples of this class. In 0} is seen 
a shape that, apart from the 
strap handle, is very common in 
Red Ware, of which examples 
are shown in pl. cLxx. 


It has a subglobular body and 





RED-LIP WARE 


This small group, which 
merges into Curridabat Ware 
and also is connected with the 
El Viejo variety of Nicoya 
Black-line ware, is character- 
ized primarily by a shiny dark- 





Fic. 216.—Chocolate Ware. a, 


red lip. Below the lip on the 
outer walls usually is a band of 
the original buff-colored clay, 
and the base and interior of the 


Costa Rica (diameter, 2.75 in.); 
b, Anita Grande, Costa Rica 
(diameter, 4.5 in.). 


vessel are covered with a red slip. These color distinctions can be 
seen in fig. 217. The usual shape is a shallow bowl with a thick lip, 
sometimes supported by tripod legs, which in certain cases are formed 
by loops of clay (pls. cLxvi and cLxvi1) ina fashion recalling Nicoya 
Black-line Ware (fig. 116). In addition to the bowls there are a few 
deeper vessels (pl. cLxv1, J, m; fig. 217) which also have the charac- 


teristic lip and unpainted outer walls. 


328 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Decoration is modeled, painted, and incised, and for the greater 
part may be placed in a continuous series. Pl. cLXxvr, k, shows a 
tripod vessel with small animal figures attached to the sides, which 
undergo a process of conventionalization through the elimination of 
parts in figs. 7, J, m. Ini the curved tail is the only remaining ele- 
ment. In g there is an addition in the form of a series of parallel 
painted lines, and these have been retained in fig. f while the mod- 
eled decorations are absent. Fig. e is more elaborate, the painted 


ee 





Fic. 217.—Red-lip Ware, Costa Rica. (Diameter, 
6 in.) 


lines being in the form of cross-hatching. The technic has been 
changed in d, which is decorated with incised parallel lines, which, 
in pl. c-xvut, b, have become hatched triangles. 

Other pieces occur which do not readily fall into this series. Thus 
fig. 217 is decorated with a line of faces suggestive of the stone 
stools, above which is a band of parallel painted lines, and below 
which is a series of dots recalling the alligator-scale motive (pl. 
CLxxul,j). Pl. crxvu, a, has the encircling ridge on the body which 
is characteristic of Curridabat Ware. 

Lehmann (1913) has suggested that the El Viejo type of Nicoya 
Black-line Ware should be attributed to the Corobici. The appear- 
ance of a type so similar on the Atlantic coast, and its absence from 
the central Highlands, go far to show that this general group extended 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXVI 





CHOCOLATE WARE AND RED-LIP WARE 
aQ-C—CHOCOLATE WARE, COSTA RICA. d-m—-RED-LIP WARE, COSTA RICA 





PL. CLXVII 


ian 


Ye 


2 —— 














— ete teers ye, 7 
Prt, 
ag, 
—ae es eS 2 





POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


LOTHROP 


, COSTA RICA 


LAS MERCEDES 


RED-LIP WARE. 


= 





(CNIS OL "NI € 


‘LHSISH) “VOIH WLSOD ‘SQNVYD VLINV—/ ‘WOIN WLSOD ‘SHqGaDuaW Sv1—~a ‘2 ‘@Q 


"vOIN VLSOD—p'‘D 


S3YuVM Gay 


— 


—= 


= 






VE fl 
(. | 
\} <e / 


= 
ZEEE 






"" 


Ai 


sii 


i‘ : a : 


yy, H 


4 





fl 


, fi Biol a i 











Se 
SRS 
( Ee 
A —, ae 


/ 

















IW teu QZ 
| 





wha 
is ee 
AU —=— 


1 hy, a - 
V Wy i” 


—— 


c 


X\ \ \ 


OY, 


dOYHLO1 


YNOVYAVOIN GNY VOIN VLSOD AO AYR LLOd 


HIAXT1D “Id 





RED WARE 329 


from Guanacaste across Costa Rica to the north of the great volcanic 
range; in cther words, that it centers in the region occupied by the 
Corobici and the Voto. Final proof must of course await excava- 
tion in that little-known district. 


RED WARE 


Red Ware is distinguished by a smooth red slip, thin walls, and a 
fine paste. It fades imperceptibly into the coarse-grained Stone Cist 
Ware on the one hand, and into Curridabat Ware on the other. 
Several subgroups may be distinguished, each marked by character- 
istic shapes and decoration. 

mY PEA 


The first group to be considered consists largely of effigy vessels, 
among which the human head is a common form. PI. cLxviut, a, 
shows an effigy cup, the form of which suggests both the large 
clay heads of the Highlands (pl. cLxxxvu1) and the Polychrome 
effigy cups of Nicoya (fig. 30). Fig. b is a pear-shape, ring-base jar 
decorated with human features in relief, and fig. e is a similar though 
more slender specimen. Both of these pieces may be compared with 
the Nicoya Polychrome type of pl. xx1. Although pl. cLxvutt, d, is 
adorned with four small modeled faces outlined by an oval ring of 
clay, it can not be placed 
in the effigy class. 
Small modeled faces 
similarly framed are not 
uncommon on Luna 
Ware bowls (pl. 
LXXXVIII, /). 

Nicoya Polychrome 
animal-effigy types are 
also represented in this 
Red Ware group. Thus 
pl. cix1x, f, evidently 
is a jaguar effigy copied 
from the Polychrome 
type of pl. xLiir; and 
similarly pl. CLXVIII, c, 
is a bird-effigy jar de- 
rived from the class F1G. 218.—Red Ware, Costa Rica. (Height, 7 ne 





330 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


seen in pl. x11. Pl. crxvitt, f, shows a rather unusual form. The 
head on the right is a small cup, which in some examples drains into 
the main vessel through a narrow tube. On the left, a small animal 
rampant forms a handle. The neck is decorated with incised zigzag 
bands. Pl. cLxIx, c, is a small tripod jar decorated with a head on 
each side to form handles. 

Fig. 218 is a most unusual piece discovered in building the rail- 
road from Puerto Limon. The slip and clay are of characteristic 
Red Ware type, but the modeled face and legs are not common. The 
shape suggests a gourd effigy, and in conjunction with the head on 
the rim recalls a form found occasionally in the Stone Cist Ware of 
Costa Rica, and also in Colombia and Ecuador (fig. 233). 


aver teers 


A second Red Ware group is decorated primarily with incised 
designs of types usually borrowed from Highland Chocolate Ware. 
Pl. cLxx, h, is a form evidently derived from the small Chocolate 
Ware bowl (pl. cr, g) ; e, marked by unusually broad lines, is simi- 
lar. Pl. cLxrx, d, represents a class of vessels with:very fine incised 
lines, to which e also belongs. The latter is an unusual shape which 
recalls that of the pottery drum. Pl. cLx1x, a, is a globular jar 
with an incised pattern around the shoulder which suggests Orange- 
Brown Ware. Pl. cLtxx, 0, also has a shape common in Pacific 
Orange-Brown Ware (pl. CXI, e). 


LPG 


The commonest Red Ware group consists of tripod globular jars 
with short flaring rims, decorated with appliqué motives which differ 
from those of Stone Cist Ware only in the fineness of their execution. 
This group, as well as the Stone Cist Ware group into which it 
blends, forms a part of a very much larger class of which examples 
have come from as far south as Piura in Peru. The unity of this 
major group is based on (1) similarity of shape and size, (2) the 
use of animal figures of definite types for handles, (3) the occasional 
use of white-lined painted decoration, and (4) continuous geographic 
distribution so far as the ceramic types are yet known. The speci- 
men seen in pl. cLxx, a, comes from Ecuador, and evidently bears 
close relationship to the Costa Rican specimens about to be discussed. 

Fig. 219 shows a Red Ware vessel adorned with modeled bird 


CNI S°S OL 
“VOIN VLSOO ‘SHqGS0uSaW Sv71 


S3YvVM Gay 


Dp 3 *p 


['Q “Wold vLSOO 


NI S*€ ‘LHOISH) “VWOIN VLSOD ‘ODvVLYVo—a? 


GY’ 
if 


_ ba 








| 


\ 


Cay ww. 





(Axi 


dOYHLOT 


VNOVYAVOIN GNY VOIYN VLSOD 3O AYRL1LOd 


XIX19 “Id 


o. 


~e 


oo 





LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXX 





RED WARE 


ad—ANGEL, ECUADOR. J, e, f, COSTA RICA. C, d—CARTAGO, COSTA RICA. g—LAS MERCEDES, 
COSTA RICA. (DIAMETER, 3.5 TO 5.5 IN.) 


acts, 





RED WARE aor 


heads and also with incised patterns, so that this piece forms a tran- 
sition to the last group considered. PI. CLXX, f, also has an incised 
pattern, but of a type particularly associated with Stone Cist Ware. 


It should be noted that the 
red slip does not cover the in- 
cised band, the neck, or the 
inner lip of the jar, for this 
is quite characteristic of the 
group. The appliqué figure 
on the side is also not covered 
by the slip. 

P1eCUXX, d, is also -deco- 
rated by figures formed of 
ribbons and buttons of clay, 
two of which appear on the 
handles and two more on the 
shoulder of the vessel. PI. 
CLXX, c, is embellished with 
appliqué tree-frogs, or toads, 
placed erect upon the handles. 
Fig. g of the same plate, al- 
though made with the typical 





Fic. 219.—Red Ware, Cartago, Costa 
Rica. (Diameter, 5.5 in.) 


thin walls and red slip of Red Ware, is embellished by punctured 
strings of clay, a technic particularly associated with Stone Cist Ware. 


CHAPTER V 


APPLIQUE WARES 


eral classes of pottery which depend for embellishment pri- 

marily on the application of buttons and ribbons of clay to the 
outer surface of the vessel. This method of decoration does not 
exclude painting, incising, and modeling, all four types being some- 
times found on the same vessel, and in certain subtypes applique 
decoration is absent. 

As a general though not universal rule, the vessels of all the 
Appliqué Wares are made of a coarse gritty paste which often is not 
covered by a slip but is simply burnished. The walls of the vessels 
are usually thick, but there is some variation in this respect. In color 
the clay ranges from deep-brown to red, dull-orange, or buff. 

Several distinct wares form this group, yet the dividing line be- 
tween them cannot always be defined, for they fade one into the other 
in no apparent succession. It follows that individual specimens 
often exhibit characters typical of more than one ware, and that 
the classification employed below must not be applied too literally. 
The dividing line between Stone Cist and Handled wares is especi- 
ally obscure. | 


U eas the term “Appliqué Wares” have been grouped sev- 


CURRIDABAT WAKE 
LY Pie 

The first Appliqué Ware to be considered has been named by 
Hartman (1907b) from the site at which he obtained numerous 
specimens. These are (1) globular jars marked by a ridge encircling 
the periphery or shoulder and decorated with characteristic designs, 
and (2) a class of pottery distinguished by tall tripod legs and simi- 
lar designs. As will be shown (see page 337), the tall vases fall 
into a type which is widely distributed, one aspect of which, the 
Chiriquian, is well known through the works of Holmes and Mac- 
Curdy. The small jars, however, form a group apart, and it has 
seemed best to apply the name “Curridabat Ware” to them exclusively 
and to term the tall vases “Tripod Ware”. 

At Curridabat, Hartman found no stone cists, but the ground was 
packed with pottery in such quantity as to indicate that there had 


332 


(gee) Les, 


“WOIN VWLSOD 


(NI S°§ OL “NI S° ‘YSLAWVIG) "VOI VLSOD ‘saqa9YuaW SvI—) ‘y ‘/-p ‘q 


3YVM Lvavdli4yno 


























WNOVYVOIN ONY VWOIN VLSOD AO AYSALLOd—dOUHLOTN 


IXX19 “Td 





CURRIDABAT WARE SIs 


been burials, the bones of which had disappeared. Tripod Ware ves- 
sels, almost always broken, were encountered at a depth of from two 
to four feet underground, while from four to seven feet were numer- 
ous Curridabat Ware jars that had been placed upright in the earth. 
He observes that Curridabat and Tripod Wares formed ninety per- 
cent of the pottery from the type site and that very few examples 
had been obtained in his previous exploration of the Cartago valley. 
Skinner (see Appendix IV), however, found quite a number of these 
vessels at Las Mercedes, which apparently are decorated more with 
paint than are those illustrated by Hartman. 

The clay of Curridabat Ware is particularly coarse and filled with 
grit. Fractured pieces show a black interior and a dull reddish- 
brown exterior. Sometimes, 
however, particularly on the At- 
lantic coast, there is a buff, dull- 
orange, or red slip upon which 
are simple painted patterns (pl. 
CLXXVIII, a). 

The common shape of Cur- 
ribadat Ware, type A, is a glob- 
ular jar with recurved rim and 
a slightly thickened lip. The 
shoulder or greatest diameter is 
encircled by a slight ridge. 
Sometimes there are two or 
more ridges (pl. cLxxu, 7) and 
the vessel then assumes an out- 
line seen in Highland Chocolate 
Ware bottles (fig. 215, b). Low 
annular bases are sometimes 
inde plagcLx xii, c, 7), and 
also tripod legs. Two forms of 
the latter occur, one of which 
(g, 1) ends in a point and is 
relatively long and _ slender, 
while the other (h, k) is short 
and oval in cross-section. 

A second and less common Fic. 220.—Curridabat Ware, Cocts 
shape is a broad bowl, usually Rica. (Diameter, 5 in.) 








334 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


with incurved rim, set on a tripod base. Pl. cLXx1I, e, shows an ex- 
ample with straight sides. Figs. a and 7 both have incurved rims, and 
b has a flaring rim. Fig. 220 is a vessel with a hollow tube running 
through the center. There is no obvious explanation for this strange 
form. In the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 
a much shallower dish constructed on the same principle is from the 
Province of Cocle in Panama. 

Decoration is painted, appliqué, modeled, and incised. Most ex- 
amples are embellished in a combination of technics. Hartman 
(1907) has shown that the majority of the motives are derived from 
the alligator scale which is represented by a small nodule of clay. 
A Chocolate Ware vessel with an alligator completely outlined in this 
manner is shown in pl. cru, a. This method of delineating the alliga- 
tor extends along the western coast of South America. An alligator 
pattern from Ecuador, beaten out in sheet gold, now in the University 
Museum in Philadelphia, is almost identical with the Chocolate Ware 
specimen just cited. Furthermore, the conventionalized ceramic 
treatment of the alligator scute in Costa Rica penetrates far to the 
south with but little modification, as 
is evidenced by fig. 221 from Co- 
lombia, the decoration of which is 
almost an exact parallel to that of 
the Costa Rican piece in pl. CLXxu, 
c. In Curridabat Ware these buttons 
ot clay form several series of pat- 
terns, the commonest of which is 
based on combinations of appliqué 
dots and daubs of paint. Fig. 222, 
f-l, show some of the variations of 
the two elements. The appearance 
of the vessels thus adorned is seen 

ae in pl. cLxxr. Another common pat- 
Fic. 221.—Vesselresembling Cur- tern is a chevron or arch, series of 
ridabat Ware, Morro island, Tu- : ; 
maco, Colombia, (Height, 4.5 in.) Which encircle the neck of the ves- 
sel. Examples based on incising 
and painting are shown in e-h. In k the chevrons have been united 
and form a star-shape pattern about the neck. Fig. 222, a-e, show a 
series of patterns of this class executed by means of appliqué buttons 
and painted and incised lines. Pl. CLXxXII, 1, is decorated with a band 





LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXII 





A 


————— = 





CURRIDABAT WARE 


N—CARTAGO, COSTA RICA; i—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA; others—COSTA RICA. (DIAMETER, 5 IN. 
TO 10 IN.) 





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CURRIDABAT WARE 39 


of linked chevrons formed of ribbons of clay with a button placed at 

the angles. The base of fig. a is apparently an elaboration of this 

idea, while in fig. g the chevron has been filled in to form a triangle. 
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Another group of patterns is formed by rectangular panels placed 
on the sides of the vessel. Pl. cLxxtt, c, shows a pattern composed 
of rows of clay buttons flanked by incised lines. Fig. f is similar, 
but the rectangle has been set off in red paint. PI. cLXx1, 7, is a de- 
sign of this class executed by applique ribbons and rows of incised 
dots. Yet another pattern is formed by rows of dots encircling the 


336 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


shoulder or body of the vessel. These dots usually are applique clay 
buttons but are sometimes incised on appliqué ribbons of clay, as in 
pl. ctxx1, J. Pl. cLxxu, 7, shows a series of appliqué dots placed in 
contact with one another, and fig. a shows them widely spaced. 

Painted patterns are simple, consisting usually of lines and dots. 
The color range is shown in pl. cLxxvitl, a, b. The latter is a rare 
type of Tripod Ware vase, but the colors are also typical of Currida- 
bat Ware. The rim color of a is sometimes used for a slip. PI. 
CLXXI, b, d, show painted patterns. The circles and dots on the base 
of d recall the decoration of Red-line vessels of type C (pl. crv, a). 

Modeled decoration is of the type found on Stone Cist and Red 
Wares and consists of small animals or derived conventionalized 
forms. The commonest of these is a small crouching figure, which 
represents either a monkey or a man, of which examples appear in 
pl. cLxx1, f, h. Bird figures also are found, of the type seen in pl. 
CLXXII, c, and there are also many conventionalized forms, such as 
d and f. 

Incised embellishment has already been discussed in connection 
with appliqué designs. A few specimens, such as pl. cLxxu, k, have 
incised designs outlined by rectangular panels in the fashion preva- 
lent in Monochrome Wares. 


SR ciedss ae: 


Another class of Curridabat Ware consists of a series of small ves- 
sels, found almost entirely on the Atlantic coast. This group is made 
of the characteristic coarse paste, but is covered with a glossy slip of 
the color seen on the rim of pl. cLxxvin, a, and decorated largely 
with painted patterns. There are two common shapes: jars with re- 
curved rims, and bowls supported by ring bases or conical tripod legs. 
A series of the former is shown in pl. cLxxrtt. It will be noted that 
the encircling ridge of type A is absent, and that decoration consists 
of appliqué buttons and ribbons, and painted vertical lines which 
often meet on the bottom of the vessel and which recall the Hanging- 
line group of the Pacific region (pl. c). Fig. e has a painted pattern 
which suggests animal figures, and f has two zodmorphic plastic 
motives. 

The bowls, of which an example with unusual legs appears in pl. 
CLxx11I, d, have little or no decoration on the exterior, but the in- 
terior is painted with rather simple patterns similar to the Lost-color 







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TRIPOD WARE 337 


Ware Octopus motives. A series of these designs is shown in pl. 
CLXXIv. Fig. a is very similar to the Lost-color Ware pattern in pl. 
CLXI, c and d correspond to the frond-like variant of pl. cLxt, g; 
the others are rectangular developments of a; 4 comes from a vessel 
of a type intermediate between Curridabat and Red-lip Ware, the 
exact classification of which cannot readily be determined. 


TRIPOD WARE 


Holmes (1888), in classifying the pottery of Chiriqui, applied the 
name “Tripod ware” to a group of vessels marked by tall tripod 
legs. MacCurdy, writing in 1911, called this group “Fish ware” in 
deference to the modeled deco- 
ration on the legs of many 
specimens. Hartman (1907b) 
describes an obviously closely 
related pottery type from the 
Highland area as “Curridabat 
ware’ or “Alligator ware”. 
We present below five other 
subtypes from the area under 
discussion. In addition, spe- 
cimens of this ware have come 
from Honduras to the north, 
and from Colombia, Ecuador, 
and Peru to the south. Clearly 
then we are dealing with a 
widespread class of pottery 
with many subtypes of local 
significance; hence we have 
called the entire group “Tri- 
pod Ware,” a usage which per- 
mits the application of ‘“Cur- 
ridabat,” “Fish,” “Alligator,” 
etc., to local variants. 

Tripod Ware may be de- 
fined as a bowl or a jar sup- 
ported by three tall, pointed 


legs. ave layiris Taney F1G, 223.—Tripod Ware, Las Mercedes, 
coarse; painted decoration is Costa Rica. (Diameter of 6, 5 in.) 








338 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


rarely seen, but modeled decoration on the legs, sometimes on the 
rim, is common. The following local types can be distinguished: 


I—Cuirrgut Group (Fish Ware) 


This class consists almost entirely of bowls with flaring rims and 
slightly thickened lips, to which two handles are attached. In seventy 
percent of the examples illustrated by MacCurdy (1911) these 
handles are formed of twisted ribbons of clay. The rim is often 
encircled by a ribbon of clay decorated with incised hatchings, and 
legs, which almost always represent the fish, have a characteristic 
curve. 


JI—MERCEDES GROUP 


A second type is found on the Atlantic slope of the Highland area 
and probably extends southward into Boruca. It has been named 
after Las Mercedes, where many specimens of this class have been 
found. The shape is usually a globular jar, with a recurved or slight- 
ly flaring, straight-sided neck (pl. cLxxv, c, d; g, h). Handles are 
less common than in the Chiriqui group, and are not of the twisted 
variety. An incised ribbon of clay encircles the neck on about half 
the specimens. The legs are sometimes of the fish type, but more 
often are cigar-shape, with an animal figure on the top. 

Tripod legs shaped like a 
fish are found in the Chiriqui 
and also in the Mercedes 
group. The conventionalized 
forms of the Chiriqui group 
were worked out originally 
by Putnam (1887), and simi- 
lar changes take place in the 
Mercedes forms, of which a 
series is shown in pl. CLXXv, 
a, b, e, f. It will be observed 
that the natural form of e 
vives way to a series of fins, 
mouth, and eyes, in an un- 
natural position in f. In b 
a the fins and mouth are shown, 
Fic. 224.—Gold eagle, Costa Rica. and in a there are two ap- 





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TRIPOD WARE 339 


pliqué ribbons representing the mouth and a single fin. The legs 


of b are not hollow as in the other specimens, but there is a deep slit 
cut in the surface in imitation of the hollow forms. 








tinal 


Fic, 225.—Legs of Tripod Ware. a, Costa Rica; 6-d, Las Mercedes, Costa 
Rica. (Length, 9 in., 6 in., 5 in. yin} 
Biga223 


The bird is a favorite motive in the Mercedes group. 
(eee leer xvi: 


shows two aspects of a bird with a broad duck-like bill. 
f, which represents the great horned owl, has an unusual type of sup- 


port which shows the two legs 
of the bird. Fig. d departs from 
the practice heretofore seen of 
attaching a separate animal to 
each leg, for there is a turkey 
head on one leg and the wings 
are seen on the body of the jar 
which thus becomes an effigy 
vessel. In e the bird head is 
placed on the side of the vessel 
and is completely dissociated 
from the legs. Fig. 225, d, 
shows another bird head, be- ( 
neath which Ne two short mod- Fic. 226.—Tripod Ware, Costa Rica. 
eled legs. Fig. 230, c, illus- (Diameter, 5.5 in.) 





340 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


trates a toucan holding a human head in its beak, a motive also seen in 
Chiriqui goldwork (fig. 224). 

Another favorite motive is the monkey, which is seen in pl. CLXxv, 
c,d. Inthe former the animal is represented as walking on all fours, 
and in the second it is seen in a diving position. Fig. 226 may be 
a simplified representation of the same animal. Pl. CLXxxv, g, is 
probably a squirrel. 

The human figure is sometimes seen on the tripod legs of the 
Mercedes group, usually in the position shown in pl. cLxxv1, b, which 
apparently corresponds to the small crouching stone figures seen in 
pl. cxti. The object held in the hands appears to be a flute ; and in pl. 
225, b, a curious masked figure may be seen fingering the holes 
of a flute. Fig. 225, c, shows an unusual vessel leg formed by a thick 
loop of clay surmounted by 
a head and breasts. 


I1I—CurrRIDABAT GROUP 
(Alligator Ware) 


This is the class described 
by Hartman (1908b). It 
consists of vases encircled 
by a ridge of clay like the 
Curridabat Ware bowls, 
above which rises a tall, 
slightly recurved neck (fig. 
228). Handles are vam 
found. 

The size of these vessels 
also serves to distinguish 
them from the other groups, 
for they are usually very 
large in comparison, rang- 
ing to fifteen inches in 
height. The method of de- 
position in the ground has 
been _ described already 
(page 333), and it is indeed 
unfortunate that practically 


Fic. 227.—Tripod Ware, Las Mercedes, all eer from the re- 
Costa Rica. (Height, 10.5 in.) gion in which they most fre- 











bes 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXVI 





TRIPOD WARE 
a, d--—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. 0—COSTA RICA. C—LOS PUEBLOS, COSTA RICA. (HEIGHT, 4.5 IN. TO 8 IN.) 


\ 


“4 





TRIPOD WARE 341 


quently are found should be broken. At Curridabat about eighty 
percent of the Tripod Ware vessels were decorated with the appliqué 
alligator scute motives described under Curridabat Ware. The legs 
of many examples were plastic representations of the alligator of the 
type seen in fig. 230, b. The torso of the animal is here modeled in 
the round, and three rows of scales are carried the length of the leg. 

Although the alligator is the predominating decorative motive, 
other types are found, among which the bird is not uncommon. One 
of the most picturesque forms is the toucan, with its enormous beak. 
Fig. 228 shows a large specimen ornamented with double-headed 
birds, with wings folded across their backs. This type appears in 
the pottery whistles of the Highland region (pl. cxc, c). The mini- 
ature vessel seen in pl. CLxxvil, a, also represents a bird with the 
wings crossed behind 
the head in a somewhat 
similar position. 

Other animal forms 
afeararely found; «Pl. 
CLXXv, h, represents a 
squirrel with its tail 
characteristically arched 
over the back. Fig. 227, 
an, exceptionally fine 
specimen, shows the ar- 
madillo, the banded re- 
gion being indicated by 
a series of incised lines 
anders El CLXXVI, 
a, is a seated human 
figure holding a bowl. 
The curious head-dress 
recalls the treatment of 
the alligator head as 
Beeumig pl. CLXXIX, dG, 
and the dots on the arms 
suggest both the alliga- 
tor-scute motive and the 
wadded cotton armor 





: ; Fic, 228.—Tripod Ware, Cartago, Costa Rica. 
probably worn in this (Height, 11.5 in.) 


342 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


region. Fig. 225, a, shows another human figure wearing a necklace 
and gorget and with a head-dress suggestive of Chiriqui goldwork. 

Hartman (1907b) speaks of “unusually realistically rendered” ser- 
pents on vessels of this group (a type of which the author has not 


TRE TST ITH 


Fic. 229.—Tripod jar, painted purple, orange, 
and white, Costa Rica. (Height, 8 in.) 





been able to obtain ex- 
amples), and he also calls 
attention to the fact that 
the jaguar is not found, 
though common in other 
wares in the same region 
and also in the stone 
carvings. 


IV—PAINTED GROUP 


A class of small Tri- 
pod Ware vessels, of 
which pl. CLXXVIII, ¢, 
and fig. 229 are examples, 
is painted in four colors, 
red, purple, orange, and 
white. The shape is that 
of the Curridabat group, 
except that the mouth is 
more widely open. About 
the shoulder runs a row 
of small incised circles 
flanked by incised lines, 
both of which are filled 
with white paint. The 
neck is painted orange 
and the body of the ves- 


sel is dark-red. The legs are purple, with touches of white. The 
provenience of this group cannot be established. 


V—San Istpro GROUP 


The curious vessels seen in fig. 231 evidently belong in the Tripod 
eroup. It will be noted that the legs of a are decorated with fish- 
fins. There is a face at the top of each leg and also on the body 
of the vase between the legs, making a total of six for each specimen. 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


TRIPOD WARE 
aQ—COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 5.5 IN.). D—SAN ISIDRO DE GUADALOUPE, COSTA 





RICA 


PL. CLXXVII 


“se 





TRIPOD WARE 343 


The general type of these faces, surmounted by a large head-dress, 
recalls that of the Chiriqui goldwork, and may be compared with the 
specimens in pl. Lxxvitt, f, h. Fig. 230, a, shows a bearded face, 
with a head-dress formed by two additional heads. Specimens of this 
group known to the author have come from but two sites, San 
Isidro de Guadaloupe and Tres Rios. 

This class bears an indefinite resemblance to a certain type of 


fraudulent Mexican pottery made of dark clay with a shiny surface. 


The Costa Rican specimens, 
however, are light-brown or 
buff in color and have a 
rough surface. Further- 
more, the circumstances of 
the finding of several ex- 
amples are fully known and 
pl. cLxxvil, b, shows a spe- 
cimen i2 situ before removal 
from a cist grave on the 
Tinoco estate at San Isidro. 

A further fact of interest 
is that all the pieces illus- 
trated had a small hole, 
about a quarter of an inch 
in diameter, punched in the 
base while the clay was still 
plastic. These vessels were 
therefore not intended to 
hold liquids. It is prob- 
able that they were used to 
burn incense and that the 
hole in the base was to fur- 
nish a draft. 


VI—NtIcova GROUP 


A few Tripod Ware ves- 
sels have been found on the 
Nicoya peninsula. They are 
usually made with the Choc- 
olate Ware clay and slip, 





X 


Fic. 230.—Tripod Ware fragments. a, 
Tres Rios, Costa Rica (diameter, 5 in.); ), ¢, 
Costa Rica (length, 9 in. and 4.5 in.). 


344 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


and the legs are covered with white paint after the fashion of large 
Chocolate Ware bowls (see pl. cr and fig. 117). The distinctive 
Nicoya shape is a subglobular body surrounded by an incised ribbon 
of clay and surmounted by a long chimney-like neck, which sometimes 
assumes the exaggerated proportions shown in fig. 232, a. The two 
common leg decorations are seen in pl. CLXxrx, and are represenia- 
tions of the alligator and bird. Fig. 232, b, is a rare type in which the 
encircling ribbon of clay has become a platform to which the legs are 





Fic. 231.—Tripod Ware, San Isidro type, San Isidro de Guadaloupe, 
Costa Rica. (Height, 5.3 in. and 4.3 in.) 


attached and on which rest two animal torsos. Fig. 232, c, is transi- 
tional in form between Tripod Ware and the Chocolate Ware type of 
vase (fig. 119, a). 


VII—Honpburas Group 


In the museum at Liverpool are three vessels of Tripod’ Ware 
which were found on Roatan island off the northern coast of Hon- 
duras. Bollaert, who has reproduced a drawing of one of these 
pieces, remarks, “These were found on the top of a high hill, among 
what appeared to the finder, Captain Fraser, the ruins of an altar.” 

The discovery of these vessels on the Island of Roatan brings out 
a point which would doubtless be more evident were the archeology 
of the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua and Honduras better known, 
namely, that the drift of Isthmian and South American material cul- 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXVIt 


C 





CURRIDABAT WARE, HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE, AND TRIPOD WARE 


(LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA; DIAMETER, 5 IN. B—COSTA RICA; DIAMETER, 5 IN, ¢€—AGUA CALIENTE, COSTA RICA; HEIGHT, 5.5 IN. 





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LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXIX 





TRIPOD WARE. FILADELFIA, COSTA RICA 
(HEIGHT OF 4, 11 IN.) 


” 








TRIPOD WARE 345 


ture to the northward was along the Atlantic coast rather than the 
Pacific coast of Central America. 


VIII—SoutH AMERICAN GROUPS 


Tripod Ware extends across Colombia and Ecuador as far as Peru 
with but little change. Bowls of this type from the Recuay region 
in Peru fall in the cruder of the two classes of pottery found in that 
district. Several specimens illustrated by Tello (1922a) and others, 
more like the Central American examples as they have decorated legs, 
are in the museum of the Universidad Mayor de San Marcos at 
Lima. Tripod bowls of Central American form, sometimes painted 





Fic. 232.—Tripod Ware. a, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica (height, about 
20 in.); b, La_,Concepcién, Costa Rica (height, 12 in.); c, Costa Rica 
(height, 9 in.). 


with typical Peruvian designs, sometimes plain, occur sporadically in 
the coast sites of Peru. The writer has seen in the Museo de 
Arqueologia Peruana in Lima more than twenty such vessels from 
Cajamarquilla, and others from as far south as Nasca. In the Andean 
region of Ecuador Tripod Ware is common, and is believed by local 
students to be among the earliest pottery types. 


346 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


STONE CIST WARE 


The commonest ceramic type found in the cist burials of the High- 
land area, that is, in the region between San José and the Atlantic 
coast, has been designated “Stone ‘Cist Ware”. The paste is charac- 
terized by the presence of a large amount of sand, and, as firing was 
not carried to a high temperature, the finished product is friable, and 
the burnished surface of the vessel has been worn away in many 
specimens. The color is normally brick-red, varying to a dark-brown 
or gray-brown. A thin red wash sometimes covered the exterior of 
the better class of vessels. 

The usual shape (pl. cLxxx, b) is a slightly subglobular jar with 
an everted rim. Tripod legs may or may not be present and do not 
influence the shape of the vessel 
they support. Handles are com- 
mon and consist of ribbon-like 
loops placed on the neck or shoul- 
der, and are usually covered by a 
small animal modeled in relief. 
This shape, also found in Red 
Ware, runs without break as far 
south as Ecuador, as the speci- 
men in pl. CLXX, a, convincingly 
demonstrates. A second shape 
(pl. cLxXxx, @ C) 1S =a Ow rae 
shallow jar with an angle at the 

Fic. 233.—Vessel from Angel, Prov- periphery and insloping, recurved 
ince of Carchi, Ecuador. (Diameter, cides. This form usually is 
ee mounted on an annular base or on 
tripod legs. A third form (pl. cLxxx, g) is taken from the gourd. 
It is common as far south as Ecuador, and the specimen from that 
region seen in fig. 233 is decorated by a face on the rim in a manner 
very similar to the Costa Rican example. 

Stone Cist Ware forms part of a very much larger ceramic type 
of which it is the frontier group to the north. The southern limit 
cannot be stated with accuracy, but it falls south of the equator in 
Ecuador, if not in northern Peru, where sporadic examples from as 
far south as Pachacamac are known. Within the Highland area it is 
very closely related to Curridabat, Red, and Handled Wares, into 
each of which it fades with but little break. 





STONE CIST WARE 347 


Decoration, which as usual has been made the basis of further 
classification, is applied for the greater part by means of appliqué 
ribbons and buttons of clay as well as small animals. In addition 
there is sometimes simple painted embellishment, such as the White- 
line patterns of type B and the Black-line of type A (fig. 237, a). 
Very rarely the vessel is painted in a fashion which recalls the painted 
group of Tripod Ware, as shown in fig. 239, c. 


PUNCTURED LINE DECORATION 


The commonest decorative motive is an appliqué ribbon of clay 
punctured with holes or short lines. The origin of this motive has 




















Fic. 234.—Stone Cist Ware, decorative details, Costa Rica. 


been demonstrated by Hartman (1907b) to be the alligator scute, so 
that it is really a conception very similar to the appliqué dot. PI. 
CLXxx, a, shows a bowl from the side of which an alligator head, 
marked by the usual curved snout, projects toward the spectator. 
On each side of the head is an arm covered with short incised lines. 
In e a much simpler head flanked by arms is shown. Beneath these 
are three vertical ribbons covered with dots, which apparently repre- 
sent the body markings of the animal. Fig. 234, a, consists of a head 
to which a punctured ribbon 1s attached and on each side of which is 
a similar ribbon. 


348 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Pl. ctxxx, b, c, f, show a head and a pair of arms to which no 
punctured ribbon is attached, but which is flanked by a pair of such 
ribbons. The nature of the head in the center is by no means clear. 
In b there are distinct ears, and in c the hands are held to the mouth 
in a manner suggesting the monkey. Fig. 234, b, shows a head of 
this class beneath which the elbows are turned in, a not uncommon 
posture. Pl. cLxxx, g, also has a face on the side, but differently 
treated, for this vessel is an effigy jar with the features of a face ap- 
plied in relief to the neck, a form characteristic of Ecuador (figs 23598 
while the sides are adorned with groups of incised and applique 
punctured lines. 

Pl. cLxxx, d, shows a specimen which is encircled by a punctured 
line on the shoulder. The wide 
incisions have squeezed the rib- 
bon of clay into series of small 
loops so that it here resembles 
the outline of a chain. Similar 
encircling bands are not un- 
common in the Red-line bowls 
and bottles of type B (pl. cLrv, 
c). Pl. CLXxXX, A, 1s decotaud 
by an “eye” on the side, above 
which is an “eyebrow” formed 
by a punctured line. Fig. 235, 
which really belongs to Handled 
Ware, has a simple punctured line motive upon the side. 





Fic. 235.—Stone Cist Ware, Costa 
Rica. (Height, 5 in.) 


PuNCTURED Dot MOTIVE 


Comment has already been made on the appliqué dot motive which 
Hartman (1907b) has derived from the alligator. In Stone Cist 
Ware the raised dot itself is normally decorated with one or more 
small incisions. In fig. 236, a, which is unusual because the body is 
rectangular, there are two rows of dots arranged in zigzags in a 
fashion not unlike Curridabat Ware (fig. 222, b, c). The dots 
themselves are decorated with a small punctured hole. Fig. 236, b, 
which is a boot-shape vessel of thinner clay than is usual, shows 
appliqué dots marked with an incised line, the resultant shape being 
like that of a coffee-bean. The small appliqué figure at the left end 
of this specimen is of an unusual type. Fig. 236, c, which approaches 


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STONE CIST WARE 349 


Handled Ware in shape, has dots cut by two incised lines, and d 
shows appliqué dots decorated with three and four incisions. 


ALLIGATOR EFFIGY JARS 


The rather shallow jars seen in fig. 237 have large faces covering 
one side, which may be identified with some certainty as those of 
alligators, owing to the presence of a tail on the opposite side of cer- 
tain specimens, while the protruding jaws and heavy eyebrows (a) 
suggest the treatment of the alligator on the handles of Red Ware in- 
cense burners (pl. cLxxxvi, c). The jars themselves, it will be 





FIG. 236.—Stone Cist Ware. a, Cartago, Costa Rica; b, d, Costa Rica; c, 
Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Diameter, 3.3 in. to 6 in.) 


noted, are more shallow than the specimens heretofore considered, 
and the handles, when of zodmorphic character (fig. 237, c), are very 
much more simple. The face consists of mouth, nose, eyes, eyebrows, 
and claws or possibly ears (which do not show in the alligator in life) 
raised in relief. A second pair of eyebrows indicated by incised lines 
or a series of incised dots is often added above the modeled eyebrows 


350 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA*AND NICARAGUA 


(fig. 237, a, d). Another interesting feature is the appearance of the 
so-called “weeping eye,” indicated by incised lines and dots beneath 


SSS 














Fic. 237.—Stone Cist Ware. a, 0, Costa Rica; c, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; 
d, Anita Grande, Costa Rica. (Diameter, 5.5 to 8 in.) 


the eye-ball (0). The distribution of this motive includes such dis- 
tant areas as the Mississippi valley and Bolivia. 


MopELED ANIMAL ForRMS 


The reader will doubtless have noted the small animal figures 
which appear on Stone Cist Ware vessels and will remember that 
similar forms were employed likewise on Red Ware (pl. CLXxx, @). 
Indeed the types are so nearly identical that the only basis for dif- 
ferentiation is the finer execution of Red Ware examples. 


THE HUMAN FIGURE 


Of the animal forms commonly encountered the type seen in pl. 
CLXXXI, a-f, is particularly frequent. Whether it is a man or a mon- 
key, or whether the two types are found, is open to argument. Some 
of the figures, such as c and f, look decidedly human; but others, such 
as a, b, e, do not. While no tails appear in the specimens illustrated, 
this appendage is seen on other examples of apparently the same type. 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXI 





STONE CIST WARE: MONKEY FIGURES AND CONVENTIONALIZED DERIVATIVES 
b, f—CHIRIQUI, PANAMA; others—cOSTA RICA 


an J 
av 
et ; 
p> 
nai - 
rye 
Ayetg 

i 





~ha 





STONE CIST WARE Se 


MacCurdy (1911), in describing this type in Chiriqui, was also un- 
able to determine the nature of the animal represented. For con- 
venience in reference it has been called a human figure in this work. 
This modeled form is common as far south as Ecuador, whence 
comes the specimen seen in fig. 
238. Similar figures are seen on 
the Black Ware from the coast of 
Pere ape CLXxx1,.b andj 
are from Chiriqui and the others 
from the Highland area. 
toeecus <xt,24-7, contain the 
common variants of the uncon- 
ventionalized human figure. It 
will be noted that one or both 
hands are usually raised to the 3 
face (c,d, ale although some- Fic. 238.—Rim figure from Angel, 
: . Province of Carchi, Ecuador. (Height. 
times a bowl is held across the 4. in) 
belly (b). More rarely the limbs 
are shown in an extended position (¢). Pl. cLxx, d, exemplifies the 
manner in which these figures are placed upon the vessel; usually 
upon a ribbon-like handle, but sometimes upon the body. 

Pl. crxxxi, g-n, exhibit the process of conventionalization at 
work. Fig. g shows the complete animal with outstretched limbs. 
In h the trunk has been eliminated and the limbs are attached to the 
top and bottom of the face. In i the legs have disappeared, but the 
feet are attached to the elbow. Fig. k shows a splitting up: the face 
has been reduced to mouth and eyes, and the limbs have become an 
inverted W with feet attached to the points, the derivation of which 
form may be seen in 7. However, in k two sets of limbs are repre- 
sented, one on each side of the face. Fig. j consists of the W-like 
limb motive with the face totally eliminated. In m half of the W 
has disappeared, leaving three feet at the extremities, while / consists 
of two such feet connected by a loop. Fig. 239, a, shows an effigy 
vessel in which the forms derived from this series have been utilized 
to indicate the legs and wings of a bird. 





THE TREE FROG 


The tree frog is one of the most beautifully colored and striking 
of the smaller animals of the Highland region, and it is not to be 


352 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 








FIG. 239.—Stone Cist Ware. 
a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; 
b, c, Costa Rica. (Diameter 
Rit bodys ite) 


wondered that it is quite common among 
the modeled forms. A very clearly rep- 
resented Red Ware example is shown in 
pl. cLxx, c, where the animal forms a 
handle, and a similar type executed in 
the cruder technic of Stone Cist Ware is 
given in fig. 239, c. Stone Cist Ware ex- 
amples may be further examined in fig. 
234, c, f, which exhibit the staring eyes 
and padded feet characteristic of these 
animals. Example e also has large 
padded feet and may belong in the same 
class in spite of the tail, as the latter has 
a foot at the extremity which can scarcely 
have been copied from nature. 


THE SNAKE 


The snake is not a common modeled 
form in any ware of the Highland or 
Pacific region, but some Stone Cist and 
Red Ware vessels have two modeled 
snakes encircling the periphery in the 
manner seen in fig. 239, b, which is deco- 
rated also by touches of red paint. Fig. 
241, c, shows a pair of identical vessels 
decorated with serpents which encircle 
each specimen in opposite directions. The 
clay of these jars, the texture of which is 
partly apparent in the photograph, well 


illustrates the type intermediate in consistency between Red Ware and 


Stone Cist Ware. 


MISCELLANEOUS ANIMAL FORMS 


Conventionalized animal forms which cannot be definitely associ- 
ated with natural types are many, but consist of such simple elements 
that a full discussion of them could scarcely prove fruitful. Exam- 
ples are shown in fig. 234, of which d consists of haunches, hind- 
legs, and tail, which may be reduced to the group of clay buttons seen 
in pl. cLxxxI, n. Fig. 234, a, b, represent forms of uncertain nature 
which have received comment above. 


HANDLED WARE 353 


HANDLED WARE 


Holmes (1888) and MacCurdy (1911) have introduced this term 
to cover a class of Chiriquian vessels marked by the presence of loop 
handles and made of a coarse but tenacious clay. MacCurdy dis- 
tinguishes two groups in Chiriqui which he designates painted and 
unpainted. The former class seems to be especially close to the 
Highland Red Ware of type C, while the latter merges into the High- 
land vessels here described under the term “Handled Ware”. This 
designation is not an ideal one, as so many other wares commonly 





Fic. 240.—Handled Ware, Costa Rica. (Height of a, 3.75 in.) 


have handles and they are not even general in Handled Ware; yet the 
term must stand for want of a better one and because it has been 
current for many years. 

Costa Rican Handled Ware is made of a paste containing much 
sand, being very similar to that of Stone Cist Ware, from which it 
differs owing to the greater tenacity of the finished product, the re- 
sult doubtless of firing at a higher temperature. The shape is a 
slightly subglobular jar usually with unmodified base, although tri- 


354 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


pod legs are occasionally found. Decoration is confined to plastic 
details added usually to the handles. Three subclasses may be dis- 
tinguished, marked by (1) pairs of vertical handles, (2) pairs of 
horizontal handles, and (3) by a single vertical handle. 


Type A 


This class of Handled Ware, of which examples appear in fig. 240, 
a-c, is distinguished by the presence of a pair of vertical handles. 
The shape is a slightly subglobular jar with a recurved rim, and the 
handles are set on the shoulder. As in Chiriqui Handled Ware, the 
handles often represent ani- 
mals or forms derived there- 
from, and the series here il- 
lustrated is exactly paralleled 
in Chiriqui (MacCurdy, 
1911, pl.. XVEP)D Sie ea 
handles representing the ar- 
madillo, which may be dis- 
tinguished by the carapace 
markings. In b the animal 
form is not present, but the 
carapace markings are de- 
noted by incised buttons of 
clay. The handles of © are 
without ornamentation. 

Type B 

The second Handled Ware 
group is distinguished pri- 
marily by a pair of horizon- 
tal handles. The series seen 
in pl. cLxxx1r shows that the 
usual shape is a subglobular 
jar with modification neither 
of the base nor of the rim. 
Fig. c of this plate, however, 
“ is of the shape common in 

e) type A, and fig. 241, a, shows 


Fic. 241.—a, Handled Ware, Cartago, a vessel with horizontal 


Costa Rica (diameter, 4 in.); 6, Handled : 
Ware, Costa Rica; c, Twin Stone Cist handles decorated with con- 


Ware vessels, Costa Rica (height, 4 in.), ventionalized armadillo mark- 








(‘NI S°§ OL ‘NI S*? ‘MALAWVIG) 


vold VLSOD 


“AYVM GATIGNVH 





ait ane Bf) 
= aS: ‘ : 
sees = 5 y 
oS = ==. SS 
= = [Ws \ 
= NG 





VYNOVYAVOIN GNY VOI VLSOD AO AYA LLOd—dOuHLOT 


IXXXT9 °Id 








ay 





HANDLED WARE 355 


ings like those of fig. 240, b. The series in pl. cLxxx1 shows pro- 
gressive conventionalization in the treatment of the handles. Thus the 
handles of a probably represent the alligator head, the teeth appearing 
on the circumference of the handle, and the eyes and nostrils being in- 
dicated by incised buttons of clay. In D the teeth have been omitted, 
but the nostrils and eyes are indicated as before, and the feeling of the 
whole is still that of a face. In c, however, the buttons on the handles 
do not at all suggest a face except in juxtaposition with the preceding 
specimens. These three vessels are further correlated by the pres- 
ence of a small clay knob on the side of each, midway between the 
handles. Further modifications in shape are given in d-f. The two 
handles of d show the development of the buttons of c into an en- 
circling band. Fig. f has undecorated handles formed of a single 
band, and fig. e has handles formed of two bands of clay. Fig. 241, 
a, shows a jar of this class set upon short tripod legs, with the new 
addition of a head and arms set on the rim midway between the 
handles. 

Bowls of this class are found from Guanacaste to the pour and 
east as far as eastern Panama. 


Type. C 


The next Handled Ware group consists of vessels with a single 
vertical handle. From specimens shown in fig. 241 and pl. cLxxxv, 
p-u, it will be seen that many examples of this type have punctured- 
line decoration and that effigy vessels are common. As a whole this 
group stands very close to Stone Cist Ware. 

Among the effigy jars, pl. cLxxxv, r, represents the alligator of a 
type already seen in the simple painted wares (fig. 203), while s and 
u are also alligator effigies, but of the type common in Stone Cist 
Ware (fig. 237). On some pieces (pl. cLxxxv, p) there are small 
modeled animal figures like those of Stone Cist Ware. Fig. 241, b, 
shows a vessel of this type set on tripod legs, an unusual feature. 


CHAPTER VI 


MISCELLANEOUS POTTERY TYPES 


OST classifications of pottery are not uniform because there 
are usually groups which crosscut the wares, whatever sys- 
tem of classification may be employed. The classification of 

Highland pottery so far presented has been based largely on clay, 
color, and types of decoration. Outside the limits of this scheme 
there are certain groups, distinguished by shape and size, which must 
now be considered. These groups include very large jars, effigy ves- 
sels, vessels with Atlantean sup- 
ports, and miniature vessels. In 
addition there remain for con- 
sideration certain types specialized 
by their use, such as supports for 
round-bottom vessels, and incense 
burners, and finally a word must 
be said about figurines and mis- 
cellaneous pottery forms. All 
these subjects are discussed brief- 
ly in this chapter. 





LARGE JARS 


Such a group is formed by the 
large jars of the type seen in fig. 
242, b. This vessel is 15 inches 
high. The body is of nearly equal 
height and width, and the rim 
and base are slightly flaring. The 
tripod legs are tall and represent 
human heads. On each side of 
the body is a large modeled face. 
Between the two modeled faces 
are White-line patterns of type C, 

eit which are found typically only 
(eee eee oe ey upon vessels of this shape. PI. 
b, Costa Rica (height, 15 in.). CLxXxx1l1I, b, also has White-line 


356 





LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


PL. CLXXXIII 





a 





LARGE JARS 
a—SAN ISIDRO DE GUADALCUPE, COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 12.5 IN.). 0—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 10.5 IN.) 


we 


> 


a 


+% 








MISCELLANEOUS TYPES—LARGE JARS S57, 


decoration. However, it differs from fig. 
242, b, in the treatment of the legs, which 
show an unusual representation of an ani- 
imal, form; and in the nature of the 
modeled figure on the side, which clearly 
represents a monkey. Pl. cLxxxIHI, a, has 
yet another type of tripod leg and is 
decorated by a large face on the side 
which is quite clearly human and which is 
treated in a manner recalling the large 





; Fic. 243.—Tripod jar, San 
pottery heads described below (pl. Isidro de Guadaloupe, Costa 


peat Rica. (Diameter, 4 in. 
CLxxxvill). A fragment of a similar adn) 


vessel is seen in fig. 242, a, with a particularly well delineated human 
face. Attached to the rim of the latter is a series of small human 
faces treated in the man- 
ner seen on the stone 
stools. 

This class of large ves- 
sels is not restricted to 
White-line Ware, how- 
BUCe eee Ch OU aD. 
shows an _ exceptionally 
fine example decorated in 
the broad Yellow-line 
technic and by small 
Black-line motives placed 
in the interstices of the 
large pattern, which are 





not visible in the photo- 
graph. In a large rect- 
angular panel on each 
side are modeled alligator 
heads. Fig. a of this 
plate may be recognized 
as a very large Currida- 
bat Ware jar by the ridge 
encircling the shoulder. 





b 


ORE, < | . 
Rio Sarai ld, Costa’ Rica (height,6 The shape differs from 


in.); 6, Las Mercedes (height, 9.5 in.). that of the other speci- 


358 


mens, and it should perhaps not be placed in this group. 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Lost-color 


Ware and Red-line Ware vessels, however, are occasionally found. 
The use of the large jars is unknown, and apparently they are 


FIG. 245.-—Effigy bottle, Costa Rica. 


(Height, 5.5 in.) 


tered only on the Atlantic slopes of the Highland region. 





found under the same con- 
ditions as other ceramic re- 
mains. Smaller vessels of 
kindred shape sometimes oc- 
cur, of which fig. 243 is an 
example similar in type to pl. 
CLXXXIII, @, which comes 
from the same site. The dis- 
tribution of these jars em- 
braces the area from San 
Isidro de Guadaloupe east- 
ward to the Atlantic seaboard. 


REPIGY SV ESoH 


Numerous’ effigy types 
have been treated in the pre- 
ceding pages, but certain 
forms not yet considered will 
now be described. Fig. 244 
shows examples of a human 
effigy type seemingly encoun- 
Each 


consists of a globular jar with a cylindrical neck on which are 
modeled human features, treated after the fashion of the large pot- 
tery heads. In b modeled arms and breasts appear on the body of 


the vessel. 
Pacific Polychrome Ware patterns 
(fig. 74, c.). In 0b a labret is seen 
protruding from the lower lip. Fig. 
245 is a very much smaller piece, 
but is designed along similar lines. 
The original surface has been worn 
away, but it may once have had 
painted patterns. 

Fig. 246 is a fragment of a vessel 
perhaps belonging in this group. 
The position of these pieces is not 


Over all are designs painted in red; those of a suggest 





Fic. 246.—Fragment of effigy jar, 
Costa Rica. (Width, 5 in.) 


LOTHROP——-POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXIV 





LARGE JARS 
@—COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 10.5 IN.). D—-LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 8.5 IN ) 





¥ ‘ 


va 





EFFIGY VESSELS—ATLANTEAN SUPPORTS 359 


certain, but from the nature of the slip and the quality of the paint 
they may be provisionally attachedto Red-line Ware. 

A second effigy group consists of vegetal forms, such as are shown 
in fig. 247. Of these, b cannot be identified with certainty, but it may 
represent two superimposed gourds, or possibly a yam. It is made 
of a buff-colored clay somewhat like the Chiriqui Armadiilo Ware, 
and the walls are very thin. Fig. 247, a, which has incised patterns 
on the side, is a bastard Chocolate Ware piece, which represents the 
squash locally known as ayote (Cucurbita maxima). Fig. 248 also 
represents squashes, as is indicated by the vertical grooves in the 





b 


aS 


Fic. 247.Effigy jars, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Height of a, 5.5 in.; of 8, 
10.5410.) 


sides. Both exhibit the coarse paste filled with sand which is char- 
acteristic of the Appliqué Wares as a whole. 

Another effigy type is seen in fig. 249, which represents the tapir 
or pig. In athe throat of the animal is decorated with a broad band 
of white paint, while > has an incised panel below the rim. 


ATLANTEAN SUPPORTS 


Vessels supported by Atlantean figures have already been en- 
countered in Highland Polychrome Ware and in Black-line Ware 


360 POTTERY - OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGIT 


(pls. CXLVIID Beers. 
g, h). In both of these 
wares the sfeethor sine 
figures rest directly on 
the ground. A second 
form occurs in which 
the figures rest on a 
circular ring of clay, a 
conception obviously 
borrowed from _ the 
stone stools and stands 
(fig. 250, b). This type 
crosscuts the wares as 
described in this work. 

The specimen figured 
in hg) 2509) ce comes 
from the Highland area. 
The bowl is supported 
by four figures, prob- 
ably human, two of 
which are seen inverted. 
The painted pattern on 
the rim shows that the 
aire? vessel belongs to Chi- 

b riqui Alligator Ware. 


Fic. 248.—Squash effigy jars, Costa Rica. Fig. oa b, illus- 
trates a specimen said 





(Height of a, 4 in.; of b, 3 in.) 





a 
Fic, 249.—Tapir effigy vessels, Costa Rica. (Height of a, 7 in.; of b, 4 in.) 





ATLANTEAN SUPPORTS—MINIATURE VESSELS 361 


to have come from the Peninsula of Nicoya, which is also painted 


in the style of Chiriqui Alligator Ware. 


MacCurdy (1911) figures 


an almost identical specimen from Chiriqui. 


Fig. 251, a, shows a vessel 
probably belonging to Red-line 
Ware, supported by Atlantean 
figures rendered with more at- 
tempt at realism. In c, which 
belongs in the Chocolate Ware 
group, there are heads on the 
side of the bowl and annular 
base, which are connected by 
diagonal lines. Fig. 250, a, is a 
particularly well-executed piece 
which represents a group of 
monkeys grasping one another 
by the arms, a motive borrowed 
directly from the stone stools. 
Fig. 251, d, belongs to one of 
the Applique Wares, and has 
the characteristic coarse clay. 
The nature of the animal figures 
is uncertain, but they may be 
birds. 


MINIATURE VESSELS 


Large numbers of small pot- 
tery vessels are found in the 
Highland region, and while they 
sometimes imitate the larger 
forms, for the greater part they 
are of separate types. The clay 
and slip are usually those of 
Red Ware, Stone Cist, or Cur- 
ridabat Ware. The distribution 
corresponds with these various 
wares. 








ek MMM oe LAL aa 
SS ni 


ew Ay 





ee 
Se 






NEMTIMMAN Wn 
. ee" J 








NNT ml) i zn 








aed Bats SS A 
SSS ZZ 


Fic. 250.—Vessels with Atlantean 
supports. a, Costa Rica; 6, Anita 
Grande, Costa Rica; ¢, Tarrazu, Costa 
Rica. 


Pl. cLxxxv, j-o, show a common miniature class, consisting of 


flat jars with a pierced lug on each side. 


In 7 the lugs are in the 


form of modeled birds, and between the birds a small knob is placed 


362 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


on the side of the vessel. This knob persists in &, 1, n, while in o 
it has been replaced by a wing or tail, thus showing the unity of the 





Fic. 251.—Bowls with Atlantean supports, Costa Rica. (Height, 3 in. to 
4 in.) 


series. Fig. m, however, has heads of a different type, probably 
representing a mammalian form. ‘These vessels belong chiefly to 
Red Ware and sometimes have cross-hatched White-line decoration. 


C d 


Fic, 252.—Miniature Red Ware vessels, Costa Rica. (a, Height, 7 in.; b-d, 
height about 3 in.) 





a 


A second miniature group is distinguished by a basket handle 
which spans the mouth. This feature sometimes occurs in the larger 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXV 





MINIATURE VESSELS AND HANDLED WARE. COSTA RICA 
(DIAMETER: 4-0, 2 IN. TO 4 IN.; p-U, 3 IN. TO 5 IN.) 


- 





MINIATURE VESSELS 363 


vessels (fig. 252, a), but is much more common in the miniature 
class. Fig. 252 shows a series of the deeper vessels, in each of which 





a b 
FIG, 253.—Tripart miniature vessels, Costa Rica. (Height, 3.5 in.) 

the ends of the handle have been made the field for modeled em- 
bellishment. In this series the modeled forms represent the human 
figure, and progressive degeneration and 
elimination may be noted, so that a consists 
of a complete figure and d has merely a head. 
Another series of the same class, but of 
different shape, appears in pl. CLXxxv, a-d. 
The vessels here represented are much shal- 
lower and the handles for the greater part 
are flat rather than round. Fig. a is adorned 
with heads on the ends of the handle, which 
in b have been replaced by knobs. This 
specimen is also decorated by White-line 
patterns. Fig. c has two small rows of in- 
cised dots at the ends of the handles, and 
fig. d is without decoration. 

A more specialized miniature form con- 
sists of the double jars seen in e-i of the last 
plate. These are really two separate vessels 
joined by a short bar of clay, and in some 
cases by a loop handle as well. Occasionally 
full-size Stone Cist Ware vessels of this type Fic. 254.—a, Handle of 

; . a double vessel, Las Mer- 
are found. I[ig. e is an effigy type already  cedes, Costa Rica (height, 
noted under Stone Cist Ware (fig. 237, a), 3,3 in.); 4, A crude bowl, 


Costa Ri height, 2.8 
and the other examples hardly call for com-  jn,), ca (heig 














364 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


ment. Fig. 254, a, shows a large handle once attached to a vessel of 
this class, on the ends of which are modeled crabs. The crab is not 
uncommon in the Polychrome pottery of the Pacific region, but is 
rare on the Atlantic side. It is, however, found in both stonework 
and goldwork. 

Fig. 253 shows miniature triple jars, both of which have the en- 
circling ridge characteristic of Curridabat Ware. One (a) has a 
handle formed of three members leading to the three receptacles; b 
has an appliqué decoration characteristic of the ware. These triple 
vessels are not common in Costa Rica. They are sometimes seen in 
the pottery of Ecuador and of Recuay in Peru. 


CRUDEGV RS SrIes 


Fig. 254, b, shows a small jar, evidently shaped in the hands, of 
which the surface has not been properly smoothed. Similar vessels 
made of a light gray-brown clay occur sporadically. These are prob- 
ably the work of amateur potters or of beginners. 














































































































Fic. 255.—Incense burners. a, b, d, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; c, Costa Rica. 
(Length of d, 13 in.) 


INCENSE BURNERS 365 


INCENSE BURNERS 


There is a specialized class of Red Ware which undoubtedly was 
intended for use as incense burners. As shown in fig. 255, these 
consist of plates to which are attached large handles modified into 
zoomorphic forms, and they are probably related to the Mexican form 
of censer, which ordinarily has a longer cylindrical handle with a 
serpent head at the end, and a deeper bowl. On the Costa Rican 
examples decoration is rarely found except on the handle, which 
almost always represents animal forms, among which the alligator, 
serpent, bird, and man are especially common. 

The usual alligator head, as seen in pl. CLXXxvI, c, is represented 
with considerable effort at realism, more so, indeed, than in any other 
ceramic group discussed, with the exception of Modeled Alligator 
Ware of type B (fig. 143). An interesting example in which the 
alligator is swallowing a man appears in fig. 255, d. This motive is 
sometimes seen in goldwork, of which there is a fine example in the 
museum at San José, Costa Rica. 

A curious modification of the alligator is shown in pl. CLXxxvV1, a, 
in which the head and 
neck of a serpent have 
been attached to the 
snout of .the alligator. 
Fig. b is a similar ex- 
ample. It is quite pos- 
sible that the snake is 
conceived as held in the 
reptilian jaws, in which 
case these pieces fall in 
line with a motive seen in 
both goldwork (fig. 224) 
and stonework (pl. CXL, 
b). The snake appears 
also as a separate motive 
Paes s ec) and usu- 
ally is represented as 
coiled about a cylindrical 
handle. 

A handle _ decorated 








; ; Fic. 256.—Incense burner handles, Las Mercedes, 
with a bird, the copper- Costa Rica. 


366 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


tailed trogon, is seen in fig. 255, b. While the bird is completely 
rendered except for the legs, the end of the handle forms a tail, which 
may be that of a fish, but more probably is a second bird tail. In 





Fic. 257.—Incense burner 
from San Isidro de Guada- 
loupe, Costa Rica. (Diam- 
eter, 2.5 in.) 


fig. 256, a, the bird is a complete unit, but 
there is an extra pair of wings on each 
side and a second tail behind the actual 
bird, and the end of the handle forms yet 
a third tail. 

In fig. 256, b, the bird tail at the end 
of the handle and the modeled bird wings 
on the side are still present, but the bird 
itself has been replaced by a human face, 
which stands out very clearly in the orig- 
inal, because it has not been covered by 
a red slip. Inc the bird features are still 
present, but are less emphasized. In pl. 
CLXXXVI, e, the head has been turned in 
a direction opposite from that of the two 
preceding examples, and the tail has be- 


come a head-dress. Fig. d shows another human type, in which the 
handle is formed by a pair of projecting human legs. Still other 
modifications of the human figure exist which are not illustrated. 





a 





b Cc 


Fic, 258.— Miniature incense burners. a, 6, Cartago, Costa Rica; c, Arenilla, 
Cartago, Costa Rica. (Length of a, 5 in.; of 6, 4.5 in.; of c, 2 in.) 


The classes already discussed constitute the common types, yet 
there are many other variants, among the most frequently encountered 
of which is the substitution of a human hand for the tail termination 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXVI 





INCENSE BURNERS 
(l-Cc, €—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA; others—COSTA RICA 





INCENSE BURNERS—POTTERY STANDS 367 


seen with the bird and human head form. PI. cLxxxv1, f, illustrates 
a rare flat type of handle, the buttons on the end of which form a 
conventional face. Fig. 255, a, has a conical handle with a small 
modeled animal on the upper surface. Fig. 257 shows a Stone Cist 
Ware vessel which has been fitted with a large handle of the incense- 
burner type. The resultant form strongly suggests a class of 
handled subglobular jars found in Peru, which were used for 
roasting peanuts. Miniature incense burners are not at all uncom- 
mon; a series of them is given in fig. 258. 


PODLEERY SANDS 


Owing to the number of round-bottom vessels in this region, it 
was necessary to devise some method of supporting them. In the 
majority of cases no 
formal means were em- 
ployed, but sometimes 
clay or stone rings were 
used for this purpose. 
The stone rings are ex- 
actly like the annular 
bases of the stone 
stools, and fall likewise 
into two groups, one 


Caryatid in character 
(fig. 250, b), and the 
ss Us of Fic. 259.—Stone stand, Las Mercedes, Costa 
smooth walls pierced Rica. (Diameter, 6 in.) 
by geometrical openings 
and often crowned by a row of small faces (fig. 259). From the 
former type are derived the bowls with Atlantean supports discussed 
above; from the latter form the pottery stands are copied. They are 
made in several wares, of which Red-line is by far the commonest. 
Pl. c-xxxvu, a, shows the usual form of stand. The design is 
painted in red, and around the lip is a series of small conventional- 
ized heads. Fig. b has two large heads, and the base is pierced by 
circles in the style of the stone stands, a feature which more closely 
approximates the stone type in fig. d, which belongs to Red Ware. 
Fig. f has a series of small heads on both the top and the bottom edge, 
while c has a series of incised hatched triangles on the inner rim of 





368 POTTERY OF COSTA “RIGA AWN DONICARAGUA 


the base. Fig. e differs from the others in being cylindrical, with a 
flaring lip. Fig. 260, a, is a rather unusual piece, which, from the 
presence of “‘fish-fins,”’ probably belongs in the Tripod Ware group. 
There are two large faces on the sides. Fig. 260, b, shows the neck 





a b 


Fic, 260.—Pottery stands. a, Nicoya, Costa Rica; 6, Las Mercedes, 
Costa Rica. (Diameter of a, 6.5 in.) 


of a large vase which has been cut off evenly, apparently for use 
as a stand. There is a crude incised design on the side, probably 
cut after the specimen had been reworked. 


LARGE POTTERY HEADS 


A common find in the Highland area consists of large stone heads 
of the type seen in pl. cLxxxvitl, c. This example is about half life- 
size, and wears a conical hat. The “weeping eye” is indicated by 
incised lines under the eyes. The use of these heads is not known, 
but they probably are related to the heads held in the hand by a group 
of stone figures, of which an example is given in fig. 185, a. As these 
statues often have a weapon in the other hand, it has already been 
suggested that the heads represent those of sacrificed captives—we 
know that the Guetar held regular sacrifices every moon, and the 
stone heads may be commemorative of else symbolic of such cere- 
monies. In addition to the stone heads there is a smaller group of 
heads of equal size made of clay. 

The locality in which the pottery heads are found is limited to Las 
Mercedes and the immediate vicinity. Outside of Costa Rica the 
closest parallel is found in the effigy jars of Peru, yet it would be 
futile to suggest direct connection. The large pottery heads from 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXVII 


= = 


ee A Se SS 


= S 











POTTERY STANDS 
a-c, f—COSTA RICA. d, €—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. (HEIGHT, 2 IN. TO 4 IN.) 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXVIII 





POTTERY AND STONE HEADS 
a, Cc, €é, f{—COSTA RICA. 0—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. (HEIGHT, 5 IN. TO 6 IN.) 


i 





LARGE PODTERY HEADS 369 


Ecuador are not comparable either to Peruvian or to Costa Rican 
types in style, and artistically they outclass the Costa Rican forms 
entirely, being equal if not superior in modeling to the Peruvian 
pieces. So far as we know, Colombia and Chiriqui have produced 
nothing comparable to them. 

Among the Costa Rican pottery heads three main subdivisions 
may be recognized. ‘The first type is similar to the stone example 
just presented. They are crowned by conical hats, which, in the 
more workable medium of clay,.are seen to be made of straw. While 
the pieces in this group are not solid, they are very heavy, for the 
walls are about an inch thick. The surface usually is covered by a 
dark-red wash not unlike that of Red-lip Ware. A fine example is 





a | b 
Fic. 261.—Large pottery heads, Costa Rica. (Height, 5.5 in.) 


shown in fig. 261, a. The features, except the eyes, are modeled with 
considerable realism, and the treatment of the cheeks admirably sug- 
gests the bony structure beneath. The ears are pierced and earrings 
were doubtless once attached. Fig. 261, b, differs principally in 
the treatment of the hat. Pl. cLxxxvu, a, b,. apparently repre- 
sent the same face, in the one case seen with a faint smile and in 
the other shown in repose. 

A second group consists of heads with very thick walls, made from 
the typical sandy paste of the Appliqué Wares, and usually covered 
with a dull-orange wash. From the example in pl. cLxxxvill, e, it 
will be noted that the ears are not treated with the realism displayed 
by the preceding group, that the method of dressing the hair is in- 


370 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


dicated by broad grooves, and that the eye-balls and teeth are ac- 
centuated by white filling placed in incisions. These characters fit 
the group as a whole. Pl. cCLXXXIX, a, is a very similar specimen, 
the hair of which has been arranged in a slightly different fashion, 
although the treatment is the same. The profile view shows that the 
maker was unable to render, in a realistic way, the brow ridges and 
root of the nose, although this part of the countenance is well worked 
out in the preceding type (fig. 261). 

A third class of heads is distinguished primarily by thin walls and 
usually has the slip characteristic of Red Ware. Pl. cLxxxvul, f, 
shows a bald-head individual of this class. The ears and eyes are 
depicted in the style of the first group considered, but the mouth 1s 
rendered by an oval opening fringed with spikes representing the 
teeth. Pl. cLxxxix, 0, is a similar 
specimen on which the hair is in- 
dicated and the eye-balls have once 
been filled with white paint. The 
side view shows difficulty in model- 
ing the bridge of the nose, and also 
discloses a pierced lug on the top of 
the head by means of which it might 
be suspended. » Plisgis an saat 
also belongs in the thin-walled 
group, but differs from: the others 
in the whitish wash which once cov- 
ered it and in the addition of black 
and red decoration, now largely 
rubbed off. 

Very rarely effigy jars based on 





Fic. 262.—Effigy jar, Puris- 
cal, Costa Rica. (Height, 4 in.) the large clay head type are en- 


countered. Fig. 262 shows an ex- 


ample painted in the style of Tripod Ware of the painted group. 
The features of this piece are very clear-cut and the modeling strong. 
The teeth and also the ears have been filled with white, and the latter 
are pierced by large plugs. The nose, brows, cheeks, and chin are 
unusually well rendered. The color scheme is as follows: the base 
color is dull-orange, over which there is red on the chin and purple 
on the cap and ears. The purple field is traversed by broad incised 
lines which once were filled with white plaster. 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXIX 





POTTERY HEADS. COSTA RICA 
(COURTESY OF M. H. SAVILLE) 





F; « 
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HIGHLAND FIGURINES 


SES Lic AS IN Hees 


371 


In treating the pottery of the Pacific region, figurines and whistles 
were grouped together. In the Highland region both objects are 





b 








Fic. 263.—Figurines, Costa Rica. (Height of 6, 4.5 in.) 


much less common, and while whistles (and rattles also) are almost 
always of figurine form, there is such specialization that they are 


more conveniently segregated. 


The human figure is common among Highland figurines, and sev- 


eral types may be recognized. Pl. cxc, a, 
represents a group marked by a buff-colored 
paste and by legs of which the extremities 
have been pinched into two cusps in the man- 
ner of the so-called “Archaic” figurines 
which are found from Salvador northward to 
the Valley of Mexico. This figure undoubt- 
edly portrays a warrior, because he wears a 
helmet and bears a shield on the back. The 
helmet is apparently made of wads of cotton 
and suggests the modern aviator’s helmet. 
The shield is decorated with a crude face. Fig. 
263, a, shows a man wearing a similar helmet, 





Pig. 264. =) Lingy 
rattle, Las Mercedes, 
Costa Rica. (Height, 
2.5 40,) 


372 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


but the shield has been replaced by a sheaf of arrows. Fig. 263, c, 
represents the Alligator god, while pl. cxc, b, which portrays the same 





Fic. 265.—Miniature canoe, Costa Rica. (Length, 5 in.) 


deity, is a rattle made of the same kind of clay as the preceding 
specimens. 

A second type of human figurine can be identified with Curridabat 
Ware. The example in fig. 264, which forms a rattle, has the slip and 
paint characteristic of 
eroup B of this ware. 
Fig. 263, b, is an unusually 
fine example which shows 
a male figure seated on a 
stool. 

Fig. 265 is unique in the 
experience of the author. 


FIG. 266.—Boat-shape vessel, Costa Rica. It represents a canoe with 
(Length, 9.5 in.) three paddlers and a cox- 






































A 





Rn i 


ih 


LHSIFH) 


VOIYH VLSOO ‘SHGa0yuaW SVT 


(NI € ‘Q ‘°NI » ‘2 GNW D 


“SANIYN SISA 





VWNOVAVOIN ONY VOIN VLSOD AO AYS1L10d—dOuYH LOT 


DX “Id 


( 
ase 
: : 
rc 
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“ 





HIGHLAND FIGURINES 373 


swain. The canoe rests upon 
a prostrate human figure, of 
which the legs are seen, the 
head unfortunately having 
been broken off. The figures 
within the canoe are all 
greatly mutilated, yet their 
original positions may be 
judged from the hand grasp- 
ing a paddle on the side. 
The origin of this form 
can be traced through Boruca 








Fic. 268. — Figurines, 
Costa Rica. (Height of a, 3 
in.; of b, 4.5 in.) 





Fic. 267.—Figurine, Costa Rica. (Height, 
By lens, 


to Chiriqui. Fig. 266 shows a canoe- 
shape vessel made of debased Chocolate 
Ware clay and slip. On the sides are in- 
cised patterns and there are small modeled 
human figures perched in the bow and 
stern. Pl. cxcit, b, shows a vessel with 
similar modeled figures, but with the gen- 
eral outline reduced to more usual pot- 
tery limits than the last two specimens. 
This form runs directly into types found 
in the Chiriqui Scarified and Tripod 
Wares. 

Not only may figurine types be traced 
to Chiriqui, but figurines, particularly 
human figures of the group known as 
Alligator Ware, identical with those of 
that region, are found in the Highlands. 
These consist of seated females with 
wide-spread legs, often nursing a child. 
A group of this class, found in the High- 
lands, is seen in pl. Cxcl, a-c, and a more 
detailed drawing is given in fig. 268. 
Shown in a is one of a pair of identical 
twins found in the Highland region. Fig. 


374 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


267, a particularly pleasing genre group, shows two figures seated on 
a large stool, one dressing the hair of the other. The presence of this 








é 





Fic. 269.—a-c, Bird effigy whistles, Costa Rica; d-g, Figurines representing 
dogs, Costa Rica. (Length, 1.5 in. to 3 in.) 
type in Nicoya has already been discussed (page 260), and its re- 
lationship to the so-called “Archaic” theory will be treated later 
(see page 402). 

Chiriqui forms representing animals, dogs or jaguars, are shown 
in fig. 269, d, e. These specimens are decorated with Alligator Ware 
patterns. Figs. f and g are also animal, executed in Highland Red 
Ware style, the nature of which is not evident. 

Another class of figurines is derived from a form best known in 
the Ulua valley in Honduras. 
This consists of an animal 
supporting on its back an- 
other and smaller animal of 
the same form. PI. cxcl, e, 
is from Honduras, and f is 
from Costa Rica. The latter 
so closely resembles e in 
paste and general finish that 
I believe it a trade piece. Fig. 
270, however, shows a speci- 
men made in Highland Red 


Fic. 270.—Red Ware figurine, Las Mer- Ware style, which was found 
cedes, Costa Rica. (Length, 2 in.) at Las Mercedes. 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXCI 





d 


FIGURINES 
a-C-—CHIRIQUI TYPE, COSTA RICA. d, f—COSTA RICA. @—ULUA VALLEY, HONDURAS 








WHISTLES 375 


WHISTLES 


Whistles are almost invariably in 
effigy forms, among which the bird is 
most frequently found. Fig. 271, c, 
is a Chocolate Ware example which 
has two heads placed on a single 
body. Fig. 272, b, is a composite 
form made up of several units, among 
which the bird predominates. Fig. 
269, a-c, show a series of double 
whistles based on bird forms. Fig. c 
has two mouthpieces joined to a sin- 
gle body, but a and b represent two 
birds side by side, each of which has 
a mouthpiece. Fig. 272, a, shows an 
example with a single mouthpiece 
containing two tubes. 

Other animal forms are sometimes 
found. Among these the alligator 
is common, and an example which re- 
calls the figurines of the Pacific Setar ep aan GPa te ste 
region is given in pl. cxct, d. Fig.  ruca, Costa Rica (width, 2 in.); 
272, c, is a finely worked specimen b, Costa Rica (width, 3 in.); 


; ; c, Tierra Blanca, Cartago, Costa 
representing an unknown animal. Rica (width, 3 in.). 








C 


Fic. 272.—a, Whistle, Anita Grande, Costa Rica (height, 1.5in.);6, Whistle, 
ene Costa Rica (height, 2.1 in.); c, Rattle, Costa Rica (height, 
i077 10=): 


376 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA “AND NICARAGUA 


Vegetal shapes also occur. Fig. 271, b, is a double whistle repre- 
senting two gourds joined by the stems. The mouthpiece is placed 
at the junction. Fig. 271, a, is perhaps also a vegetal type. 


RA TiS 


Every Guetar family must have been amply provided with rattles, 
for the legs of tripod vessels and the handles of incense burners often 





CG 


FIG. 273.—a-c, Rattles, Costa Rica (length of a, 2.5 in.; of b, 3.5 in.; of c, 





a 





d 


4.25 in.); d, Problematical vessel, Costa Rica (diameter, 4.5 in.). 


contained pellets of clay. Sometimes complete vessels were closed 
across the mouth and served as rattles. An example of this usage is 
seen in fig. 274, which in its lateral aspect appears as a vessel in- 
termediate in type between Curridabat and Stone Cist Wares, pierced 
by two long slits on each side. The top view, however (fig. 273, d), 
shows that the opening has been sealed except for a small aperture. 























Fic. 274.—Problematical vessel, Costa 
Rica. (Width, 4.25 in.) 


The usual pottery rattle forms 
are effigies, among which the 
gourd is especially common, due 
doubtless to the frequent use of 
this receptacle “asvaneateee 
series of the clay vegetal shapes 
is shown in fig. 273, a-c, all of 
which represent Cucurbita 
lagenaria. Animals and men of 
the figurine and whistle shapes 
are sometimes used as rattles 
(fig. 264), but especially charac- 


RATILES—DRUMS OW Ts 





feristic.of the rattle class are 
small figurines set on columns, 
like plecxc co. which is a Red 
Ware specimen. In b of the 
same plate, which is a rattle rep- 
resenting the Alligator god, the 
body and base have been treated 
in a manner suggesting the col- 
umn of c. 








DRUMS 


Pottery drums from the Pa- 
cific region have already been 
described at some length (page 
275). On the Atlantic side they 
are very much less common. 
They are found occasionally in 





Highland Polychrome Ware, ee ie 
= FIG. 275.—Pottery drum, Yellow-line 
however, and fig. 275 shows a ~~ Ware, Costa Rica. (Height, 5.25 in.) 





Fic, 276.—a, Whistle, Costa Rica (height, 3.5 in.); 6, Drum, Costa Rica; 
c, Miniature drum. 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


378 





tet; 


. 
. 


(diame 
, Costa Rica 


Costa Rica 


’ 


a 


ings 
Las Mercedes 


bf 


b 


) 


Pottery r 


rE 
1.25 in 


as 


FIG 


; 
id 


SNISARDDK Dtha HAs 





Las Mercedes, 


1ca 


drical stamps, 


in 
Costa R 


from cyl 


—Designs 


278. 


FIG. 


POTTERY RINGS AND STAMPS 379 


fine example painted with Yellow-line patterns. A handle is formed 
along one side by a large modeled alligator, and the upper lip is 
slightly compressed for the attachment of the drum-head. Fig. 276, 
b, is a small, crudely made drum with a modeled figure on the side. 
Fig. c is a drum effigy and a is a small whistle shaped like a drum. 


POW BER Ye RUNGSs 


Fig. 277 shows two rings made of pottery. The “fish-fins’’ on 
the sides of b, as well as the nature of the paste, serve to connect 
these objects with Tripod Ware of the Mercedes group. Their use 
is unknown. 


POU GH Ree SIAM ES 


Cylindrical stamps of pottery from the Pacific region have been 
discussed (see page 281). In the Highland region very similar 
types are found, differing somewhat in the nature of the designs. 
Two patterns from Las Mercedes are shown in fig. 278. The first 
of these (a) is of the incised type common on the Pacific coast; in 
b the background has been cut away, leaving a bold design in relief. 


CHAPTER VII 


BORUCA 


EFORE leaving the subject of Costa Rican pottery, something 
must be said about the southern part of the republic, and an 
attempt must be made to show the connection between the 

Highland remains and the well-known types from the Province of 
Chiriqui in Panama. The southern portion of Costa Rica is divided 
into two parts by the Cordilleras, which in places reach a height 
exceeding fourteen thousand feet. The Atlantic watershed is known 
as Talamanca, and the Pacific as Boruca. The former has yielded 
little if any archeological material. The graves on the Pacific side, 
however, have been rifled in many places in search of gold. Unfor- 
tunately no archeologist has penetrated this region, and the specimens 
which have found their way to civilization have usually been mingled 
with Highland collections without proper labeling. 

Such being the case, an elaborate exposition of ceramic types is 
impossible, yet a word may be said about general forms. As long 
ago as 1869 the traveler von 
Frantzius wrote that the objects 
from the graves at Buenos Aires 
“show that the inhabitants of this 
region belong to the same race as 
the ancient population of Chiri- 
qui, that is, the Cueva Indians. 
At the time of the Conquest this 
race . . . extended towards 
the North as far as the Moun- 
tains of Dota.” This statement 
can be but little amplified today, 
and it may be laid down as a fact 
that the frontier of the Chiriqui 
archeological region is the Cordi- 
llera de la Candelaria which over- 
locks the plains of Dota. How- 
ever, although Chiriqui ceramic 





FIG. 279.—Vase of southern Costa ; : 
Rican type. (Height, 7 in.) forms, especially the Alligator 


380 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXCII 





POTTERY TYPES FROM SOUTHERN COSTA RICA 


be 


yy 





BORUCA 381 


Ware, predominate in Boruca, local modifications exist of which a 
few may be noted. 

Firstly, in regard to the Alligator Ware, it seems that a special 
shape is found in Boruca. This consists of large shallow tripod 
bowls of the type seen in pl. cxcrt, a. The inner rim is the principal 
field of decoration, and the patterns, while painted in Chiriqui style, 
show rather more resemblance to the Highland Simple Painted Wares 
than do those of Chiriqui proper. A second form, found in Chiriqui 
but more common in Boruca, is the boat-shape tripod bowl seen in 
pl. cxcu, b. This class of vessels has received comment (page 372). 

Finally, attention should be called to tall vases of the type seen 
in pl. cxcu, c-f. This shape is rarely, if ever, found in Chiriqui, but 
is not uncommon in Boruca, and sometimes it occurs in the Highland 
area. Fig. 279 shows a vessel of this type with only one handle, 
below which are small buttons of clay suggesting the alligator scute 
motive. The closest parallel to this Borucan group appears to be 
the tall vases found in the Andean region of northern South America. 

In regard to other archeological features of southern Costa Rica 
the reader is referred to Appendix I, where all known information 
will be found under the various sites. 


\5 


~ 





eigee TAY 
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 





I—SUMMARY 


E have now completed our description of the aboriginal 

\\ ceramics of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and shall turn from 

the detailed to the more general problems. The picture pre- 
sented is perhaps not entirely a fair one, for several reasons. In 
the first place, the pieces selected for illustration represent the better 
class of vessels, or perhaps we should say the more striking vessels, of 
each type. Secondly, we have tended to overemphasize the more elab- 
orate forms, a justifiable procedure perhaps, because through these 
more can usually be learned. In the same way undue importance has 
been given to transitional specimens. Finally, in the presentation of 
the subject numerous classifications and developmental series of de- 
signs have been set forth which, while useful mechanisms for placing 
the general facts before the reader, are somewhat fraudulent in rep- 
resenting actual conditions, for it must be remembered that the 
aboriginal potter was totally unconscious of any such classificatory 
system and probably rarely would recognize our design series. 

The reader who has followed the great number of small points 
presented, the series of designs, and constant interrelation of forms, 
will perhaps be more confused than enlightened, and it will be well, 
therefore, before proceeding further, to recapitulate and touch again 
on the salient features of the various wares. 


PAC IEIC AREA 


The western coast of Nicaragua and Costa Rica as far south as 
the Point of Herradura forms an archeological unit which has been 
called the Pacific area (fig. 1). Within this area two main types 
of ceramic remains are found, which have been named Polychrome 
and Monochrome, according to the type of decoration. Intermediate 
between the major groups are several wares—Black-line, Managua, 
and Nandaime—which partake of the nature of both and are there- 
fore transitional in character. 

The most important Polychrome group has been designated Nicoya 
Polychrome Ware. It is found from the Peninsula of Nicoya to 
Fonseca bay, but is especially typical of southwestern Nicaragua and 
northwestern Costa Rica. It includes many local variants which 
cannot be classed separately without further data. 


385 


386 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


The common Nicoya Polychrome Ware vessels are egg- or peat- 
shape jars, set on annular bases or tripod legs, and tripod bowls sup- 
ported by legs shaped like animal heads. Effigy jars with animal 
heads attached to the sides and arms, and legs modeled in low relief, 
are common. 

The painted designs are of various colors outlined in black. They 
occur within bands on the neck and base of jars, on the rims of bowls, 
and also upon the floors of bowls. The patterns at first glance appear 
to be largely geometric, but study shows that almost all of them are 
derived from animal prototypes. While many of the animals can be 
identified with certainty, attempts at realism are very rare in the 
painted decoration, although not uncommon in the modeled designs. 
Each animal is usually the basis for several derived patterns, which 
may all come from the primary form or which may be derived from 
each other. The animals commonly represented in the painted technic 
are not those characteristic of the modeled forms, with the exception 
of the jaguar and the monkey, as shown by the following list: 


Modeled Animals Painted Animals 

Turkey. Man. 
Macaw. Jaguar. 
Jaguar. Plumed Serpent. 
Monkey. Two-headed Dragon. 
Armadillo. Monkey. 
Human Head. Crab. 

Scorpion. 

Alligator. 


Under-slip Incised Ware, as its name indicates, was incised before 
the application of the slip, through which the pattern is visible. The 
motives exhibited include the Earth Monster, the Feathered Serpent 
and its derivatives, and various simple geometric forms. In addition 
this ware is decorated with designs painted in Nicoya Polychrome 
style. The distribution is from Lake Nicaragua to the Nicoya penin- 
sula. Similarly decorated vessels with related designs are found 
near Vera Cruz in Mexico. 

Luna Ware also belongs in the Polychrome group. It is found 
from northern Guanacaste (Costa Rica) to north-central Nicaragua, 
but appears to center on the islands of Lake Nicaragua and the 
country to the east. Its most obvious characteristic is a creamy-white 
slip on which patterns are painted in a thin-line technic. The shapes 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


a Mar 


Jee ee ee | 


PL. CXCIII 








PS cael 
(tats 


HUMAN FIGURE——W—__—_" 


ite > 
Mi 
oo 












TWO-HEADED 
DRAGON 


SCORPION 
“4 
SS 


San 





SILHOUETTE 
ALLIGATOR ALLIGATOR 


MONKEY 











fF = 35/657. 


boy Ce Fes 
Bo Hy 
Use ff xo af a AR 
AA Sass eas 








weesKqK 


UNDER-SLIP INCISED WARE 





SHAPES 


WINGED HEAD JAGUAR MONKEY 


LUNA WARE 


POLYCHROME WARES 







mm P 
oe fT 12] 

; D if 
om eo) 
a S 
Y/ a YY 
jj y 


— MANAGUA WARE————~ 











NANDAIME WARE 


INTERMEDIATE WARES 








PALMAR WARE —/ 





MODELED U——_—_——_ ZAPATERO WARE ——_ ~~ 
ALLIGATOR WARE 


MONOCHROME WARES 


FORMS AND DECORATIVE MOTIVES OF THE POTTERY OF THE PACIFIC AREA 








PACIFIC ARBAWPOTTERY 387 


are limited almost entirely to bowls, often supported by tripod legs or 
annular bases. No effigy vessels are found—a sharp contrast to 
Nicoya Polychrome Ware. ‘The designs are derived almost entirely 
from those of Nicoya Polychrome Ware. Although they are taken 
from animal prototypes, they usually appear as purely geometric, and 
the animal forms can be recognized only through study of the steps 
in conventionalization of which they are the result. ‘The life motives 
commonly portrayed are: 


Plumed Serpent. Human Head. 
Jaguar. Monkey. 
“Winged Head.” 


Three wares occupy an intermediate position between the Poly- 
chrome group and the Monochrome Wares, which are decorated 
chiefly by incising. Of these Managua Ware is rarely found except 
between the two great lakes of Nicaragua. The shape is a bowl with 
flaring rim, supported by solid tripod legs. The painted designs are 
either the plumed serpent or closely allied bird patterns. Incised mo- 
tives are often found on the bowl floors, recalling the Aztec “pepper- 
grater” bowls. Nandaime Ware has a distinguishing red slip, but 
it is allied to the Polychrome Wares by the nature of the modeled 
and painted decoration. A specialized class of Nandaime Ware 
bowls is set on bulbous tripod legs and has incised designs on the 
floor. The distribution is from central Guanacaste along the Pacific 
coast probably as far as Fonseca bay. Nuicoya Black-line Ware 1s 
found characteristically in central Guanacaste. The slip may be white 
or red, or there may be no slip. Modeled forms are taken from the 
Monochrome Wares. Painted patterns are either distinctive of the 
ware or are taken from the Polychrome group. 

The Monochrome Wares are distinguished by their shapes, color, 
and methods of decoration. The first four to be considered, Choco- 
late, Black, Orange-Brown, and Red Wares, are named from the 
color of their slips. The decorations are modeled and incised. White 
paint is often rubbed into the incised patterns, producing a very pleas- 
ing effect. The incised designs are largely geometric, although a few 
life forms are found. Motives are often built up through combina- 
tions of hatched triangles, diagonals, squares, frets, etc. Effigy ves- 
sels are particularly common in these wares, and modeled heads, etc., 
are often applied to the exterior walls in a fashion found also in 
the Polychrome Wares. The life forms represented are: 


388 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Human Figure. Monkey. 
Alligator God. Turtle. 
Alligator. Jaguar. 
Great Horned Owl. Armadillo. 


Snake (rare). 


The other Monochrome Wares are named Palmar, Modeled Alli- 
gator, and Zapatero Wares. Palmar Ware is a local group distin- 
guished by simple patterns, made by a very broad incised line, which 
are emphasized by touches of red paint. Modeled Alligator Ware is 
made of a coarse unslipped clay, and each vessel is usually provided 
with a cover on which is placed a large modeled figure of an ailigator, 
while the sides of the cover and the base are adorned with small 
lumps representing alligator scutes. Zapatero Ware includes the 
large burial urns and smaller allied forms. The clay is coarse, but 
the outer surface is usually well burnished, and often adorned by 
broad red lines and small modeled figures of distinctive types. 


HIGHLAND AREA 


The territory lying east of the Gulf of Nicoya to the Atlantic has 
been called the Highland area. Its pottery falls into four main 
groups, designated Polychrome, Simple Painted, Monochrome, and 
Appliqué Wares. 

Highland Polychrome Ware is not a large and important group 
numerically, as is the Polychrome pottery of Nicoya, and, indeed, 
the patterns and shapes are almost all borrowed from the Pacific 
region, although they have often been considerably modified in their 
new environment. 

The Simple Painted Wares include Red-line, Yellow-line, W hite- 
line, Black-line, and Lost-color Wares. The first four are dis- 
tinguished by patterns painted in the color indicated upon a red or 
rarely a cream slip. The patterns are geometric or are derived from 
the Chiriqui Alligator motive. The most common shape is the tripod 
bowl supported by animal heads, but cach ware contains a subgroup 
of shapes derived from the Appliqué Wares. Lost-color Ware is 
decorated with negative painting, a process involving the use of wax 
to cover certain areas while the vessel is being dyed a dark color, 
after which the wax is removed, revealing the original undyed surface 
which forms the pattern. 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXCIV 





ue —————PLUMED SERPENT 


FEATHER MOTIVE 





WH—_____________ aL 1GaToR ———_—_—__— 






(ee 





K 
i 





WME 


u—___—————_LOST-COLOR WARE 


SIMPLE PAINTED WARES 





RED WARE — 











© 











MAROON 
INCISED WARE 





RED-LIP WARE———_—_———_~ 


MONOCHROME WARES 









— TRIPOD WARE 











STONE CIST WARE ~ u HANDLED WARE af 














APPLIQUE WARES 


FORMS AND DECORATIVE MOTIVES OF HIGHLAND WARES 





i 








4 ieee rt wage ie daa metese move EDA it VE 





a 





HIGHLAND AREA POTTERY 389 


Highland Monochrome Wares are Maroon Incised, Chocolate, 
Red-lip, and Red Wares. The first, which is allied to Lost-color 
Ware, is marked by incised patterns on vessels with a maroon slip. 
Chocolate Ware is connected with the similar ware of the Pacific area 
which it was the evident design of the makers to copy. Red-lip Ware, 
as its name implies, has a red lip, beneath which is a broad, unslipped, 
buff band on which the decoration—painted, modeled, or incised— 
is placed. This small group shows affiliation with part of the Nicoya 
Black-line group. Red Ware is marked primarily by its slip. On the 
basis of shape and decoration it may be divided into two groups, one 
of which is connected with the Pacific area, while the other differs 
from Stone Cist Ware only in the clay and slip. 

The Appliqué Wares, on the whole the group most typical of the 
Highland region, are four in number: Curridabat, Tripod, Stone Cist, 
and Handled Wares. They are all marked by thick walls made of 
clay containing much sand and by decoration consisting of small 
buttons and ribbons of clay applied to their outer walls. 

Curridabat Ware falls in two groups, one of which is distinguished 
by the presence of one or more small ridges encircling the neck or 
shoulder, while the other consists of smaller vessels with painted 
designs and a slip of similar type but without the encircling ridge. 
Decoration is painted, appliqué, modeled, and incised, but all the 
forms are very simple. The most characteristic embellishment con- 
sists of patterns made with rows of applique buttons, which represent 
alligator scutes. | 

Tripod Ware consists of vessels set on tall tripod legs, which either 
represent animals or else have the modeled form of an animal placed 
upon them. Variation in the shape and animals represented makes 
it possible to divide this ware into local groups which are scattered 
from Peru (Recuay valley) to Honduras (Bay islands). 

Stone Cist Ware consists of globular jars, often set on short tripod 
legs and decorated by small modeled animal figures or appliqué but- 
tons and ribbons of clay. The modeled forms represented are the 
alligator, man, tree frog, and snake. | 

Handled Ware is similar in clay to Stone Cist Ware, but is less 
elaborately decorated. It is marked by the presence of large handles, 
and may be subdivided into three classes: vessels with a single handle, 
vessels with paired vertical handles, vessels with paired horizontal 
handles. 


390 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


LI-—-POTLTERY TYPEStAND EUS ii ie 
PEOPLES 


THE most obvious problem confronting the student of the arche- 
ology of southern Central America is the correlation of archeological 
finds with the tribes described by early historians. Previous studies 
have made but little headway with this problem, and the writer cannot 
add much beyond a discussion of pottery distribution as herein 
described in relation to the historic peoples. 


PACIEI Cea Ri 


The Pacific coast of Nicaragua and of northern Costa Rica, which 
forms an archeological unit described in this work as the Pacific area, 
was populated in the sixteenth century by four distinct linguistic 
stocks: Chorotega, Nahua, Chibcha, and Maribio. The Nahua stock 
was represented by comparatively recent settlers who had come from 
Mexico; the Chibcha were a South American group, which extended 
from Ecuador across the Highlands of Colombia as far north as 
Nicaragua ; the Chorotega, the most numerous people of this region, 
were of unknown origin, but traditionally the Chorotega had been 
inhabitants of the land for a long period. The Maribio are linguis- 
tically connected with the north. 

Nicoya Polychrome Ware is found in the Peninsula of Nicoya, 
the Isthmus of Rivas, the islands of Lake Nicaragua, the western 
coast of Nicaragua, and sometimes in Salvador. While this embraces 
the territory of the Nicarao, a Nahua tribe, yet certain designs taken 
over from Maya sources indicate that this ware as a whole antedates 
the arrival of the Nicarao in Nicaragua. It may therefore be stated 
with confidence that most but not all of the Nicoya Polychrome Ware 
is the handiwork of the Chorotega. To this people also, on the ground 
of distribution, may be assigned Chocolate Ware, Black Ware, 
Orange-Brown Ware, perhaps Red Ware, and Modeled Alligator 
Ware. 

Managua Ware is a small group with limited shapes, designs, and 
distribution. From the latter it may be argued with plausibility that 
it is Chorotegan pottery and that it was made by a certain tribe, the 
Mangue, within whose territory practically all specimens have been 
found. 

Nandaime Ware extends from northern Guanacaste (Costa Rica) 
to Nandaime in Nicaragua. It is improbable that the type site rep- 


Peaeueky LY PES*ANDs HISTORIC: PEOPLES 391 


resents the northern limit of distribution. We may expect that Nan- 
daime Ware extends at least as far as Fonseca bay, thus including 
the former territory of the Subtiaba, the principal Maribio tribe. 
However, it would be rash to attribute it exclusively to the Subtiaba 
in view of its extension to the south into Costa Rica. The facts as 
now known indicate that it was manufactured both by the Subtiaba 
(Maribio) and the Chorotega. 

The presence of the Nahua in Nicaragua and Costa Rica is well 
established and the time of their arrival is roughly known, so that 
it is perplexing to be unable to attribute archeological remains to 
them. Especially in the case of the Nicarao we should expect definite 
relics. However, although the writer has examined with care a large 
collection from Tola, the reputed center of their domain, he cannot 
prove that they alone manufactured any of the wares herein described. 
Nevertheless, the influence of the Nahua is seen in designs found over 
a very much wider territory than they themselves ever occupied. 

Most striking of the Mexican patterns are the representations of 
the Earth Monster found on the Under-slip Incised Ware. How- 
ever, the distribution of Under-slip Incised Ware, embracing Guana- 
caste, the Peninsula of Nicoya, and the islands of Lake Nicaragua, 
as well as the territory of the Nicarao on the Isthmus of Rivas, ap- 
parently precludes its manufacture solely by the Nicarao. Other 
patterns of Mexican character appear on Nicoya Polychrome Ware, 
among which the Man-and-Jaguar and the Mexican form of Plumed 
Serpent are especially striking, yet they are relatively rare motives 
and do not warrant attributing this ware to the Nicarao in the face 
of overwhelming geographic evidence to the contrary. 

As an explanation of the dearth of Nahuatl archeological remains, 
it is suggested that the Mexican invaders were warriors who acquired 
wives from the surrounding tribes. As the women were probably the 
potters, it would follow that the Nicarao ceramic types would reflect 
those of their neighbors, influenced, however, to a slight extent by 
the religious symbolism introduced by the men of the tribe. 

The only Chibchan tribe in the Pacific area was the Corobici. 
Lehmann (1910) has attributed to them a part of the ceramic group 
described in this work as Nicoya Black-line Ware. This step is as 
yet unproved, but present indications suggest it strongly, although 
the presence of this ware in sites remote from the Corobici shows that 
it was manufactured also by their neighbors, the Orotifia (Chorotega). 


392 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


The tribes living east and north of the Nicaraguan lakes are known 
as the Ulva. To them may be tentatively attributed, in part at least, 
Luna and Zapatero Wares. The former extends from Guanacaste 
to the borders of Honduras, so that the greater part of it falls in 
Ulvan territory. Zapatero Ware cannot be so definitely delimited, 
but it is very definitely associated with Luna Ware at several sites. 


HIGHLAND AREA 


The Guetar are the only people of whom we have historical knowl- 
edge in the Highland area. In view of the general uniformity of 
archeological types, all remains are probably the handiwork of this 
tribe. 


III—CULTURAL RELATIONS AND 
CHRONOLOGY 


Crvyiizations do not stand alone, but in interrelated groups. Thus 
there is a European civilization composed of many elements which 
vary with time and locality, but which form a cohesive unit, cemented 
by deep-reaching conceptions, such as Christianity, the Renaissance, 
etc. Similarly in the New World there are great culture complexes, 
each made up of smaller units, the product of local and chronological 
variation. 

The area under discussion furnishes the meeting-ground for two 
such culture complexes, which may be designated the Middle Ameri- 
can and the Northwestern South American civilizations. The former 
embraces the region from central Mexico to western Nicaragua and 
the Nicoya peninsula; the latter extends from Costa Rica through 
Panama and Colombia to Ecuador. 

The Middle American area has developed several virile civiliza- 
tions, most notably the Maya, Toltec, and Aztec. Each of these 
peoples had attained their development through the course of many 
centuries, and they differed from each other in that the Maya had 
developed their own culture while the Aztec were barbarians until 
the fourteenth century, when they took over the civilization of the 
Toltec, who in turn were culture borrowers from the Maya. Other 
peoples also attained distinctive and relatively high development in 
this area, especially the Zapotec, Huastec, Tarascan, and Totonac in 
Mexico, and the Lenca in Honduras and Salvador. 

The Northwestern South American area is relatively unknown be- 
cause its archeology has been but little exploited and because no 


CULTURAL RELATIONS AND CHRONOLOGY 393 


Prescott has yet arisen to popularize its history. Its archeological 
unity is established by the presence of certain fundamental types, 
such as the cist graves, large carved stone slabs, stone chairs, etc., 
and by the general unity of the ceramic remains. The culture status 
of this region was only slightly lower than that of Mexico and Peru, 
from which it differed in never having been united under a single 
central government and in producing no great buildings of stone for 
future generations to admire. In the lesser arts, however, it had at- 
tained undoubted eminence, as is testified by the Spanish conquerors 
and by the objects revealed by the spade. 

An understanding of the development of culture ultimately depends 
on a knowledge of its chronology, and progress in this study may be 
most easily estimated by the extent and accuracy of the dating. 
Chronological studies in the Middle American field have received 
much impetus in recent years through the decipherment of Maya and 
Aztec dates, through their correlation with the Christian calendar, 
and through the discovery of stratified archeological remains in the 
Valley of Mexico. 

Thus far we have considered the pottery on the basis of form 
and decoration but without regard to age, because in the region dis- 
cussed no pre-Columbian dates are known, and archeological re- 
searches have disclosed no stratified human remains. However, the 
numerous comparisons we have made with Mexican and Mayan art 
enable us tentatively to segregate Nicaraguan and Costa Rican pot- 
tery into groups which are clearly affiliated with datable types. It 
is further possible to assign certain wares to the early part of the 
sixteenth century because they have been found in contact with 
European products such as glass and steel. 

This line of inquiry might well be pushed farther than it has, but 
such a course seems unprofitable until further excavation gives a 
means of checking the results. No attempt has been made to assign 
dates because no method exists for measuring the rate of the cul- 
tural drift to southern Central America. 

The pottery of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, especially that of the 
Pacific area, has stylistic relationship with the following remains of 
more or less known age: 

1. Maya of the Old Empire (third to seventh century «a.p.). 

Maya renaissance (eleventh to fifteenth century). 


Z 
3. Toltec Empire (at its height in the tenth and eleventh centuries). 
4. Aztec Empire (fourteenth to sixteenth century). 


394 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


CONTACT WITH THE MAYA OLD EMPIRE 


Maya history is divided into two periods of cultural advance. The 
first is known as the Old Empire, which dates roughly from the 
third to the seventh century a. p.* and which embraces geographically 
western Salvador, the lowlands of Guatemala, western Honduras, and 
the base of Yucatan peninsula. The second development is called 
the Renaissance, and flourished from the eleventh to the fifteenth 
century A. D., in the Peninsula of Yucatan and the Highlands of 
Guatemala, These major divisions differed greatly in their culture, 
and the influence of both may be perceived in the Pacific area. 

From a study of the large stone statues of the Pacific area it has 
been demonstrated (page 91) that: 

(1) Statues similar in style to those of the Pacific area were 
built into the foundations of Maya cities during the Old Empire, 
which they therefore antedate. 

(2) Certain statues show stylistic affiliation with the Tuxtla 
statuette, which bears the earliest Maya date yet discovered. 

(3) The Chorotega probably made the statues in question. 

(4) The Chorotega probably occupied the southern fringe of the 
Maya area and the northern part of Honduras before the advent of 
the Maya—about two thousand years ago. 

If this reasoning is correct, the Chorotega came into contact with 
the Maya before or at the beginning of the Old Empire, and we 
should expect to find the products of this contact, design borrowing 
and trade pieces, in the archeological remains. These conditions are 
actually fulfilled both in borrowed designs appearing on Nicoya 
Polychrome Ware and in trade pieces. 

Attention has already been called in the text to designs which 
have apparently been borrowed from Maya art of the Old Empire, 
and the reasons for believing that this took place explained. Especi- 
ally striking examples are furnished by the Seated Human Figure 
pattern (pls. Xxvi, xxvit), the Plumed Serpent, type A (pls. XLIv- 
xtv1), the Two-headed Dragon (pls. LVI, LX; figs. 59-61), and 
the Monkey, type E (pl. rxtx). The connection of these pat- 
terns with Maya art of the Old Empire is not only direct, but the 
forms in question so changed among the Maya in later times that the 
designs of the Pacific area could have been derived only from patterns 
of that period. 





1 These dates are. taken from inscriptions at important cities. It is quite probable that 
Old Empire art flourished much longer in marginal areas such as Salvador or the Ulua valley. 


CONTACT WITH MAYA 395 


The designs here referred to do not complete the list of borrowings 
from the Maya Old Empire, but are the most obvious examples. 
Taking into account these patterns and others which show direct con- 
nection with the Maya, together with linked designs (1. e. different 
designs appearing on the same vessel), the following Nicoya Poly- 
chrome Ware patterns may be listed as presumably of early origin: 


Seated Human Figure. Silhouette Jaguar, types A, B. 
Plumed Serpent, types A, E. Monkey, type E. 

Two-headed Dragon. Scorpion. 

Profile Human Head. Crab. 

Jaguar. 


Attention has been already called (page 115) to the close parallel 
between the Nicoya Polychrome Ware animal effigy jars and those 
of the so-called Plumbate or Glazed Ware. Plumbate Ware is 
demonstrably early, having been found in the tombs of the main 
structure at Copan and also with Maya remains in the Ulua valley 
and in Salvador. The treatment of animal forms in these two wares 
is often similar, and borrowing undoubtedly took place. The effigy 
jars of Nicoya Polychrome Ware which represent the human head, 
however, differ from those of Plumbate Ware, and the associated 
painted patterns indicate that they are a late development. 

A characteristic shape of 
Maya Polychrome pottery of 
the Old Empire is the cylin- 
drical jar or vase set on small 
oval tripod legs. This form 
is known, but is not common, 
in the Pacific area, and some- 
times it is found in Boruca 
and Chiriqui. The patterns 
associated with it in the Pa- 
cific area—the Monkey, type 
Pe(pletxix), and the Sil- 
houette Jaguar, type A (pl. 
xL)—fall in the early group 
per se, and their occurrence 
on the cylindrical jars forms 
another link tying them to 
the Maya area. 





Bs Fic. 280.—Plumbate Ware jar, Tola, 
The form of tripod bowl Nicaragua. (Height, 5 in.) 


396 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


supported by animal heads, from the data now available, appears to 
have been a Chorotegan or a Mexican invention and is not charac- 
teristic of the Maya area until later times. Toward the close of the 
Old Empire, however, especially in the Peten region, the Maya 
made shallow bowls or plates supported by vertical cylindrical legs. 
This type penetrated as far south as Nicaragua, as is attested by the 
specimen in fig. 94. This piece in turn appears to be the forerunner 
of the Luna Ware bowls with slightly flaring cylindrical legs (fig. 
93), which otherwise have no parallel in the Pacific area. 

In the way of trade pieces passing to the south, two examples are 
shown in figs. 280 and 281, both of which were found on the shores 





Fic. 281.—Maya bowl, Department of Occidente, Nicaragua. 
(Diameter, Io in.) 


of Lake Nicaragua. Fig. 280 is a Plumbate Ware effigy jar repre- 
senting a bearded human head. The date of this form cannot yet be 
settled, but a bearded type of effigy jar appears in Maya Polychrome 
pottery at least as early as the sixth century A. D., and bearded fig- 
ures are seen on dated stele of an earlier period. Fig. 281 is a ~ 
Maya tripod bowl of a form common in Salvador, on the side of 
which is a painted representation of the pelican. Other Mayan 
pieces have been found in Nicaragua, including a specimen of the 
Maya bottle with molded glyphs on the side. Plumbate Ware ves- 
sels have been found as far south as Chiriqui. 

Trade also took place northward as far as the Ulua valley, where 
amulets of Nicoya jade have been found. More important, however, 


CONTACT WITH MAYA 397 


from an archeological point of view, was the exchange or copying of 
Nicoya Polychrome Ware vessels. The specimen seen in fig. 22 
was discovered in the Ulua valley. The shape is a specialized one, 
characteristic of the region of Fonseca bay. A piece of similar 
shape, representing a bird, the wings treated as in the specimen in 
pl. xvi, b, was discovered by the Peabody Museum expedition in 
tomb 10 at Copan in association with vessels of Plumbate Ware. 
This important specimen fell to the share of the Honduras govern- 
ment and is now lost, but a photograph is preserved in the Peabody 
Museum. That the great pyramid at Copan dates from the Maya Old 
Empire seems beyond argument, and the presence of Nicoya Poly- 
chrome Ware in the tombs of that city proves them in part coeval. 
Quite a number of these vessels have been found in both the Lenca 
and the Maya districts of Salvador, but not under such conditions 
that dates can be assigned. 


CONTACT WITH THE MAYA RENAISSANCE 


At the close of the sixth century A. p., the Maya abandoned their 
southern cities and embarked on a period of wandering interrupted 
by temporary settlements. Finally, about the year 1000 a. p., the 
foundations of the great historic cities of Yucatan were laid and 
the Maya entered on a period usually called the Renaissance. All of 
the Maya, however, did not move to Yucatan; a large number settled 
in the Highlands of Guatemala. 

By these migrations the Maya became separated from the Pacific 
area, with which they had previously been in cultural contact, and, 
while formerly they had been the prime creators of culture in Central 
America, they now had to struggle for their existence. As a result 
they exerted little or no influence on their neighbors until they again 
came to a period of cultural advance in the eleventh century. 

In the Pacific area Maya Renaissance influence was exceedingly 
tenuous, and while suggestions of it occur, it is usually too indefinite 
for discussion. Some exceptions exist, however, notably the figure 
of a shark seen in fig. 142. This specimen furnishes a close parallel 
to late Maya pottery from the east coast of Yucatan and British 
Honduras, both in the subject portrayed and in the workmanship. It 
is further to be noted that Modeled Alligator Ware, to which this 
specimen belongs, offers similarities to the pottery of Amatitlan in 
Guatemala, also of late Maya manufacture. 

Another introduction of importance is the so-called Maya chocolate 


398 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


pot, a vessel which is not uncommon in the Monochrome Wares of the 
Pacific region. This shape involves a globular jar, usually with a 
neck and always with a spout (fig. 145). Its earliest appearance is 
probably in the Plumbate Ware, but it is not common until after 
the Great Period. This form is sometimes found in both Nicoya 
Polychrome and Monochrome Wares. 


CONTACT WITH TOLTEC AND AZTEG@ GU Ga Ges 


It has already been recounted (page 6 et seq.) that the break-up 
of the Toltec régime caused the migration of the Nicarao from 
Anahuac to Soconusco, whence they passed to Nicaragua in the be- 
ginning of the fifteenth century, while other bands settled on Fonseca 
bay, the mouth of San Juan river, and at Bagaces in Nicoya. From 
that time on, contact was probably maintained with the Nahua in- 
habitants of Salvador and also with Mexico, and it is recorded that 
Aztec traders came from Mexico to distant Panama. It is to be 
noted, however, that two distinct Mexican cultural streams reached 
Nicaragua. The first, borne by the Nicarao and similar tribes, was 
of Toltec origin, and, although it reached Nicaragua only in the fit- 
teenth century, it had left the central Mexican highland several cen- 
turies earlier. The second was the result of visits by Aztec traders, 
whose coming must have been sporadic and who left no permanent 
settlements. 

In distinguishing what is “Mexican” in the art of Nicaragua and 
Costa Rica we are confronted with a serious difficulty arising from 
the fact that the fundamental esthetic and religious symbolism of 
most Mexican tribes rests on the same bases as that of the Maya, if, 
indeed, it was not taken over directly from that people. Furthermore, 
it is by no means always easy to separate the products of the Mexican 
tribes from one another. Our comparisons, therefore, are limited to 
those forms which can be assigned with considerable accuracy. 

A survey of Mexican ceramics clearly indicates that the closest 
connection is with the district between Cholula and Vera Cruz. This 
is of especial interest, because Cholula was a great Toltec center, and 
because Ticomega and Maguatega, the legendary homes of the 
Nicarao, have been identified by Lehmann with existing towns in the 
region of Cholula. We thus find that archeology validates the na- 
tive migration legend. 

Of the specimens illustrated in these pages which support this idea, 
pl. xxx1 is a striking example, for, although obviously Nicaraguan 


CONTACTS WITH TOLTEG AND AZTEC 399 


in clay and workmanship, it closely resembles vessels of the so-called 
Cholula Ware (cf. Strebel, 1904, pl. 30). Examples of the Nicoya 
Polychrome Ware Plumed Serpent of types F and G also show 
clear affinity. Fig. 53 reproduces a specimen from Vera Cruz re- 
lated to the Plumed Serpent of type G. Under-slip Incised Ware 
technic and designs also appear related to the same Mexican district, 
as is attested by pl. Lxxxvit, d. 

While the contribution of designs from the Cholula-Vera Cruz 
region in Mexico to the Pacific area of Nicaragua and Costa Rica is 
marked, the contribution of shapes is equally striking. The pear- 
shape or recurved jar appears to have been evolved before the break- 
up of the Maya Old Empire, but it is nowhere common except in the 
two districts named. Furthermore, the typical bowl shape, both in 
Nicaragua and in Costa Rica, is a rather shallow vessel supported by 
three animal heads. This concept was not Maya, for it does not ap- 
pear in Maya ceramics of Old Empire times, although tripod sup- 
ports were, of course, in use. In Mexico, however, this shape seems 
to have been well developed before the downfall of the Toltec, who 
probably introduced it into Yucatan and Central America. It is 
possible, however, that it was a Chorotegan invention, and was 
brought northward by the Chiapanec or Mazatec. It is to be noted 
that the legs of Chiriqui vessels are of a distinctly different type, for, 
when of zodmorphic character, they represent complete individuals in 
an Atlantean attitude, rather than animal heads. 

The Aztec contribution to the art of the Pacific area is not great. 
The most striking design borrowings are exemplified by the Earth 
Monster of the Aztec, which occurs on Under-slip Incised Ware, and 
the Man-and-Jaguar motive, which is found in various Mexican 
codices and on Nicoya Polychrome Ware vessels. The Managua 
Ware bowls with flaring sides, solid tripod legs, and incised floors, 
also seem to be of Aztec affiliation, for they resemble the typical 
buff vessels of the Valley of Mexico which served as pepper-graters. 

On the basis of what has been said and by adding a few linked 
designs, the following Nicoya Polychrome Ware patterns may be 
grouped together as of Mexican origin and presumably contempo- 
raneous: 


Man-and-Jaguar. | Mexican Serpent Heads. 
Standing Human Figure. Earth Monster. 
Plumed Serpent, types B, C, F, G. Monkey, types A, B, C. 


400 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


CONTACT WITH EUROPEAN CULTURE 


Contact between European culture and the ceramic remains of 
Nicaragua and Costa Rica is both historical and archeological in 
character. Historical contact is indicated by Oviedo’s description 
of lustrous black pottery (see page 40), which has been identified 
as the Black Ware of the Pacific area. Black Ware is associated in 
the ground with Luna Ware and Zapatero Ware burial urns, which 
are therefore to be regarded as historic. 

Archeological investigations have revealed objects of European 
manufacture both in Nicaragua and in Costa Rica. Bovallius (1886, 
p.9) found in a mound a bronze figure of a saint, together with frag- 
ments of a burial urn and a Luna Ware bowl decorated with a 
Plumed Serpent of type G. Flint (MS.) discovered glass beads in 
burial urns on La Ceiba and Solentiname islands in Lake Nicaragua 
and iron tools in a mound southeast of Liberia, Costa Rica, and he 
learned of the presence of similar tools with burials at Hacienda 
Santa Rosa. A fragment of steel, now in the Anderson collection, 
was discovered at Bolson, Costa Rica. Finally, Hartman (1901, p. 
175) found glass beads in stone-cist graves at Santiago and Las Mer- 
cedes in the Highland area. (See Appendix I.) 

As to the finding of European objects by Bovallius and Flint, it 
seems obvious that the associated remains—Luna Ware, Black Ware, 
and Zapatero Ware burial urns—are products of the sixteenth cen- 
tury, in part at least. The discovery of steel in graves in the Penin- 
sula of Nicoya has no bearing, because the accompanying objects were 
not recorded. Hartman’s find at Santiago is important, because the 
objects in the neighboring cists must be roughly coeval. The result 
of all these finds is to enable us to list the following forms as per- 
sisting until the sixteenth century: 


(Red Ware. 
Zapatero Ware. Tripod Ware. 
Pacific J Black Ware. Hichland Chocolate Ware bottles. 
Luna Ware. = Yellow-line Ware. 


Red-line Ware, type C. 
| Curridabat Ware, type A. 


THE “ARCHAIC” COLTURE OF MEXICO INGE ie 
TO COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


For some years the theory has been advocated that all American 
culture had its origin in and spread from the very ancient remains 


CULTURAL RELATIONS 401 


found under the floor of the Valley of Mexico. This hypothesis, 
first put forward by Dr. H. J. Spinden,t has had wide publicity 
through its inclusion in a popular handbook, and, although most 
students have failed to endorse it, no criticism has appeared in print. 
It is the purpose of the writer to examine this thesis in relation to the 
archeological remains of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. 

The theory of Dr. Spinden may be summarized as follows: 


1. Maize was the first food-plant to be domesticated in the New World. 
2. This achievement took place in the Mexican Highlands. 
3. The adoption of agriculture led to the making of pottery. 


4. The so-called “Archaic” finds in the lowest culture stratum (yet known) 
in the Valley of Mexico represent the civilization of the original maize cul- 
tivators. 


5. Agriculture, accompanied by the “Archaic” culture, spread southward to 
the banks of the Amazon and to Peru. 


6. “The widely scattered tribes speaking the Nahuatl language were prob- 
ably the culture carriers of the archaic art.” 


The first two statements are not subject to criticism by the archeol- 
ogist, although it may be said that by no means all agricultural ex- 
perts will endorse them. The third point is a philosophic truism 
which can be accepted without argument. The fourth assertion, that 
the “Archaic” art of Mexico was produced by the inventors of agri- 
culture, may be challenged on several grounds. In the first place, 
this culture exhibits wide divergence of style within itself and prob- 
ably can itself be arranged in chronological sequence. Secondly, 
while “Archaic” figurines are often simple and crude, they are far 
advanced beyond the awkward beginnings of art,? and in some cases 
they are distinctly sophisticated. Furthermore, the details of dress, 
the turbans, and other woven fabrics seen on the figurines certainly 
do not suggest the handiwork of a people who have just invented 
agriculture, but rather a group which has long enjoyed its benefits. 

Before examining the last two points raised by Dr. Spinden it 
will be well to see on what grounds he identifies “Archaic” art else- 
where than in Mexico. Perusal of his various papers shows that 





1 See Notes on the Archeology of Salvador, American Anthropologist, n.s., vol. xvit, 
no. 3. Also Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America, American Museum of 
Natural History, Handbook Series, no. 3. Also The Origin and Distribution of Agriculture 
in America, Proceedings of the XIX International Congress of Americanists. 


2 In this connection comparison may be made with the discoveries of Mr. S. J. Guernsey 
of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, in the southwestern United States, which illus- 
trate the apparent origin of pottery in that region. 


402 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


pottery vessels are completely ignored and that the identification is 
based largely on figurines characterized as follows: 


a. “Modeled in a flat gingerbread fashion (i. e., solid) and with details added 
by buttons and fillets to a gross underlying shape.” 

b. “Modeling and shaping done with the fingers, molds being unknown.” 

c. “The heads are characteristically of slight depth compared with their 
height.” 

d. “When the figures are intended to stand erect, as is often the case, the 
feet are pinched downward into a forward and backward cusp.” 

e. The eyes are formed by characteristic grooves or double grooves, which 
are usually cut in buttons of clay, resulting in the so-called “coffee-bean” eye. 


On the basis of this description only one out of the several hun- 
dreds of Nicaraguan and Costa Rican figurines observed by the 





Fic. 282.—Figurine mold and a cast from it, Nicaragua. (Height, 
5.5 in.) 


writer can be definitely classed as “Archaic”. This is a specimen ob- 
tained by Mr. S. G. Morley in Managua and now in the Peabody 
Museum of Harvard University. However, its finding place is not 
known, and it may be a trade piece from Salvador. A second speci- 
men, now in Rome (pl. cxcv, d), has the “coffee-bean” eye, but is 
otherwise of local type. In general we may compare Nicaraguan and 
Costa Rican with “Archaic” figurines on the basis of the points raised 
by Dr. Spinden, with the following results: 


a. Nicaraguan and Costa Rican figurines are not usually solid, but are hollow 
(pl. cxxv). 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXCV 















FIGURINES. NICARAGUA 
a—MAYAN TYPE. 0, C—VENEZUELAN TYPES. d—'‘ARCHAIC’’ TYPE 





ot. 


. 


CULTURAL RELATIONS 403 


b. Modeling and shaping were not done by the fingers, but in molds. There 
is an example of such a mold in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University 
(fig. 282). 

c. Flattened heads are not common, and some of them are post-Spanish. 

d. Legs with cusps are practically unknown in Nicaragua, but are found on 
a small local group of figurines from the east coast of Costa Rica (pl. cxc, a). 

e. The grooved eye is never found on Polychrome figurines, and is rarely 
seen on any type. 

From this comparison it is obvious that the morphological charac- 
ters of the true “Archaic” figurine are either very imperfectly repre- 
sented or are totally absent from the figurines of Nicaragua and 
Costa Rica. 

Let us now turn to the question of distribution. “Archaic” art 
passes southward from Mexico to the Ulua valley in Honduras and to 
eastern Salvador with but little change—on this almost everyone will 
agree. Dr. Spinden, however, traces this culture southward through 
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, to South America, including 
Colombia and Venezuela, where “the typical art of the archaic horizon 
appears again in almost pure form.” ‘The final boundary he draws at 
the mouth of the Amazon and at Ancon in Peru, where, he says, 
the remains from the earliest cultural strata “show plastic art in clay 
similar if not identical with that of Central America.” We have 
shown that the morphological features of “Archaic” art are rarely 
present in southern Central America, and a similar critical analysis 
will demonstrate their absence from South America. 

As all students believe that the earliest remains in the Valley of 
Mexico and in Peru are at least twenty centuries old, the “Archaic” 
theory falls if it can be shown that the “connecting links” in Nica- 
ragua and Costa Rica are very much more recent. Among the 
Nicaraguan specimens indicated as “Archaic” by Dr. Spinden in his 
publications and in the labels at the American Museum of Natural 
History, there are examples of Black Ware, Luna Ware, and large 
burial urns. The manufacture of the Black Ware after the Spanish 
conquest is described by Oviedo! and by Castaneda.? In the ground, 
Black Ware is associated with both Luna Ware and the large burial 
urns, and objects of European manufacture have been dug up with 
all three. Is it possible that these wares represent the handiwork of 
ancient primitive culture-bearers who lived thousands of years ago 





1 Historia General y Natural de las Indias, lib. xL11, cap. x11. 


2 Sobre el estado en que encontro a Nicaragua, etc. In M. M. de Peralta, Costa Rica, 
Nicaragua y Panama en el Siglo XVI, Madrid, 1883. 


404 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


and that identical ceramic forms persisted without change until the 
sixteenth century A. D.? 

Another feature of the “Archaic” culture on which Dr. Spinden 
lays great stress is the occurrence from Mexico to the Amazon of 
a type of seated figurine with wide-spread legs. We have no knowl- 
edge of the origin of this type. As to its significance we can point 
out that there are many pottery forms—negative painting, cylindri- 
cal jars with projecting animal heads, squash and gourd effigy jars, 
effigy jars shaped like the human head, etc.—which have an equally 
wide and as yet unexplained distribution. As for naming these 
figurines the fons et origo of New World culture, it would seem a 
slender thread to support much weight. 

Finally we shall discuss the question of whether the “Archaic’’ cul- 
ture was spread by Nahuatl tribes. In the first place, the chief 
characteristic of the art of the lowest culture stratum in the Valley 
of Mexico, and of similar finds elsewhere, is the total absence of the 
grotesque pantheon of the Toltec and Aztec. It is the handiwork of 
a totally different people who apparently had no relationship of any 
kind to the cultures which followed them, which presumably were 
Nahua. In the second place, all our evidence goes to prove that the 
Nahua did not reach any part of Central America until compara- 
tively recently. The historian Motolinia makes the statement that 
they reached Nicaragua only a century before the arrival of the 
Spaniards, and the Nahua colony in northwestern Costa Rica probably 
came at the same time. The Sigua in Panama, the southernmost 
known Nahua settlers, are said to have come to Panama in search of 
gold for Montezuma and to have settled there when they learned of 
the destruction of their capital by Cortés. Nahua tribes could scarcely 
have caused the spread of “Archaic” culture under these conditions. 

For the various reasons which have been indicated, the writer is 
led to the belief that the earliest culture now known in the Valley 
of Mexico was not the work of the inventors of agriculture, that this 
culture never extended into South America or even into southern 
Central America, and that in any case it could not possibly have been 
spread by Nahuatl tribes. 


CONTACT WITH WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA 


While no comprehensive work on the archeology of northwestern 
South America has been written, an inspection of museum collec- 
tions clearly indicates that the same general type of culture extended 


CONTACT WITH SOUTH AMERICA 405 


from Ecuador to the Isthmus of Panama. The great geographic 
diversity of the country and the isolation by the rugged ranges of the 
Andes of mountain valleys and coastal belts have resulted in many 
local manifestations of this culture. 

In Colombia the archeology is particularly obscure, but several im- 
portant subareas may be pointed out. In the Cauca valley a great 
amount of gold and pottery have been found which are supposedly 
the handiwork of the Quimbaya. Other strong local cultures flour- 
ished near Antioquia, Popayan, Bogota, and in the Department of 
Bolivar. While collections from these regions may be seen in various 
museums, the interrelationship and sequence of types are but little 
understood. 

In Ecuador archeological studies have made great progress in re- 
cent years. In the coastal region two archeological types have been 
distinguished. In the Province of Manabi the chief features are the 
well-known stone chairs and stone slabs carved in bas-relief. The 
pottery of this region consists largely of ring-base bowls and jars of 
shapes recalling the Lost-color Ware and Maroon Incised Ware of 
Costa Rica. Farther north, in the Province of Esmeraldas are 
found pottery types connected with the southern Pacific coast of 
Colombia and with the Quimbaya ceramics from the Cauca valley. 
Here also is a high development in the modeling of figurines, which 
offer a striking resemblance stylistically to the handiwork of the 
Maya. 

In the Andean region of Ecuador local cultures can be dis- 
tinguished in the north, center, and south, all of which show rela- 
tionship with Central America. In the north pottery vessels are 
found which closely resemble the Stone Cist Ware and Tripod Ware 
of Costa Rica and the corresponding groups in Chiriqui. Tripart 
vessels such as our fig. 253 also are found, and negative painting is 
common. In the south flourished another culture which also has 
Central American traits. In central Ecuador in the Province of 
Chimborazo stratified remains have placed the archeology upon a 
chronological basis. The features of the pottery which extend to 
Central America—such as Tripod Ware, the Octopus motive, nega- 
tive painting, etc.—all appear in the three earliest of the six periods 
before the Inca conquest. 

In Peru intensive excavation has been carried on at many sites, 
particularly in the coastal region, and the results are accessible in 


406 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


well illustrated volumes. The importance of Peru in New World 
archeology is enhanced by the high merit of the art and by the fact 
that it is undoubtedly possible to throw the relics of the past into 
chronological sequence, even if it is not possible to assign exact dates 
as is done in northern Middle America. The ordering of this se- 
quence, however, is proving a very intricate problem. 

The two most authoritative chronologies for Peru have been pro- 
duced by Uhle (1920 and earlier papers) and Tello (1921a,b). 
Both depend upon actual field work, but several of Uhle’s divisions 
have recently proved doubtful as the result of the discovery of 
European products in association with supposedly ancient types and 
by the finding of specimens of supposedly different periods inter- 
mingled in a single stratum. Tello’s sequence, grounded on his own 
and Uhle’s studies, has been published only in outline, and, while 
furnishing a suitable working basis, is far from offering a final 
answer to the complex archeological problems of Peru. 

The final phase of aboriginal culture in Peru is represented by 
Inca remains, for the Inca dynasty has left its imprint from Ecuador 
to Chile. Antedating the Inca period are the remains of various local 
cultures, such as Nasca, Ica, Chincha, Pachacamac, Chicama, Caja- 
marquilla, Chimbote, Chavin, etc. In the north these cultures are 
marked by high development of modeled decoration in the pottery, 
while in the south painted decoration and the exotic use of color are 
characteristic. Most of these cultures represent a long period of time 
and exhibit no little artistic development within themselves. All of 
them may be traced back to a parent type which Tello calls “tipo 
Andino,” which, in turn, is related to more primitive forms such as 
are seen in the art of Recuay. 

During a recent visit to Lima the writer made careful notes in 
three museums on resemblances to Central America seen in the pot- 
tery. Some days later he had the privilege of going over these col- 
lections again in the company of Dr. Tello, who explained his ideas 
on dating much more fully than he yet has in print. A comparison 
of the notes taken on these two occasions shows that almost every 
detected likeness to Central America in all parts of Peru occurred 
in types to which Dr. Tello assigns an early date—as is also the case 
with the stratified remains from Ecuador. 

Before leaving the subject of Peru we should point out that man 
freed himself from barbarism in that region a very, very long time 


CONTACT WITH SOUTH AMERICA 407 


ago. ‘This is indicated by the complexity of society as encountered 
by the Spaniards, by the domestication of animals and food plants, 
by the amazing feats of engineering seen in the construction of roads 
and aqueducts, by the huge extent and magnificence of the ruined 
cities, and by the high level and intricacy of the artistic products of 
the various groups inhabiting the country in pre-European epochs. 
In short, Peruvian culture seems fully as old if not older than any- 
thing yet known from Middle America. 

Returning now to the pottery, we find that vessels of three shapes, 
particularly common in the Highland area of Costa Rica, are known 
far to the south. The first and most common of these is the sub- 
globular jar with a short neck and a pair of handles formed of small 
animals. Pl. cLxx, c, shows an example from Costa Rica, while a 
is from Ecuador. A second type is a gourd form with a human face 
on the rim. Costa Rican examples are seen in pl. cLxxx, g, and an 
example from Ecuador is given in fig. 233. In Peru such vessels 
are found as far south as Pachacamac. Thirdly, one of the most 
characteristic shapes in Colombia and Ecuador is a hemispherical 
bowl set on a tall annular base, which is found in Costa Rica and 
Nicaragua in such ves- 
sels as those shown in pls. 
Cie, 2nd CLXXII, a. 
In Peru similar vessels 
are found at Recuay. 
Furthermore, the shape 
of Nandaime Ware in- 
cised tripod bowls (fig. 
Peljecectire on the Pa- 
cific coast of Colombia in 
the Tumaco region. Fin- 
ally, pear-shape vases 
with a ring base, most 
typical of Nicoya Poly- 
chrome Ware, are found 
in Colombia and Ecua- 
dor, and even at Recuay 
and Cajamarquilla in 
reti, 





: Fic. 283.—Figurine from Niquitaoy, Venezuela. 
Mention also should be (Height, 6.5 in.) 


408 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


made of figurine types which extend from Costa Rica into South 
America. The most obvious of these forms are: figurines with 
wide-spread legs (pl. cxxv); figurines supported by bulbous legs 
(fig. 156, a) which are common to the Nicoya peninsula and to 
the Antioquia region in Colombia; and also figurines with very long 
slit eyes (figs. 148, b; 283) typical of Venezuela, a type of eye 
which reappears on Nicoya Monochrome effigy vessels both in Costa 
Rica (pl. crv, b) and in Nicaragua (pl. cxcv, b, c). 

Both painted and modeled forms of decoration are diffused in 
Costa Rica and South America. Of painted patterns the so-called 
Chiriqui Alligator is the most prominent. This design indeed ex- 
tends unchanged as far north as Nicaragua, where it occurs on Poly- 
chrome pottery. In the Highland region it is found as a Polychrome 


Vas 
fay if 


Fic. 284.—Jaguar motive in Peru. a, Nasca; b, c, Chicama; d, Recuay. (After 
Tello, 1923.) 





motive, but is much more common on the Simple Painted Wares. In 
Chiriqui it is again a Polychrome pattern and is so common that the 
pottery decorated with the alligator and its derivatives is classed as 
a separate ware. In the art of Recuay in Peru it is very common. 
Here, although some of the most characteristic elements (such 
as the head-crest or plumes and the curved back) persist, the animal 
has changed from an alligator to a jaguar. This incarnation goes to 


CONTACT WITH SOUTH AMERICA 409 


the very roots of the ritualistic symbolism of Peru, and has been 
traced far and wide in both the ceramic and the lithic art of that 
country. In fig. 284 we show an example from Recuay in the nega- 
tive-painting technic, painted variants from the Chicama valley, and 
finally a pattern from Nasca in southern Peru. 

The significance and distribution of this Peruvian variant have 
been well studied by Tello (1923). It is evident from an inspection 
of the large number of illustrations brought together by him that the 
Peruvians in many localities depicted this animal with wings, or with 
serpent or alligator features. It therefore seems clear that we are 
dealing with an aspect of the Plumed Serpent-Dragon complex of 
Middle America and North America (pp. 146 and 160), that the es- 
sence of the religious symbolism in each region is founded upon a 
similar’ artistic complex, and that the Chiriqui Alligator motive is a 
connecting link. This symbol is so widespread and universal that we 
may postulate its appearance with the earliest graphic art of the 
American Indians. 

The Octopus motive is another pattern which extends from Peru 
to Costa Rica. In the Highland area its presence has been detected 
in Lost-color Ware and Curridabat Ware; in Chiriqui, Colombia, and 
Ecuador it is associated with Lost-color Ware and is seen in the 
stone carvings of Manabi. In Peru this motive is modeled in Black 
Ware; it is also seen in the painted wares of the Chicama district; 
sometimes it occurs on pottery from Nasca (fig. 284, a). 

In Red-line Ware we have another decorative type of wide distri- 
bution, characterized primarily by painted red geometric patterns. 
Vessels thus adorned are found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as 
far south as Chimbote. They are also, however, associated with the 
east coast of South America and the widespread Carib-Arawak 
culture. 

The small modeled figures on vessel walls, typical of Stone Cist 
Ware and Red Ware in the Costa Rican Highland region, are also 
found in South America. In Chiriqui they are as common as in 
Costa Rica (pl. cLxxx1, b, f). They are frequently seen on pottery 
from Colombia and Ecuador (fig. 238) and on the Black Ware from 
the Peruvian coast. The modeled alligator scute, which has been 
described in both Costa Rica and Nicaragua, extends southward 
along the Pacific coast of Colombia (fig. 221). 

Negative painting forms an important technical link between 


410 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Costa Rica and South America. This process was highly developed 
in the Andean region of Colombia and Ecuador, and is frequently 
seen on pottery from Recuay in Peru. To the north it is found in 
Guatemala and southern Mexico, but never attained great importance 
there. The development of this decorative process was doubtless 
due to the use of wax in the casting of metals. It is to be regarded 
as the great contribution of northwestern South America to New 
World ceramics. 


CONTACT WITH EASTERN SOU TH RARE ie 
AND THE *ANTILCEES 


The chief culture-bearers in eastern South America belonged to 
the Carib and Arawak stocks, whose influence can be traced from 
the Parana delta in Argentina northward across the Antilles to 
Florida. At the time of the conquest they occupied the Guianas, 
Venezuela, and the Antilles, but their original home must have been 
very much farther south, perhaps in southwestern Brazil. The 
ceramic remains of this culture are chiefly broad bowls, sometimes 
with incurved rims, decorated by incising, by geometric patterns in 
red paint, or by the addition of small modeled figures to the outer 
walls of the vessel. 

It is the belief of the writer that this culture had a distinct connec- 
tion with southern Central America. This belief is founded upon the 
fact that the Red-line Ware patterns and also some of the small mod- 
eled figures in Stone Cist Ware of Costa Rica have a distinct Antil- 
lean flavor. In addition pictographs from the two regions are 
surprisingly alike, while the chairs of the present tribes in South 
America resemble those of the Guetar. For geographical reasons 
direct contact between these areas was impossible, and those features 
which are common to both were doubtless passed along by the na- 
tives of Colombia. 


DATING 


From the foregoing discussion it is clear that no suitable basis has 
been found for assigning actual dates to archeological types in 
southern Central America. Nevertheless we have been able to show 
that certain classes of pottery are closely affiliated with dated forms. 
Two factors, however, are at present incalculable: the rate of cul- 
tural drift to the south, and the length of time during which designs 


DATING—FRONTIER OF CULTURE 4IlI 


of northern origin had persisted in their new home. Stylistic rela- 
tionship with South America evidently exists, but it is impossible to 
determine the chronological relationships until the sequence of forms 
has been more accurately determined. 

In general it seems that cultural influences, both from the north 
and the south, reached or persisted in Costa Rica and Nicaragua long 
after they had been developed elsewhere. This may be argued from 
such facts as that Tripod Ware is very ancient in Peru and Ecuador, 
but quite recent in Costa Rica, or that designs of Maya Old Empire 
origin on Nicoya Polychrome Ware are sometimes linked with pat- 
terns of Toltec or even Aztec parentage. 

Therefore, no statement as to dating can be made at present which 
is other than a more or less well-founded guess. We have demon- 
strated the artistic and technical affiliations of the ceramic remains. 
The chronological ordering of this array we leave to be determined 
by the ultimate and conclusive proof of excavation. 


IV—INTERRELATIONSHIP OF MIDDLE 
AMERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA 


Woe HRONTIER OF CULTURE 


From the numerous instances adduced it has been shown that the 
aboriginal ceramic art of Costa Rica and Nicaragua was derived in 
part from the more civilized nations of Mexico and northern 
Central America; we have also demonstrated features which clearly 
pertain to the culture of South America. Examination of the pottery 
of Chiriqui indicates that it belongs almost im toto to South America; 
study of the Pacific area of Costa Rica and Nicaragua reveals very 
few South American features. The real meeting-ground between 
the two continents then falls in the Highland area in Costa Rica. 

The nature and extent of blending along the culture frontier is 
exhibited by the accompanying table, which lists the Highland wares 
and shows the trend of each subtype to the regions immediately to 
the northwest and southeast. This table demonstrates that the pot- 
tery falls in three groups, of which one (Polychrome Ware) is re- 
lated almost entirely to the Pacific area and thence to Middle America, 
another (Simple Painted Wares and Monochrome Wares) shares 
almost equally the features of north and south, while the third group 


412 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


INTERRELATIONSHIP OF POTTERY ya 
HIGHLAND AREA?® 


SUBGROUP DESIGNS SHAPE 


Effigy vessels ) 
Flumed PENG Pacific area : 
POLYCHROME Two-h’d m’nstt Pacific area 
Feather pattern 

Alligator Chiriqui 








Pacific area 





Red-line | Chisigul 


Yellow-line Pacific area 
Pacific area 


White-line + Chiriqui Chiriqui 
Pacific area 





Chiriqui 


Black-line Pacific area 


a 
ea) 
= 
é 
<x 
an 
(2 
a 
Ay 
= 
Nn 


Lost-color } Chiriqui 


Maroon Incised Chiriqui 


Chocolate 


é Pacific area 
Red-lip Pacific area 


MONOCHROME 


Red Chiriqui Chiriqui 





Curridabat 


Tripod Chiriqui Chiriqui 


Stone Cist 


Handled 


APPLIQUE 








1This table shows the relationship in design and shape of each ware of the Highland 
area to the cultures of Middle America (Pacific area) and South America (Chiriqui). 


INTERRELATIONS AND SOURCES 413 


(Appliqué Wares) is allied almost wholly to South America. Where- 
as certain technics and types of decoration are normally associated 
with certain shapes of vessels, the blending in the intermediate group 
consists in placing Middle American patterns on South American 
shapes and wice versa. 

From the historical description of the sixteenth-century inhabt- 
tants presented in Part I it is evident that although the material cul- 
ture of South America may have reached only to central Costa Rica, 
the social and religious influence of the southern continent extended 
hundreds of miles to the northwest. We thus find it impossible to 
draw on the map a line which can be said definitely to mark the 
boundary between north and south. The attempt to draw such a 
line is rendered even less feasible by our archeological ignorance of 
eastern Nicaragua, although clearly South American influence had 
penetrated farther north on the Atlantic coast than on the Pacific 
coast of Central America. In short, a culture frontier is not like a 
political frontier which can be definitely demarcated, but rather like 
the running together of two colors which blend to variegated hues 
along the line of contact. 


SOURCES (OR CULT URE 


To even the most superficial observer striking similarities between 
Middle American and South American civilizations are patent. We 
can cite ceremonies such as the complex ritual of human sacrifice 
performed by the Aztec and Chibcha (Part I, chap. tv), or mytho- 
logical conceptions such as the widespread belief in a bearded white 
culture-hero who came from the east, variously known as Quetzal- 
coatl, Kukulcan, Bochica, Nemtherequeteba, Tonapa, Viracocha, etc. 
Technological similarities exist, such as the decoration of pottery by 
the use of negative painting in northwestern South America and in 
distant Mexico. In art we find that the same fundamental symbolism 
is employed in both continents to portray long-forgotten rituals, and 
similarities can be detected in the vitality of curves, in geometric pat- 
terns, and in modeling the forms of men and animals. More con- 
cretely, we may compare the figurines of Tola in Ecuador with those 
from the Maya area, or we may liken the five South American types 
of stone carving—San Agustin, Manabi, Chavin, Vilcashuaman, and 
Tiahuanaco—with Middle American handiwork. These and many 
other parallels can be drawn. 


414 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


The Spanish histories of the conquest of the New World contain 
no suggestion of intercourse between the two Americas. However, in 
the year 1513 the chief Tumaco in the Isthmus of Panama described 
the riches of South America to Vasco Nufiez de Balboa, and he made 
a model in clay of a llama, which so astonished the Spaniards that 
“some said it was a lie, while others said it was a camel.” ‘The sig- 
nificance of this event for us is that it proves that Tumaco had trav- 
eled far enough south to see a llama—at least as far as Ecuador—at the 
very time that Montezuma was sending soldiers to Almirante bay in 
western Panama—less than 200 miles away. ‘Therefore it seems 
reasonable to assume that even if the Inca and Aztec had no direct 
contact, the Isthmian tribes were in touch with both, and that occa- 
sional wanderers and outcasts passed from one realm to the other. 
But in such circumstances it is not to be expected that complex ele- 
ments representing many phases of human endeavor were assimilated. 
From Alaska to Tierra del Fuego have occurred instances of Euro- 
peans, representing a superior culture, who have been isolated with 
various kinds of Indians, but the influence of such contact has been 
practically nil. The American Indian is extremely tenacious of his 
culture, so much so, indeed, that many tribes have been wiped out 
through their inability to face the economic competition of the white 
race, although certain innovations, such as the use of the horse and of 
firearms, have been readily accepted. 

In attempting to explain features widely prevalent in Middle 
America and South America we are at once confronted with the 
question of who were the culture-bearers and when did they come. 
Argue as one will and pile parallel upon parallel, no definite conclu- 
sions are possible until this question is answered. Recent studies of 
this problem have been published by Uhle (1920, 1923a,b), Jijon 
(1920), and Means (1918). All of these writers assume that Middle 
American culture entered South America through the instrumentality 
of the creators of the “Archaic” culture of Mexico. This we have 
shown to be impossible (page 400). As a matter of fact, even had 
this culture reached South America it would not explain likenesses 
to Middle America, for, as all students with first-hand knowledge of 
Middle America agree, “Archaic” art had nothing in common with 
the handiwork of the succeeding cultures in that region, and it com- 
pletely lacks the grotesque pantheon and the dependent artistic com- 
plex which permeate later periods. But the chief similarities be- 


CULTURE SOURCES 415 


tween the two continents are based on that very pantheon and its 
esthetic expression. Therefore we cannot look to the “Archaic” cul- 
ture to elucidate our problem. 

Nahua tribes also cannot be regarded as possible culture-bearers, 
because all the available historical evidence agrees that they did not 
reach southern Central America until just before the conquest. 

As for the Maya, the two southernmost linguistic groups lived in 
Salvador, and the frontier of material culture fell in that republic, 
although their handiwork passed southward in trade as far as Chiri- 
qui. It is, of course, possible that some group of Maya traveled south- 
ward through Central America so rapidly as to leave no trace, but in 
such numbers that they left a cultural imprint on western South 
America before they were ethnically and linguistically assimilated by 
previous settlers. Such a migratory horde might have been expelled 
from Central America at the downfall of the Old Empire toward the 
end of the sixth century a.p. Their art weakened by a generation or 
more of travel, they might well have produced just such influence as 
we see in South America. That large armed bands of freelances oc- 
casionally roamed Central America is recorded in history. 

Remains of the Maya as early as the eighth baktun in the Peten 
region of Guatemala indicate that this gifted people had assembled 
the main elements of their culture before the beginning of the Chris- 
tian era. We must postulate then a long period of development dur- 
ing which the Maya acquired the characteristic features which both 
distinguish them from and connect them with the neighboring nations. 
That this epoch lasted many centuries is attested by their complex 
calendar and knowledge of astronomy. It is therefore reasonable to 
suppose that tribes migrating to South America as early as 1000 
B. C., might have carried with them well-developed aspects of Middle 
American culture, known to us only from later ages when they be- 
came embalmed in stone and elucidated by written dates. 

Chibchan tribes, occupying southern Central America, Colombia, 
and Ecuador at the time of the conquest, appear to have been push- 
ing northward when encountered by the Spaniards. During an earlier 
cycle, however, they may have been expelled from Central America 
and have taken with them cultural features borrowed from more 
powerful and highly developed neighbors. The archeological evi- 
dence, however, especially in Ecuador, indicates that Chibchan tribes 


416 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


had been settled there a long time, while in Costa Rica there is no 
indication that any finds greatly antedate the conquest. 

Chorotegan tribes must also be considered as possible culture-bear- 
ers, for, as we have shown, their culture underlies the Maya along 
the southern Maya frontier. The Chorotega appear to have moved 
eastward into Honduras and southward to Nicaragua at the time 
the Maya occupied Copan. Certain bands may have penetrated to 
South America during the early part of the Christian era, carrying 
with them Middle American features. 


SOURCES OF POPULATION 


It is today generally accepted without argument that the New 
World was populated by way of Bering straits from the Asiatic con- 
tinent, because all other methods of access were beyond the facilities 
of transportation developed by the American Indian, on the ground 
that the inhabitants of northeastern Asia and northwestern America 
are physically and mentally alike, and because certain cultural if not 
linguistic strains can be detected on both sides of the north Pacific.* 
Granted this assumption, South America must have received the 
greater portion of its immigration through Central America, although 
a minor stream may have flowed from Florida across the Antilles to 
the mouth of the Orinoco. Both routes are difficult, the one pre- 
senting the problem of travel through tropical jungles and the other 
the dangers of navigation for long distances on the high seas. Clearly 
then, just as the direct necessity must have prompted the first ven- 
turing of the icy waters of Bering straits, strong pressure from the 
north must have preceded the populating of South America. 

While the source of the American Indian is a subject of general 
agreement, there is no consensus of opinion as to the racial unity of 
the immigrants nor as to the time of their arrival in the New World. 
By some it is argued that a single prolonged migration of one physi- 
cal type populated the two continents and that all the variations in 
physique and speech developed in such apogamous circumstances. 
By others it is said that successive migrations of already diversified 
elements took place. All agree that the migration or migrations oc- 
curred long ago, but there is no unanimity as to whether the event 





1 As this book is in process of printing, the public press announces that recent studies by 
Dr. Edward Sapir of the University of Chicago convince him of the basic identity of the 


language of the Athapascan stock of Indians with that of the primitive Chinese, Siamese, 
and Tibetan. 


SOURCES OF POPULATION 417 


happened before or after the last Glacial period cut off the means of 
access. 

If, for the sake of argument, we assume that man reached the New 
World only after the retreat of the glacial cap, then the crowding 
out from North America into South America must have taken place 
comparatively recently, for many years would be necessary to over- 
populate the northern continent. If, on the other hand, man reached 
North America before the last glacier, the formation of the ice may 
have been the compelling factor which forced him into South America. 
The general lowering of the oceans at this time would have widened 
the land-bridge to the south, while the chilling of the waters must 
have changed the climate and made the jungles of the tropics more 
easy to traverse. Linguistic, cultural, and physical complexities in 
South America are fully as great as in North America, and all point 
to an occupancy at an early date. 

At all events, the main migratory path to the south lay through 
the region we have discussed, but no remains which can be attributed 
to that remote epoch have been discovered. 


Pe 


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Soe. 6 A. 5 


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APPENDIX I 


OAR AD OIG TEA EO. IC, Sian os) 


A list of sites, with a brief description, is added to this work, and maps 
(pls. cxcvi and cc) show their location. This list does not pretend to be com- 
plete, but it includes the sites which have been mentioned in the literature. 


PACIFIC REGION 


1. Acoyapa, Nic. In the plaza are some flat rocks with pictographs. In 
the neighborhood stone statues have been found. (Belt, 1888, p. 50.) 

Habel (1878) mentions two stones with “labyrinths” carved in low relief, 
and numerous large stone statues, some of which, he says, were brought from a 
hacienda several leagues away. 


2. Atta GRACIA (OMETEPE ISLAND), Nic. Specimens exhibited by the Nica- 
raguan Government at Madrid in 1892, and later presented to the United States 
National Museum, are recorded as coming from this small village on the north 
end of Ometepe island. Several sites are recorded in this general vicinity, and 
doubtless others have not yet been noted (fig. 285). 

Bovallius (1886, p. 10) says, “In a valley, or rather ravine, near Alta Gracia 
where a heap of pretty large, partly cut stones seemed to indicate the site of a 
large building, several fragments of pottery were found, together with a cup 
of earthenware, and a well-preserved little sitting image of painted terracotta, 
pretty similar to that figured by Bransford” (1881, p. 59). 


Chiliate \Ql7 





PSanRamon 


Fic. 285.—Map showing sites on Ometepe island, Lake Nicaragua. 


421 


422 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Flint conducted excavations for the Peabody Museum of Harvard University 
in this vicinity. He speaks of mounds and also of urn burial in a letter to Prof. 
F. W. Putnam. Burial by inhumation was also found. 

The columns of the church in the modern town of Alta Gracia rest on 
pedestals formed by the inverted bases of stone idols which had been found in 
the vicinity. 


3. ANGELES, Los (OMETEPE ISLAND), Nic. Bransford (1881, p. 60) says: 
“On a hill about a quarter of a mile southeastward of the village, and nearly half 
a mile from the lake, was a mound 5 feet high and 30 feet across the base. It 
was quite regular in form, with round base, sloping sides and flat top.” Exca- 
vation disclosed a row of slabs set on end which apparently encircled the mound. 
Bransford saw three stone statues in the village of Los Angeles, and four others 
in the neighborhood of the mounds, 

Bovallius (1886, p. 9) saw two statues and dug out a little pottery. 


4. Bacaces, C. R. There are several sites near this town which should prove 
of considerable interest owing to the fact that it lies near the territory generally 
assigned to the Corobici and that immediately before the conquest it was occu- 
pied by Nahua. 

a. Huaca dela Virgen: This site has been excavated by Lehmann, who has 
yet to publish detailed results. 

b. Pasondito: A site near the Las Cafias road at which there are said to 
be pictographs. 

c. Lofieros: A site near the above where there are said to be pictographs 
and rock paintings. 


5. Bartrazar, Hacienpna, Nic. A burial ground is situated south of Moyo- 
galpa on Ometepe island. Bransford (1881, pp. 46-47) says that urn burials 
similar to those at the Hacienda Luna occurred here, and also that there were 
numerous sherds of Santa Helena Ware. 


6. Been, Nic. Flint (MS.) speaks of mounds on the Hacienda of San 
Ramon one mile west of Belen. 


7. Beten, C. R. Where the road to Santa Cruz cuts the river-bank, on the 
south side of the town, there is a rubbish-heap. 


8. BrLuENoseE, Nic. Three miles west of Bluenose, at a mahogany camp 
on the Prinzapolka river, 134 miles above its mouth, Le Baron describes 
aboriginal remains consisting of three monoliths set up to form a triangle, the 
intervening space being covered with paving-stones. The monoliths, over- 
thrown and broken at the time of this writer’s visit, had originally been about 
eight feet in length, and crude carvings on their surface were observed. This 
site is not shown on the map. 


9. Bocana, Nic. Flint (1882) mentions a shell-heap at this place. 
10. Bocarones, C. R. See BoQUERONES. 


11. Borson, C. R. Graves are found along the hills behind the town and 
are extremely rich in painted pottery. Especially fine specimens from this 
vicinity are now in the collection of Don Luis Anderson of San José. 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXCVI 


A 
La Libertad 


Managua ico River 

oy 

Nejapa b/ Juigalpa oh ioitteSati Petey 
Masaya Z\e 

gTancabtleaP ye e Acoyapé 


</ Jinotepee Dirip 





Ceibalsland On 


e Zapatero Island 
Nandiaime P 
Clave 


</- 

Ometepe Island Go 
fadeira Cc 

anRamonPoint 





Juncial 
Santa Rosa O 
eo Cuachipili 
San Rafael\ e “dich / ie, ch 
© Culebra |. 
Liberia 
6 a 


Panama Bogéna 
®Sardinal \Poquero. \eBagaces 
Tempisque Falls 

Filadelfia Siete Cuerro. 


Velas Belen\e 
0 Ss 








‘eMogica oy 


een *Veintisiete de Abri 
oo eLagunilla Santana 





SITE MAP, NICARAGUA AND NICOYA 


ms 


By 


oe 





SITES: IN’ THE#PACIFIC REGION 423 


12. Boouvrrones (Bocarones), C. R. On a hill about half a mile from 
the River Tempisque, on the opposite side from the town, were several mounds 
of earth and stones about 8 feet high. Scattered around some mounds which 
had been opened were fragments of very elaborate metates, painted pottery, and 
burial urns. In the village itself was a basaltic statue of the “Zapatero” 
style. (Bransford, 1881, p. 74.) 


13. Brira, Nic. At this little town Squier (1852, vol. 1, pp. 92, 97) ob- 
tained a remarkable stone jar which had been dug out on the spot. 

Flint (MS.) mentions stone mounds and speaks of mounds surrounded by 
marshes in which he excavated with little success. 


14. Buena Vista, Rio, C. R. About a mile above the mouth of the Rio 
Buena Vista and 40 yards from the river, Bransford (1882, p. 818) describes 
“a bank some 7 feet high, 40 yards long and 20 wide, formed apparently almost 
entirely of fragments of red-painted pottery of large and small vessels. This 
was in a mangrove swamp, and the water at high tide came up to the foot of 
the bank. It looked as if thousands of vessels had been collected here and 
deliberately broken. No shells were mixed with the fragments, but most 
probably they were relics of repeated encampments here during the dry season 
left by people from inland who came to feast on fish, turtle, etc.” 


15. Cawnittas, Las, C. R. This site, discovered by Bransford (1882, p. 
815), is situated on the upper waters of the Rio Nosara. At two places on 
the bank of the river, about three miles apart, small stone mounds marking 
graves were found. 


16. Crrpa, ISLAND or (Los Muertos), Nic. Bovallius (1886, p. 42 et seq.) 
illustrates a series of pictographs which he found on this little island situated 
near Zapatero. He says that stone figures were reported to have been re- 
moved from the island. 

Flint (MS.) found both round and shoe-shape burial jars in the sandy beach 
at the south end of the island. In a round burial jar, containing two skeletons, 
glass beads of European manufacture were encountered, and other beads of 
this type were picked up on the surface. A second burial site was found 
in another part of the island, and also an enclosure formed of stones set on 
edge, 54 feet long and 21 feet wide, within which excavation revealed circular 
burial jars. 


17. Curate (OMETEPE ISLAND), Nic. About five miles north of Moyo- 
galpa (Ometepe island), on a point on the lake shore, are prehistoric remains 
(Bransford, 1881, p. 47). Both mound and urn burials occur within half a 
mile of one another, while between the two and around the mounds the soil is 
filled with sherds of the Santa Helena type. The urn burials were found near 
the lake, and no sherds occurred in the soil in that vicinity. 


18. Cyrra IstAnp, C. R. The skill of the aboriginal potters of this island 
was highly praised by Oviedo in a passage before quoted (page 40). A few 
specimens from this site are now in the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica and 
are of the same type as remains from the mainland. Hartman and Lehmann 
have both conducted excavations, but have not published their results. 


424 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


19. Cocos, Los (OMETEPE ISLAND), Nic. About half a mile south of 
Chiliate, near the lake, Bransford (1881, p. 61) says there were several 
mounds. One of them, 40 feet in diameter and 6 feet high, was opened and 
disclosed a ring of stones extending around the base of the mound. In the 
center was a skeleton with two small pots. About a hundred yards from the 
mounds was a stone statue representing a man with an animal figure on 
his back. 


20. CoNvENTILLOS, C. R. See SALINAS BAY. 


21. Corates, Los (Las Istetas), Nic. On one of the larger islands of 
this group, Squier (1853, vol. u, p. 70) heard of stone statues, but was un- 
able to see them owing to the absence of the owner. 

Bovallius (1886, pp. 7, 10) also mentions the presence of stone statues among 
these islands, but does not describe them. This site appears on the map as 
“Tsletas.” 


22. CortopaLto, Nic. At this place, in the southern part of the Depart- 
ment of Chontales, Crawford (1895) found a workshop site. It is not shown 
on the map. 


23. CuaAscoTA RIVER, Nic. Near the source of the Cuascota river, Flint 
(MS.) examined two mounds, 25 and 30 yards in diameter, the “center covered 
with stones much after the manner of those at Nicoya in Costa Rica.” This 
site is not shown on the map. 


24. CuCINIZNA CAVE, Nic. Flint (MS.) describes a cave on the eastern 
slope of the Cucinizna mountains. It is situated some 60 feet above a 
river-bed, and has two passageways, one of which had been filled with human 
bones which were thrown into the stream by a priest. Scattered bones were 
also found in the interior which ran back about 20 feet. At a later date the 
bones in the second passageway were removed, revealing a cave 15 yards in 
depth in which various objects were found, including a wooden stool (MS., 
and 1882, p. 297). 


25. CurLepra, C. R. This site is described as consisting of stone mounds 
7 feet in height in which are set tall stone columns as at Santa Helena, and 
also an extensive shell-heap (Bransford, 1881, p. 74). 

Flint (MS.) describes 21 burial mounds, each surmounted by a column with 
pictographs. 


26. Drrtamsa, Nic. Crawford (1895, p. 261) speaks of finding burial urns 
near this town. 

Flint speaks of two sites in this vicinity (Letters to Professor Putnam). 
See SECA, TANCABULEA. 


27. Esouiputa, Nic. Belt (1888, p. 52) describes “artificial looking stone 
mounds, with great stones set around them.” 


28. FiLapeLFiA, C. R. a. About twenty minutes’ walk to the southeast 
of the town is a rubbish-heap covering a space roughly 100 by 300 yards 
and from 6 to 10 feet in depth. Burials occur at all depths in this mound, 
and are found even in the subsoil, the usual form being urn burial. In re- 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXCVII 








Buriat Vig 





Fe gem oy 


o hs 












8 Kaye Ce &\* 
: NY 4 s ‘ ol | Se rg I eN 
*, Burial iv plas Ie \ Se 
; Bry ein Cae Be Burial 1X et 






we q Ni 


: Bat 
gaan, V aio Buria/ V//] 







, Burial AV .- 





emer 
; ca ° 
Btirial x \\ ey / 





‘ Burial KV 


BURIALS AT LAS GUACAS, COSTA RICA 
(AFTER HARTMAN, 19078) 


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SITES IN THE PACIFIC REGION 425 


cent years considerable “potting” has been done by the natives, and much 
pottery and a few stone objects have thus been brought to light. Many of 
these specimens are in the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica at San José, and the 
Peabody Museum, Cambridge. 

b. At the east end of the village, on the river-bank, is a smaller rubbish- 
heap, covered by modern houses, which constantly receives additions from the 
present inhabitants. 

c. Directly across the River Tempisque is a third site, also situated on 
the edge of the river, from which pottery is said to be washed out by the 
annual floods. 


29. Granapd, Nic. Many objects have been dug up within the city limits, 
and it seems that the modern town stands on the site of a prehistoric city. 
Historical records state that Granada was built on the site of the Mangue 
town of Salteba. 


30. Guacas, Las, C. R. This is the best-known site in western Costa 
Rica as a result of Hartman’s (1907a) work. It was discovered in making a 
clearing in 1877, and the finding of a piece of gold led to the thorough ex- 
ploitation of this large cemetery by Padre José Maria Velasco, a Spanish 
priest living in Nicoya, and Antonio Carillo, the owner of the land. Large 
collections formed by this partnership are now in the Museo Nacional de Costa 
Rica, the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh, and the Peabody Museum of Har- 
vard University. Hartman found a small corner which had not been rifled; 
the graves discovered by him are plotted in our pl. cxcvm. 

Hartman (1907a, p. 14) writes: “The site of the burial ground is al- 
most level and was entirely covered with forest growth when Carillo settled 
at this place. There were no surface indications above the ground of the 
treasures hidden below.” Burials occurred at varying depths and were some- 
times superimposed. In the earth above the graves were fragments of pottery 
and stone objects. 


31. GuACcHIPILIN, Hactenpa, C. R. This site was visited by Habel (1878, 
p. 26), who says that there were some 300 burial mounds composed by “simply 
heaps of stones several feet in diameter, devoid of any uniformity of struc- 
ture.” One mound measured 6 by 18 feet. 

Flint (MS.) found pictographs nearby. 


32. GUAYACANAL, HAcIENDA EL, C. R. A series of pictographs is carved 
on a bowlder at the Hacienda El Guayacanal in the canton of Liberia. It 
has been illustrated in the Informe of the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica 
for 1897-98. The same publication for 1898 (p. 11) states that there are 
other carvings on the same estate on the banks of the Rio Colorado, and 
others in a neighboring cave. The site is not shown on the map. 

33. Istetas, Las, Nic. See Los Corates. 


34. JicANntr, Nic. Flint (MS.) opened a “stone covered mound” at this 
place, finding only potsherds. This is not shown on the map. 


35. JinoTepe, Nic. “West of Jinotepic 5 leagues on a level plain I found 
some old mounds of the character of those on a plateau at Teustipe, Nicoya, 


426 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


and San Rafael. Like those at Teustipe they were in regular lines like a 
village from 20 to 30 yards apart—had been covered with stones which had 
sunk down as the soil washed off and were just perceptible—covered by 
large trees.” (Flint, MS.) 

Flint (MS.) also speaks of mounds one mile west of the group here men- 
tioned. In a cave measuring 12 yards in width and 40 in depth, Flint ob- 
served numerous pictographs. 


36. Jurtcatpa, Nic. a. Boyle (1868, 1, pp. 146-155) describes finding a stone 
statue of a woman with crossed arms in a garden 9 miles east of the town. 
Excavation in this garden resulted in uncovering a burial urn. The statue 
had come from a neighboring hill on which were stones “arranged over the 
hill-top in circles and squares and diamonds, and all sorts of regular shapes, 
but around the big central stone they branched forth in straight rays, to a 
large circumference of equal segments.” 

b. In a small savanna two leagues over the mountains from Juigalpa, 
Boyle (1868, 1, pp. 156-167) describes a second site consisting of cairns extend- 
ing over a space of two acres and many pieces of large statues. On a nearby 
hill was a “vast cairn of rock, on which were several fragments of sculpture, 
and four deep holes, from which statues had been removed.” 

Belt (1888, pp. 164-172) visited what is apparently the same site. He 
rode out of Juigalpa about three miles to a small plain. On a hill above 
the plain was a cairn, 30 feet long and 20 broad, in which two holes had 
been dug. Further digging revealed funeral urns. On the plain among the 
bushes. were many cairns about 20 feet in diameter and also many fragments 
of stone statues. 


37. JunciaL, C. R. a. Flint (MS.) in 1883 excavated a shell-heap on 
the eastern side of the Bay of Santa Helena, opposite the Island of Juanilla, 
or Juncial. This site is probably the one described by Alfaro (1896, p. 14) 
under the name of Junquilla (pl. cxcv1i1). 

b. A mile and a half to the north of this shell-heap, and a short distance 
from the coast, Flint (MS.) found a stone mound in 1883. 


38. Lacarto, C. R. A rubbish-heap was discovered in clearing for a 
farm about a mile to the north of Rio Lagarto. 

There are rumors of sites along the coast to the south and in the thickly 
forested hills nearby. 


39. Lacunitta, C.R. (a) Cerro Guachipilin: Graves and a rubbish-heap 
are situated on the top of this hill. 

(b) Los Limones river: There are graves here marked by circles of stone. 
Painted pottery and gold objects have been found. 

(c) El Cacao river: There are graves on the west bank. Almost all the 
pottery found here is incised. 

These three sites are all on the land of Sr. José Angel Vega, and are repre- 
sented by specimens in the Peabody Museum. 


40. Lrdén, Nic. Numerous objects have been dug up within the limits of the 
modern town, which evidently stands above an older settlement. Squier (1852, 


SITES IN THE PACIFIC REGION 427 


vol. 1, p. 272) illustrates a metate of the type so frequently found in the Penin- 
sula of Nicoya. 


41. JLrperta, C. R. There are several sites in the vicinity of the town of 
Liberia which were rifled long ago. In the Informe of the Museo Nacional de 
Costa Rica for 1898 (pp. 11-12) some of these are listed. The Hacienda E! 
Viejo produced archeological remains as long ago as 1825. The hacienda of the 
cofradia of the church of San Blas also produced specimens. From the finca El 
Tempisque, metates, painted pottery, and jade objects were extracted. 

Flint (MS.) states that he saw pictographs near Liberia. 


42. Lrpertap, La, Nic. Two leagues east of the town, Belt (1888, p. 154) 
saw “many old Indian graves, covered with mounds of earth and stones,” from 
which pottery, metates, and celts had been taken. 

Boyle (1868, 1, pp. 197-212) describes the excavation of two cairns. The 
larger was 58 yards long and 40 yards wide, and in it were discovered a 
marble vessel, carved metates, and fragments of coarse pottery. The other cairn, 
much smaller, yielded an elaborately carved marble vase, metates, broken pot- 
tery, and five burial urns set in an east-west line, which contained black earth, 
but no bones. A few human bones were scattered among the stones which 
formed the cairn. 

Boyle (1868, p. 45) states that monolithic axes had been found at this site. 


43. Luna, Hacienpna, Nic. Situated on the Island of Ometepe, a mile south 
of the town of Moyogalpa, this site owes its prominence to the excavations by 
Bransford, the collections he made, and to the naming of a certain type of 
pottery ‘“Luna Ware”. 

The vicinity is said to be replete with evidences of former habitation, and 
Bransford dug in several places, as is shown by his map (1881, p. 8). How- 
ever, apparently there are no remains above ground, for there are no statues or 
mounds in the immediate vicinity. 

Bovallius (1886, p. 9) says: “Hardly one kilometer to the west of the burying 
place examined by Dr. Bransford, a symmetrical mound, rising one meter and a 
half above the ground, was dug through. It contained a little bowl, pieces of 
a large urn of an unusual thickness, feet and fragments of a tripod vase, 
and a little bronze figure of a saint, the last one evidently a foreign guest 
among the other objects.” 


44. Manetra, Nic. The south half of the Island of Ometepe is formed by 
the cone of the volcano of Madeira with its fringing plain. Archeological re- 
mains are said to be found on this plain, but exact locations are lacking. 

Flint states that there are stone statues at the base of the volcano in several 
places, and speaks of a single group of five such statues (letter to Putnam, Sept. 
29, 1878). 

45. Mawnacua, Nic. Many museums possess specimens of a distinctive style 
obtained by chance excavation within the City of Managua, so that it seems that 
the modern town stands over a large prehistoric site. 

One mile east of the city, Flint found several specimens of pottery in a rail- 
road cut, including squash-shape jars, a small shoe-shape jar, and two tripod 
bowls. 


428 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Crawford (1895, p. 261) states that about 300 burial jars were discovered in 
1880 while cutting a canal from the lake toward the mountains to the south of 
the city. At the time of his visit such urns were occasionally encountered in the 
western part of the city, resting on a lava flow, the fourth above the much dis- 
cussed footprints. (See Part II, chap. 1.) 


46. Masaya, Nic. In the “Quebrada de las inscripciones,’ a long cleft in 
the rock rim of the Lake of Masaya, is a series of pictographs. Squier (1852, 
vol. 1, pp. 21-26) has described these carvings and illustrated many of them. 
They consist of crude human and animal figures, and also a few simple geo- 
metric designs. 

Flint (letter to Putnam, Aug. 6, 1878) speaks of burial urns found in this 
vicinity. 

47. MascarrAn, Nic. “On the Island of Mascarran were found five or six 
stone images, some upright and full stature, others sessile. Their heads were 
without hoods or other ornaments, and were of a brachycephalic type. They 
were carefully sculptured, and presented a boldness and determination of facial 
features not so fully or distinctly portrayed by any other stone images yet dis- 
covered in Nicaragua. This island is situated in Lake Nicaragua. Above and 
beneath the present surface of this lake, and two miles distant from the place of 
discovery of the images were found pictographs and hieroglyphics not yet trans- 
lated.” (Crawford, 1895, p. 223.) It is not indicated on the map. Urn burials 
were found on this island (op. cit., p. 261). 


48. Mento, R1o, C. R. Bransford (1882, p. 817) says that in descending the 
Rio Medio, an affluent of the Rio de Oro, “fragments of pottery were noticed 
several times where slight washes had occurred, or in the banks of the ravines.” 


49. Menco, Ex, Nic. At El Menco, a point on the mainland to the south- 
west of Zapatero island, some 300 yards from the beach, Flint (MS.) uncov- 
ered four shoe-shape burial jars. 

Another burial site was discovered a mile and a half to the south, where 
simple inhumation was practised. 

Flint (MS.) excavated later in a stone mound situated near the lake. 


50. Mico river, Nic. Belt (1888, p. 52), speaking of the vicinity of Esqui- 
pula, says: “This river must have had at one time a large Indian population 
dwelling in settled towns near its banks. Their burial places, marked with 
great heaps of stones, are frequent, and pieces of pottery, broken stone statues 
and pedestals are often met with.” 

Crawford (1898, p. 263) speaks of “numerous glyphs, figures of men, ani- 
mals and birds, inscribed by the aborigines on the protected faces of many rocks 
along the margin of the Rio Mico, Roma and Sequia, near where they unite and 
form the Rio Bluefields.”’ 


51. Mocrca, Hacrenpa DE, C. R. On this estate, formerly the property of 
President Bernardo Soto, Alfaro (1896, p. 15) describes shell-heaps in which 
are found burials, and also mounds in apparently related order, in the center of 
which are sunk stone columns, sometimes decorated with pictographs. 


SITES IN THE; PACIFIC REGION 429 


52. Momoromsito, Nic. Momotombito is an island in Lake Managua, 
formed by a volcanic cone, and some 8 miles in circumference. Squier (1852, 
vol. 1, pp. 310-315) says that in a natural amphitheater there was a square com- 
posed of fifty or more stone idols set in rows. Most of these were mutilated at 
the time of his visit and many had been removed. Two of these figures are 
now in the United States National Museum. 

Crawford (1895, p. 223) found “six stone images . . . originally placed in 
two parallel rows, extending from within a short distance from the lake up the 
inclined valley to the probable foundation wall of stone intended for a temple or 
observatory ...” 


53. MoyocatpA (OMETEPE ISLAND), Nic. Specimens in the United States 
National Museum, formerly part of the exhibit of the Nicaraguan Government 
at Madrid in 1892; are catalogued as coming from this place. By reference to 
the map it will be seen that several sites are located near this town, and it is 
probable that others exist of which there is no record. 

Flint excavated in “stone enclosures,” the specimens obtained being now in 
the Peabody Museum. 


54. Nacarote, Nic. Flint (MS.) describes a cave, with pictographs on its 
roof, near the lake shore at San Pablo de Nagarote. 


55. Nacascora, C. R. Bransford (1882, p. 825) mentions obtaining a speci- 
men of “Chorotega Ware” which had been dug out at this place. Elsewhere 
(1881, p. 76) he describes the site as consisting of a shell-heap covering three 
or four acres and six feet deep. In this heap burials are said to occur, marked 
by stone columns similar to those at Santa Helena. This site is situated on the 
sea, and other shell-heaps are to be found in the neighboring hills. 


56. NANpDAIME, Nic. Specimens collected by Flint at this place are now in 
the United States National Museum and the Peabody Museum. 

Flint (MS.) describes the opening at the Pital farm on the Nandaime plain 
of a stone-covered mound, which was the only mound of this type he found 
in the vicinity. 

Crawford (1895, p. 223) speaks of stone images, while Flint (MS.) states 
that an idol, completely buried, was discovered to the east of the town. 


57. Neyapa, LAKE or, Nic. Squier (1852, vol. 1, pp. 402-410) describes a 
series of rock paintings on the cliffs above this crater lake. Among the figures 
which appear are the plumed serpent and the red hand. 


58. Nicoya, C. R. “Nicoya,” owing to the numerous sites near the town 
of this name, is a common title on museum specimens, of which literally thou- 
sands have come from this region. Bransford (1881), who was the first arche- 
ologist to visit the site, observed mounds 5 feet high and 40 feet in diameter in 
the mountains south of the town. Flint (MS.) says, “the mounds at Nicoya... 
are surrounded with walls of stone and afterwards covered” with earth. 

Other aboriginal remains in this vicinity are discussed under the names Las 
Canillas, Las Guacas, Rio Medio, Pochote, Punta del. Monte, San Juan. 


59. Norome, Nic. Lehmann (1910, p. 705, n. 2) mentions stone sculptures at 
this place. It is not shown on the map. 


430 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


60. OMETEPE ISLAND, Nic. This island contains many sites (fig. 285), which 
are treated individually. See Arta Gracia, ANGELES, BALTAZAR, CHILIATE, 
Cocos, Luna, MoyocaLtpaA, SAN Francisco, SAN RAMON PoINnT, SANTA 
HELENA, TIERRA BLANCA, MADEIRA. 

In addition, Bovallius (1886, p. 10) speaks of the following unnamed sites: 

“T made excavations also at six other places in Ometepec, for instance, in 
the isthmus between Ometepec and Madeira, but without any result worthy of 
record.” 

“At a height of nearly 350 m. above the lake on the west side of the majes- 
tically beautiful volcanic cone, while digging in a rather extensive stone mound, 
a very pretty vaulted urn with a lid, painted in three colors, was found, and, 
besides, a great many fragments of pottery.” 


61. Orota, Nic. “Near the base of the Volcano of Orota, I was shown a 
number of low mounds of earth and stone, rectangular, and set round the edges 
with stones which seem to have been the sites, or foundations of ancient build- 
ings. They were covered and surrounded by fragments of broken pottery.” 
(Squier, 1852, vol. 11, p. 335.) 


62. Parmar, Hacienpa, Nic. In a field of the Hacienda Palmar at Palos 
Negros, in the Department of Rivas, Bransford (1881, p. 69) excavated sev- 
eral graves. Several skeletons were exhumed, one with its head on a metate 
and another with a bowl inverted over the head. Pottery from this site is of a 
specialized variety which has been called “Palmar Ware”. 


63. Patos Necros, Nic. See PALMAR. 


64. PanaMA,.C. R. “Near the road, from that house to the beach,” says 
Bransford (1882, p. 823), “were lying two fine images in the Zapatero style, 
about 6 feet high, with the head of a serpent for a head-dress. The head of one 
was broken off. It was the finest specimen of that class that I have ever seen. 
Nearer the beach in the banks of a stream was a lot of pottery fragments, as in 
the Buena Vista, and near by a section of a shell heap which had been covered 
by alluvium...” 

“Next morning we visited the huaca of Panama, on a hill overlooking the 
bay. At the edge of a mangrove swamp near the foot of this hill was a bank 
about 8 feet high and 30 by 50 yards surface, composed as at Buena Vista, 
almost entirely of shards ... There was another nearby, the two forming 
islands occasionally in very high tides ... Shells were not mixed with the 
shards in the large banks. The fragments, as at Buena Vista, were almost all of 
unpainted ware, or that which was only painted solid red; but there were a few 
pieces in yellow ornamentation, or in bands of black or dark brown... 

“Just south of these banks the hill of the hwacas rises some 150 or 200 
feet... On top of this hill was the finest huaca yet seen. The graves had on 
them stones in pieces about a foot in diameter. Many of these had been opened, 
and a great many objects were reported to have been obtained. The burials were 
shallow, the excavations being only about 3 feet in depth. Scattered about were 
bones, fragments of handsome metates, and numberless shards of painted ware, 
celts, etc. Among the remains were some pieces of large jars. A head in green 


SI LES IN FHE PACIFIC REGION A3I 


argillite was found, but there were no specimens of the Santa Helena ware seen 
at Ometepec and supposed to have been of Aztec manufacture.” 


Goes EPLON, FIACIENDA EL, C. R. Bransford (1882, p. 824) says: “On a 
slight eminence about a mile north of the house were seen huacas like those seen 
in 1877 opposite Boquerones. The pottery was in some cases painted red. There 
was a fragment of coarse ware 134 inches thick, which must have been part of 
an immense vessel, judging by the curve. The guide reported the finding here 
of large jars 3 feet high, containing bones and charcoal.” 

Flint (MS.) visited this site in 1883 and excavated a stone-covered mound. 


66. Prensacota, Nic. This is a small island near Granada. Squier (1852, 
vol. 11, p. 33) describes three stone statues here, of which he gives illustrations. 


67. Prepras Necras, Nic. Ona hill-slope above the Rio Zapote near Piedras 
Negras, at a point called Las Huacas, Flint (MS.) found some small mounds, 
some of which were similar to the mounds of Nicoya. Excavation was con- 
ducted at the main group, at a mound farther up the hill, and in a very large 
mound situated three miles from the sea. Only broken pottery was found. A 
metate of the Nicoyan type was washed out of the river-bank. 


68. Pocuotre, C. R. Bransford (1882, p. 813) says that he visited huacas 
at “Pipal and Ochote, some 4 or 5 miles from Nicoya.’ No such names can be 
identified in this vicinity, but it is suggested that Ochote should read Pochote, 
which lies at about the proper distance from Nicoya. The remains are described 
as “raised mounds of loose stones, below which were the relics in shape of 
human bones, shards and celts.” 


69. Potosi, Nic. Southeast of Potosi, on the shores of- Lake Nicaragua, 
Flint (MS.) excavated a rectangular mound 100 yards square and 7 feet high. 
He encountered nothing but potsherds and shells, but noted a difference in the 
sherds from the top four feet and the lower three feet of depth. Near the base 
of the mound were fragments of shoe-shape burial urns similar to those found 
on Zapatero island. 


7). Purzsto Nuevo, Nic. Flint (MS.) says that he “visited two small flat- 
tened mounds” at Pueblo Nuevo; and elsewhere (MS.) states that he saw five 
mounds there. This site is not shown on the map. 


71. Punta DEL Monte, C. R. About a mile and a half southeast of the town 
of Nicoya, where the road cuts the hilltop, Bransford (1881, p. 75) noticed 
sherds and dug out several skeletons and some pottery. 

He also excavated among mounds formed by accumulated rubbish about half 
a mile farther south. 


72. RIACHUELO CAVE, Nic. In a cave of this name, near San Rafael, De- 
partment of Rivas, Flint (1882) found pictographs. An alligator and a bird are 
ainong the objects represented. 


73. Rivas, Nic. The plain of Rivas was the center of the Mexican popula- 
tion in Nicaragua and was very thickly settled, a fact to which the many an- 
tiquities found today in the vicinity of this town bear witness. 


432 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Flint (MS.) mentions remains at Castillo, Chata farm, and Menco, and also 
speaks of urn burial in a group of mounds one mile from the lake. 
Crawford (1895, p. 262) speaks of pictographs “near the town of Rivas.” 


74. Sattnas, Nic. At Salinas, the salt marshes near the Rio Zapote, Flint 
(MS.) examined a place called Purgatory island, which was “covered with 
débris.” It is not shown on the map. 


75. Sattnas BAy, C. R. Flint (MS.), in 1883, discovered a large shell-heap 
on the southern shore of Salinas bay. Alfaro (1896, p. 14) refers to this site 
under the name of Conventillos. (See pl. cxcv1m1.) 

A mile and a half southeast of the shell-heap, Flint (MS.) found a stone 
mound measuring 25 by 13 yards. On each 
side of the mound was a stone head. Sub- 
sequent excavation by one of Flint’s work- 
men disclosed 39 stone figures which were 
ranged in a line some 40 yards long on one 
side of the mound. One of these is said to 
have been very large and to have had four 
arms. Some of these statues are now in the 
Peabody Museum. 

Near the above-mentioned mound, Flint 
found a series of pictographs on a bowlder in 
an arroyo, one of which is shown in fig. 286. 


76. SAN ANprRES CAVE, Nic. In a cave 
of this name near San Rafael, Department of 
Rivas, Flint (1882) found pictographs and 

Pion soceseistoer ah oat be tracks of a man, a tiger sane various 

Arroyo ide las’ Calaveras, irds in a layer of sandstone over which lay 

Salinas bay, Costa Rica. three other strata of the same material. The 

(After Flint MS.) question of geological age thus presented has 

not yet been definitely determined, but at 

present it seems that this and other similar finds are not of necessity very 
ancient. (See page 101 ff.) 

In the plains below this cave are several mounds. 





77. SAN Francisco (OMETEPE ISLAND), Nic. “At San Francisco, on the 
western side of Madeira, in the woods near the beach, piles of stones were 
pointed out as graves of the old Indians.” Nearby was a stone-walled sepulcher. 
“The top was about 15 inches below the surface; the grave being 35 inches deep, 
31 inches wide and 17 feet long. The stone slabs from one to four inches thick, 
walled the sides around and covered it. One slab was 35 x 21 inches... The 
grave was about north and south. The northern end was paved with slabs, 
under which were human bones. All the bones were so very old and much 
decayed that I could not determine whether there had been more than one 
skeleton.” (Bransford, 1881, p. 60.) 


78. SAN JorcE, Nic. Bovallius (1886, p. 10) made excavations immediately 
to the north of the town. 
Flint (MS.) excavated two mounds situated about 300 yards from the beach, 


PL. CXCVIII 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Salinas Bay 


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SALINAS BAY, SHOWING ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES 


1, SALINAS SHELLHEAP; 2, EXCAVATED STONE MOUND; 3, PICTOGRAPH; 4, 7, 9, STONE MOUNDS; 5, 6, 8, 
SHELL MOUNDS; 10, 11, 12, MOUNDS OF UNSPECIFIED CONSTRUCTION. (AFTER FLINT MS.) 


e 


ty 





ou 


SLES IN, THEVPACIFIC REGION 433 


and various other mounds in the vicinity in which he found much broken pot- 
tery. The specimens obtained are now in the Peabody Museum. 

Three miles north of San Jorge and 500 yards from the lake, another mound 
was opened, which contained several burial urns. Some of the urns were round, 
a type which occurs all over the plain of Rivas (Flint MS.). Crawford (1895, 
p. 261) mentions urn burial in this vicinity. 


79. SAN JuAN (Nicoya), C. R. Prehistoric burials are to be found on all 
sides of this town. Padre Velasco told the writer that since the exhaustion of 
Las Guacas most of the specimens he has sold have come from this vicinity. 


80. SAN JUAN DEL Sur, Nic. Bransford (1881, pp. 70-71) reports that pot- 
tery has been found by chance excavation in the village. He saw small stone 
mounds on the hills to the north and “fragments of rough pottery ornamented 
with pinched and dotted borders.” He also saw shell-heaps in the lowlands. 

Flint (MS.) mentions two stone-covered mounds one mile north of the town 
and 600 yards from the coast. 


81. SAN PasLo river, Nic. On a wooded plateau above San Pablo river, 
Flint (MS.) describes a site consisting of several mounds and 47 stone statues. 
The mounds, of which the largest measured 30 yards in diameter, were exca- 
vated, and the presence of urn burial noted, as well as of pottery similar to that 
encountered at Palermo and Palmar. The statues in no case were of the type 
with an animal on the back. In two instances four overthrown statues were 
found at the corners of a mound. 


82. San Pepro pEL Lopaco, Nic. Crawford (1895) speaks of mounds, stone 
statues, and a stone workshop. The statues are described as “similar to those 
on the island of Momotombito.” “These images were not exposed in 1876 
while Dr. Bransford was here, but recently by earthquakes and floods that 
widened and deepened the ravines in that locality. They are 3 feet long, with 
an unsculptured base for the purpose probably of setting them firmly and erect 
into the ground.” 

Urn burials were found at this site. 


83. San RAMON POINT (OMETEPE ISLAND), Nic. Bransford (1881, pp. 64- 
67) figures a series of pictographs which he found on the shore and hills about 
a mile and a half east of San Ramon point. 


84. San RAFAEL, HacienpA, C. R. This site lies six miles north of El 
Jobo. Bransford (1882, p. 824) says: “The burials here were in a clump of 
trees on a slight elevation above the plain, where enough of soil had accumulated 
above the lava rock to support something more than the usual coat of grass. 
The burials were not more than 2 feet below the surface. A vase 12 in. deep, 
16 in. diameter, and 324 in. across the mouth, contained burned human bones. 
The guide said that he had found another here containing bones, and in other 
cases fragments of large jars with bones. There were lying around celts, frag- 
ments of red unpainted ware and of finely worked metates. The graves were 


indicated by large stones.” 
Flint (MS.) visited this site in 1883. 


434 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


85. Santa Cruz, C. R. There is a rubbish-heap on the banks of the Rio 
Diria where it is cut by the Santa Cruz-Belen road. 


86. Santa HELENA (OMETEPE ISLAND), Nic. Santa Helena is situated on 
the lake shore two and one-half miles north of Moyogalpa. Bransford (1881) 
has applied this name to the general type of pottery found here. No urn burial 
was found with the exception of some infant skeletons, although bowls were 
often inverted over the head, and other objects were placed with the skeleton. 
The burials appear to have been made in a rubbish-heap, in contrast to the 
burials at Hacienda Luna, where very little was found in the surrounding 
soil. Among the burials several upright basaltic columns, three feet in length, 
were found sunk to the ground level. 


87. Santa HELENA, pornt and BAY, C. R. Flint (MS.) found stone mounds 
on the Point of Santa Helena and shows altogether on his map several sites in 
this vicinity. (See pl. cxcvim.) 


88. Santana, C. R. Bransford (1882, p. 816) describes “low mounds scat- 
tered all over the country.” On the top of the ridge separating Nicoya and 
Santana were graves marked by large stones. The burials were of the same 
type as at Las Guacas, and “were indicated by low piles of stones, principally 
limestone from the neighboring hills. These piles only rose 1 or 2 feet above 
the surface. Commencing excavation in one, the stones were found for the first 
3 feet, at the bottom of which were human bones and some fragments of Choro- 
tega pottery. Lower still was the hard clay of this section. In one place exca- 
vation was carried to the depth of 6 feet; pieces of coarse pottery were found 
near the bottom, where apparently undisturbed clay discouraged further digging.” 


89. Santa Rosa, Hacienpa, C. R. Bransford (1881, p. 76) says that he 
heard there were stone statues at this place. 

Specimens from here were exhibited at Madrid in 1892 (Peralta and Alfaro, 
1893). 


90. Santraco, Cerro, Nic. This site is situated three or four leagues south- 
west of Leén. Squier (1852, vol. 1, pp. 317-323) speaks of a mound 200 feet 
long, 60 broad, and 10 high. The stones around the edge of this still retained 
some degree of regularity. Nearby were fragments of broken stone statues, and 
one figure, still nearly intact, was standing in the ground. From this site Squier 
obtained three other fairly complete figures which are now in the United States 
National Museum. 


91. San VICENTE DE Botsoxn, C. R. See Borson. 


92. SaRDINAL, C. R. Sardinal was apparently a center of pottery-making 
with strongly developed local styles. Alfaro (1893, p. 8) writes that there were 
once more than two hundred sepulchers, marked by stone mounds. 


93. Seca, La, Nic. Flint (1878) speaks of a cave of this name containing 
pictographs, situated to the west of Granada. It is not shown on the map. 


94. Srere Currros, C. R. Objects in the United States National Museum 
collected by Bransford are catalogued as coming from this place. However, 
an exatnination of his text (1882, p. 825) shows that they originally came from 
several miles lower down the Tempisque, possibly from the vicinity of Filadelfia. 


SPIES IN THE PACIFIC: REGION 435 


Flint, however, who accompanied Bransford in 1877, states that he saw two 


stone idols there about seven feet high, which were used as posts in the cattle 
corral. 


95. SOLENTINAME ISLANDS, Nic. Lehmann (1910, pp. 705, 708-709) con- 
ducted excavations. He mentions stone figures, burial urns, gold beads, and 
pottery. 

There is a large undecorated jar from this site in the United States National 
Museum. 

Flint (MS.) says that he had seen glass beads similar to those found on 
Ceiba island, which were encountered here in association with golden images. 


N. W. Fischer (Am. Antiq., vol. xx, p. 126, 1900) dug on the Solentiname 
islands. 


96. TasBLON, Cerro, Nic. Along the banks of a creek, at the foot of a hill 
of this name, some three miles from the Pacific, in the Department of Leon, 
Crawford (1895) found the remains of an extensive workshop. It is stated that 
the Indians of Subtiaba made arrowheads here as late as 1890. This site does 
not appear on the map. 


97. TaNncaBULEA, Nic. Flint (1876) states that he visited, at a place of 


this name near Diriamba, several stone idols about which were remains of broken 
pots. 


98. TANQUE CANON, Nic. Crawford (1895, p. 263) speaks of pictographs 
“on the concave face of a rock on the north side of Cafion Tanque, in the Penin- 
sula of Coseguina, about 30 feet above the hard rhyolite floor of the cafion and 
about 120 feet below the upper margin of the cafion.” This locality lies outside 
the map. 


99. TEMPISQUE FALLS, C. R. Flint (MS.) visited a group of mounds near 
the falls on the Rio Tempisque. 


100. Trustepe, Nic. “At Teustepe near the river excavated in various 
places, pieces of pottery were found in all. The river has washed out many. 


It seems the whole plain had been densely populated, no mounds could be 
found.” (Flint, MS.) 


101. TierRA BLANCA (OMETEPE ISLAND), Nic. “At Tierra Blanca, near the 
northern end of the island, I was shown an image (stone) without a head lying 
in the edge of the lake. Another was said to be uncovered at low water during 
the dry season. They were probably abandoned here after an unsuccessful at- 
tempt at embarkation.” (Bransford, 1881, p. 63.) 


102. Tora, Nic. Important collections now in the Peabody Museum were 
obtained by Flint from the mounds on the plains of Tola. In all, fourteen 
mounds were opened during the course of several years. These mounds con- 
tained burials with the usual accompanying objects, and, in the vicinity of the 
mounds, burial urns were encountered. 

Upon the hills surrounding the plain, Flint examined traces of rubbish-heaps. 


103. VEINTISIETE DE ABRIL, Et, C. R. a. In the center of the town and cov- 
ered by modern houses is a rubbish-heap. 


436 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


b. On the hills to the south of the town are rubbish-heaps. Excavations 
revealed a very shallow deposit and no burials. 

c. At the east end of the town, on each side of the road to Santa Cruz, is a 
cemetery. Excavation showed that the burials were of Las Guacas type, the 
bodies lying about six feet under the surface. 


104. Veras, Caso, C. R. Bransford (1882, p. 822) records that beyond 
Santa Rosa he “rode to within a short distance of the sea to examine an old 
burial ground. The graves were indicated by slight piles of stones, showing but 
little above the surface. There is very little soil above the rock here, and the 
relics, human bones, extremely rude pottery, celts and broken grinders were 
found within 15 inches of the surface... One skeleton was extended with head 
to southwest; on one side of the skull was a celt, edge down, on the other a 
small rude vessel in pottery.” 


105. Vuejo, Ex, Nic. Pector (1888, pt. 1, p. 7) speaks of objects of clay 
and stone obtained at El Viejo, which later came into his possession. These 
objects, he states, were similar to the finds made by Squier and Flint in the 
regions farther south. This site is not on the map. 


106. Vircen, La, Nic. Flint (MS.) describes the opening of two mounds. 
One was 20 feet long, 10 wide, and 3 high. The center was filled with small 
bowlders. The other mound was 30 feet in diameter and 7 feet high. Nearby 
was a group of stone figures, most of which had fallen. 


107. Zacate GRANDE, IstaND or, Honduras. Lehmann (1910, p. 735) 
mentions pottery of Maya type in the collection of Mr. Heyden of Amapala 
which was discovered on the island of Zacate Grande in the Gulf of Fonseca. 
This is not shown on the map. 


108. ZAPpATERO ISLAND, Nic. (pl. cxcrx). Squier (1853, vol. mu, chap. XvIt) 
has published drawings of fifteen of the eighteen statues he discovered here, 
and also of an elaborate pictograph. In addition he has given a map of the 
site, which consists of eight mounds, made of loose stones, arranged in no 
apparent order. 

Bovallius (1886) describes two sites on this island and illustrates many stone 
figures and a few fragments of pottery. The most important of these sites is 
situated on the Punta del Sapote, which forms the extreme northwestern part of 
the island. Here he found a group of six oval stone mounds. The largest 
measures about 50 by 30 meters and the smallest about 15 in length by some- 
what less than half in breadth. The long axis of these mounds runs north and 
south. One of them was of special interest, for six complete stone statues and 
the bases of three others were found in situ. Originally it seems that twelve 
statues, facing outward, were placed around the base of the mound, which Boval- 
lius (p. 14) thinks were once built into a wall. Altogether twenty-six statues 
were found at this site. On the neck of the peninsula was a stone mound about 
40 meters in diameter and 30 to 40 meters in height, constructed of enormous 
unhewn blocks placed in regular layers. 

A second site, the Punta de las Figuras, was situated on the eastern side of 
the Bahia de Chiquero. This is the station described by Squier (vtde supra). 
Bovallius shows five large stone mounds on his map and says that he saw 


LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXCIX 


Punia del Sapate 





MOUNDS ON ZAPATERO ISLAND, NICARAGUA 
(AFTER BOVALLIUS, 1886) 





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A ne eT a gers ke 


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SITES IN THE HIGHLAND REGION 437 


several smaller and more irregular mounds. Some of the stone statues described 
by Squier had been removed at the time of the visit of Bovallius, but new 
fragments were discovered, of which illustrations are given, as well as of sev- 
eral that had been previously published. 


In addition to the above listed sites are the following, about which no definite 
data are available: 


In Costa Rica: Acientio, Agua Fria, Las Agujas, Punta de Bejuco, Las 
Cafias, Canjel, Carrizal, Las Casitas, Copal, Corcuera, Guacal, Hacienda Guipi- 
lapa, Hacienda El Jobo, Lepanto, Hacienda Miravalles, Montes de Oro (Los 
Quemados), Polvon, Sabana Grande (Nicoya), San Antonio de Nicoya, San 
Marcos, Santa Barbara del Zapote, Sapoa, El Viejo, Zapoli. 


In Nicaragua: Concordia, Jicore, Maculeso, Malacate, Nindiri, Ocotal, 
Palermo, Qualili, San José de los Animales, Santo Tomas, Souce. 


HIGHLAND REGION 


109. AGua CALIENTE (Cartaco), C. R. This site (pl. cc) has supplied a 
large part of the famous Troyo collection. It is situated “in a coffee planta- 
tion at Agua Caliente, a village about a mile and a half from Cartago. The 
cemetery of Purapura, the capital of the Province of Huarco, was formerly 
situated here...” (Letter from Sr. Troyo to Polakowsky, 1888.) 

Hartman (1901, p. 189, fig. 482) illustrates a pictograph from this site, con- 
sisting of three simple spirals. At that time the burial ground was almost com- 
pletely exhausted. 


110. Awnira GrRANpbE, C. R. This site is situated one mile east of the Costa 
Rica Farm and a quarter of a mile north of the Rio Frio branch of the rail- 
road. Two mounds were encountered, from the larger of which there was a 
low projection. Graves were found in the mounds and in the nearby ground. 
One feature of interest was the discovery of a large carved stone slab, now in 
the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, which apparently had 
been set up on end among the graves (pl. cxxx1x). This site is more fully 
described in Appendix IV. 


111. Arcentina, La, C. R. This fairly large site was excavated in part by 
Skinner (MS.) and proved to contain tombs similar to those found at Las 
Mercedes. 


112. Carcui, C. R. Many graves have been rifled at this place. 


113. Carraco, C. R. There are many sites in the broad valley of Cartago, 
specimens from which are labeled “Cartago”. Those in the vicinity of the 
town include Agua Caliente, Carchi, Chircot, Las Huacas, Hacienda Navarro, 
Orosi, Pascén, Palmichal, San Rafael, Navarrito. 


114. Currcot, C. R. This site is situated near the village of Chircot, three 
kilometers north of Cartago. “This burial ground was encircled almost all the 
way round by a stone bordering and . .. contained 205 cists, distributed in three 
layers. The cists of the bottom layer, which of course were the oldest, were 
found to be arranged in three groups. Immediately above were the cists of the 


438 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


second layer. This second layer in each group had a wider circumference than 
the underlying one. The middle layer, again, had the top layer immediately 
over it, the cists of that one being evenly distributed over the whole area of the 
burial ground; they were met with all over at the same depth, 11%4 metres below 
the surface. The surface of the burial ground was almost flat and was on a 
level with the surrounding ground for the most part, only rising a few feet in 
a gentle slope on the three spots where the cists lay in three stories. 

“The graves, as a rule, ran in the direction E.-W., though considerable varia- 
tion existed here and there, some graves even being built in the direction N.-S. 
All the cists proved to be entirely filled with soil, or almost so. Some graves 
were found to contain skeletons, or at least fragments of skeletons. In a few 
cases the skeletons were fairly well preserved, though proving too frail to 
admit of removal... In most of the large cists the skeletons lay stretched 
out on their backs at full length, with the heads as a rule at the W. end. A 
large number of the cists, however, were so small that there was not room for 
the bodies to lie extended ; in these cists only were portions of skeletons found, 
in heaps or bundles, the long bones lying promiscuously above, or quite close 
to the head, etc. The vessels deposited were found principally in the cists, but 
in many cases outside, too, usually at the head end, in a few cases upon the 
roof . . . evidently no regular system had been followed with regard to their 
place or position... 

“Undoubtedly this burial ground with its 205 graves was a considerable 
period of time in use. On comparing, however, the construction of the cists of 
the different layers one with another, as well as the relics contained in them, we 
find no marked differences are to be found, such as would indicate any cultural 
Chansesiaes 

“About fifty meters east of the field examined was another, of somewhat less 
extent and for the most part demolished ... Even in this field a considerable 
number of cists of the same construction as those in the first field were met 
with. They also occurred arranged in two and three stories.” (Hartman, 1901, 
pp. 65-129.) 


115. Costa Rica Farm, C. R. Near the Rio Frio branch of the Guapiles- 
Siquirres railroad, and half a mile north of the track, are two large mounds. 
The larger is six or eight feet high and is approached by a graded stone-paved 
way on the north side. The top of the mound is about a quarter of an acre in 
extent. Inside many tombs were found. Nearby is a second mound of the 
same type with the approach on the western side. A little to the north is an 
enclosure covering about an acre, composed of an earth embankment with a 
facing of rough stones. This site is more fully described in Appendix IV. 


116. Currmasat, C. R. Hartman (1907b) conducted excavations at this 
site, and has named a type of pottery “Curridabat Ware,” owing to the fre- 
quency with which it is found here. The site itself consists of a rubbish-heap, 
and no traces of burials can be found today, although the large number of 
complete pieces of pottery make it very probable that it once contained sepul- 
chers. Furthermore, there are no traces of stone cists such as are found only 
a short distance to the east. The site is at present covered with coffee bushes, 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CC 





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SITE MAP, COSTA RICA 


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SITES IN THE HIGHLAND REGION 439 


and Hartman was hindered in his work by the fact that it was possible to dig 
only narrow trenches. 


117. Dos Novittos, C. R. Across the railroad from Las Mercedes there 
formerly were burial mounds in reality forming a continuation of the same site 
(Skinner MS.). See Guasimo. This site is not on the map. 


118. Escasu, C. R. This site consists of graves and rubbish-heaps. A 
collection of pottery was excavated by Mr. C. F. Wicker in 1918. 


119. Fror, La, C. R. At La Flor, a small plantation two leagues above 
Santiago, Hartman (1901, p. 64) states that he “found a fairly large number of 
stone circles, from 1 to 1% m. in diameter, arranged closely adjacent to one 
another on the slope of a hill. A considerable number of graves had been found 
here by the owner of the land.” 


120. Guapites, C. R. Specimens from this vicinity were exhibited at the 
Madrid Exposition in 1892 (Peralta and Alfaro, 1893, p. 37). 
There are mounds here on which there once were stone statues. (Skinner 


MS.) 


121. Guasimo, C. R. On the south side of the station at Las Mercedes was 
a small burial ground which had been excavated previous to Hartman’s visit 
(1901, p. 42). This is perhaps the same as Dos Novillos. 


122. Guayaso, C. R. On the east side of the Volcano of Turrialba, at an 
elevation of 1,000 m., was a small but very crowded burial ground marked by 
stone circles ten to twelve meters in diameter. From this site have come many 
specimens, especially those forming a large part of the Arellano collection 
(Alfaro, 1892), which is now in the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, 


123. Huacas, Las, C. R. This site, situated on the slopes of Mt. Irazu, was 
excavated by Lorenzo Masis, in 1895, for Guido von Schroeter, who sent the 
objects obtained through the work of about a dozen men for six months to the 
Ethnographical Museum in Vienna. This collection consisted of about 1,200 
specimens. 


124. Jiménez, C. R. “At Jiménez,” says Hartman (1901, p. 42), “about two 
hours’ walk from the station, numerous graves had been met with. In one spot 
four large graves were placed in a huge, almost circular truncated mound, about 
4m. high. Near it, mutilated stone-idols in human shape were still lying on 
the ground. Other similar mounds were seen that had not been opened.” 


125. Limonss, Los, C. R. Six kilometers south of Cartago, on the barren 
hilltops, are to be found burial mounds. Two of the mounds were excavated 
by Hartman (1901, pp. 129-148), who found 63 cists of the Chircot types. Most 
of the graves contained no relics, and no painted pottery was encountered. In 
a third mound, which was later excavated by Lorenzo Masis, two painted jars 
were exhumed which must be considered trade pieces from Nicoya. (Hartman, 
1901, pl. 45, fig. 1, and pl. 44, fig. 8.) 


126. Merceves, Las, C. R. This site (pl. cc1, bottom), perhaps the most 
famous in Costa Rica, is situated on the west bank of the Rio Dos Novillos, an 
affluent of the Rio de la Reventazén. The most outstanding feature was a cir- 


440 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


cular platform mound, 30 meters in diameter and 6.5 meters in height, on three 
sides of which ran long low mounds which surrounded courts. Hartman’s exca- 
vations showed that the large mound was constructed by means of a circular 
stone wall which was filled with earth. He also found evidence that the stone 
statues nearby once stood on the upper rim. 

In the vicinity of the main group are smaller and very low mounds (pl. 
ccl, top), also constructed by filling in a circular stone wall. These contain 
tombs. The tombs, roughly rectangular in shape, consist of stone walls of river 
bowlders, while the floor and roof are covered with large stone slabs. Hartman 
found no skeletons, owing to the very damp climate, but the size of the tombs 
shows that the bodies were placed in an extended position (Hartman, 1901, pp. 
6-39). 

This site was discovered at the time of building the railroad and as it has 
been exploited almost continuously until recently, it may be said to be exhausted. 
A large part of the Keith collection originated here.. In addition to the exca- 
vations conducted by Dr. Hartman, Mr. Alanson Skinner has worked here, and 
a description of his excavation is given in Appendix IV. 

A further point of interest is the association of European articles with the 
typical grave finds (Hartman, 1901, p. 21). 


127. Navarro, Hacrenpa, C. R. Hartman (1901, p. 189) secured specimens 
from stone cists on the Hacienda Navarro near Cartago. This site is not shown 
on the map. : 


128. Orost, C. R. This place is situated about 10 kilometers southeast of 
Cartago. The ruins, in an enclosed valley near a stone quarry and hot springs, 
consist of numerous circles of stone varying from 8 to 20 meters in diameter. 
There are also two long low embankments and a sunken courtyard. Hartman 
(1901, p. 149) found cist graves of the Chircot type in five of these circles, 
although the graves did 
not occur in very great 
numbers. Ina coffee finca 
nearby other graves were 
encountered, and also a 
stone slab on which was 
a pictograph (fig. 287). 
(See pl. cer) 

It is worthy of note . 
that European contact is 
shown by the discovery of 
Millefiori beads in a cist 
= at this site, accompanied 
by a stone ax and a pot- 
tery bowl shaped rather 
like a jaguar metate. 









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Fic. 287.—Pictograph at Orosi, Costa Rica. (After 
Hartman, 1901.) 


129. Pais, C. R. Hartman (1901, p. 190) records the opening of stone 
cists at Pais by Lorenzo Masis, from whom he purchased the specimens thus 
obtained. 


PL. CCI 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


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BURIAL MOUND AND GENERAL MAP OF LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA 


(AFTER HARTMAN, 1901) 


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SITES IN THE HIGHLAND REGION 441 


130. Paratso, C. R. Habel (1879) saw “architectural remains” in the 
vicinity. This possibly refers to structures similar to those seen later at Santa 
Maria de Dota and described in greater detail under that site (page 445). 


131. Puriscat, C. R. Specimens found in this vicinity were exhibited at 
Madrid in 1892 (Peralta and Alfaro, 1893). 


132. Saw Cartos, C. R. Le Baron records a mound of squared stones situ- 
ated “south of the San Carlos river, and about 40 miles from the coast, on what 
was called on the Nicaraguan Canal maps, the ‘San Carlos Ridge Line.’ ” 


133. San Isipro pE GuapALoupe, C. R. Specimens from this place (situ- 
ated 11 kilometers northeast of San José) were exhibited at Madrid in 1892 
(Peralta and Alfaro, 1893). 

Here was found the famous “mesa altar” now in the Museo Nacional in San 
José (pl. cxr). 

The interesting collection of Dofia Maria Fernandez de Tinoco was obtained 
largely from graves on the Tinoco estate near this town. 


134. San Jost, C. R. Aboriginal remains are found all about San José. 
The following sites are in the immediate vicinity: San Isidro de Arenilla, San 
Juan de Murcielago, La Sabana de San José. 


135. San Juan (Axajueta), C. R. Navarrete (1899) has discussed at 
length the site and relics of San Juan. Two burial grounds were discovered 
which showed no surface indications other than sherds. Cist graves were found. 


136. Santa Rosa, C. R. Hartman (1901, p. 42) says that several graves 
had been opened at this site previous to his visit. The general character of the 
graves seemed to be similar to those at Las Mercedes. In some cases one grave 
was found on top of another. 


137. Santraco, C. R. This site was excavated by Hartman (1901, pp. 51- 
64). It lies within the boundary of the Hacienda Las Mesas, on the edge of a 
plateau above the Rio Reventazon. On the surface were several stone circles 
and an elliptical mound. Within the circles, which Hartman believed to be 
house foundations, no graves were found. However, the mound contained 24 
burials, of which half were small stone cists and half pit graves. The pottery 
vessels found, with one exception, were extremely small. 


138. Srourrres, C. R. Lorenzo Masis, according to Hartman (1901, p. 42) 
opened several graves at this place. The specimens obtained are said to be of 
the Mercedes type, and presumably at present form part of the Keith collection. 


139. Tarras, C. R. Two low mounds containing stone cists were excavated 
at this site by Lorenzo Masis (Hartman, 1901). 

140. Tortrucurro, Rio, C. R. About eleven hours’ journey by boat from 
Cinco Esquinas, the Rio Tortuguero splits into two branches. On the neck of 
land thus formed is said to be a cemetery covering three or four acres. 

141. Turrratpa, C. R. Navarrete (1899) speaks of burial mounds and 
stone circles at Turrialba. 


142. Uyarraz, C. R. At this site of early Spanish colonial effort, situated 
about 20 kilometers south of the modern town of Paraiso, Habel (1879) saw 


442 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


“architectural remains,” possibly structures such as he described with more 
detail in the vicinity of Santa Maria de Dota. 


143. Viretnia, La, C. R. Skinner (MS.) excavated several graves at La 
Virginia, which were similar in type to those at Las Mercedes. Eighteen gold 
ornaments were found in 
one grave. 


144. WHuILLIAMSBURG, C. 
R. At the hacienda of Wil- 
liamsburg, near Colombiana 
Station, Hartman (1901, pp. 
40-42) found extensive re- 
mains which are crossed by 
the railroad track. (See fig, 
288.) There are groups of 
small enclosures of stone, 
almost circular and similar 
to those at Las Mercedes. 
Graves had been opened be- 
fore Hartman visited the 
site, and remains scattered 
on the surface appeared to 
be of the same type as those 
found at Las Mercedes. 





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Across the river was an 
enclosure formed by four 
mounds, 9 to 11 meters 
long, 3 meters broad and 1 meter high, constructed of waterworn stones. 

On the banks of the stream were two bowlders on which pictographs had 
been cut, and also a large bowlder cut roughly into the shape of an animal. 


Fic. 288.—Plan of mounds at Williamsburg, 
Costa Rica. (After Hartman, 1901.) 


In addition to the above, aboriginal remains exist at the following sites 
about which there is no definite information: Angelina, Atirro, Barba, La 
Chincilla, Cot, Heredia, Juan Vifias, Naranjo (Grecia), Navarrito, Palmichal 
(Cartago), Pascon (Cartago), San Juan de Murcielago (San José), San Pedro 
(Alajuela), San Rafael (Cartago), San Rafael (Heredia), Santa Barbara 
(Heredia), Rio Segundo (Alajuela), Tres Rios, Tucurrique. 


SOUTHERNJOOST AIG 


For the sake of completeness the following sites in southern Costa Rica 
are added. This is the least-known part of the country, and contains some 
large sites as yet unexcavated. 


145. Arto pe Uvita, C. R. Half an hour’s journey after crossing the coast 
range on the road from La Uvita to General, on the right side of the road, is a 
tableland covered with graves. At this spot is said to be an extensive cemetery. 


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SOUTHERN COSTA RICA SITES 443 


146. Buirocara, Panama. In the valley of the Rio Tourni (Serere), a right 
affluent of the Rio Estrella, about three miles from the Arroyo farm, is said to 
be a cemetery covering about ten acres. 


147. Burenos Artres (Hato Viejo), C. R. “In the vicinity are several 
traces of ancient edifices, witnesses of a population which existed here in remote 
times and whose importance is proved by the innumerable sepulchers which are 
found in all the surrounding territory.” (Pittier, 1892, p. 80.) 

Dr. Pittier described to the writer these remains, which consist apparently of 
rings of stone around the base of the palenques, which were set on square 
mounds such as Habel describes in the vicinity of Santa Maria de Dota. 

Von Frantzius (1869) says that this part of the country was very thickly 
populated, and that many objects of gold and pottery had been found in the 
vicinity. 

A Mr. Garvis told Sefior Alfaro (1896, p. 11) that he had seen the founda- 
tion of a square building in this place. The central part was filled with earth 
and in the center of each side was a graded approach. 


148. CaNAs Gorpas, C. R. Von Frantzius (1869) says that on the savannas 
at this place are many Indian graves, and that it formerly was very densely 
populated. 


149. CANAsS River, Las, C. R. On the right bank of the Rio Cafias, about 4 
or 5 hours’ walk above its junction with the Rio Paquita, is said to be a ceme- 
tery marked by stone columns and circles of stones. 


150. Corarito, C. R. At this place, on the road from Paraiso to Santa 
Maria de Dota, Habel (1879) saw the remains of “ancient edifices” and graves. 
It is not shown on the map. 


151. Coo river, C. R. “Among the courses of the Limén, Coto, and Cabagra 
rivers and their numerous affluents are ... ancient sites of a race almost ex- 


tinct.” (Pittier, 1892, p. 97.) 


152. Division, La, C. R. Ten kilometers beyond La Muerte, on the trail 
from Santa Maria to General, is a shelter. Near this shelter are said to be 
tombs and pictographs. 


153. GeneraAL, C. R. a. Pittier (1892, p. 72) says that this region was oc- 
cupied by a very large aboriginal population. At the angle of junction of the 
Chirripo and Buena Vista rivers is a vast cemetery of which the tombs have 
been almost completely rifled. Many gold images and much pottery were found, 
and some pieces are now in the Troyo collection. 

b. Farther down, on the Quebrada Grande, are many pictographs. 

c. Near the house of Seftor Mena, Pittier found traces of an ancient paved 
roadway running from the mountains to the river. 

d, Between the Quebrada Grande and the Rio General is a small hill, on top 
of which was a group of four tombs and also a single one set apart from the 
others. At the foot of each one of the groups was a pillar of stone, and the 
whole was surrounded by a wall 15 cm. in height. 

e. Beyond the above-mentioned site, and to the southeast, near the road to 
Palmares, are more tombs on the land of Sefior Mora. 


444 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


f. Twenty minutes’ walk from the church on the Camino Real to the south- 
east is a large cemetery, each grave being marked by a stone column. Pittier 
excavated a grave and found that the body had been buried in a sitting position 
with its back to the pillar, and facing toward the east. The column measured 
1.70 m. in length. Two other graves were also opened and some pieces of pot- 
tery were discovered. 

g. On the right side of the road from General to Buenos Aires, after pass- 
ing the Rio Pefias Blancas, is another cemetery, marked by stone columns. 
Many objects have been dug out by the natives. 

This region was occupied until comparatively recent times by “Indios bravos”’. 
When Pedro Calderén first reached the banks of the Rio General he found 
several palenques. Today, however, the former inhabitants are to be found in 
the upper part of the Valley of Telorio. 


Hato Viejo, C. R. See BuENos AIRES. 


154. Hetecuat, Ex, C. R. At the point where the trail from General to La 
Uvita emerges from the mountains there is a tableland, two miles broad and 
four miles long, known as “El Helechal’. On this are said to be several thou- 
sand tombs. 


HvuACAL DE LoS Reyes, C. R. See PANTEON DE Los REYES. 


155. Muerte, La, C. R. At La Muerte, on the trail from Santa Maria 
to General, at a height of more than 3,300 meters, are said to be tombs. In a 
paramo (plateau) near Cuerizi there are said to be pictographs. 


156. Naranjo, Rio, C. R. On the flat land between Rio Naranjo and Rio 
Sevegre are said to be several prehistoric sites. One of these is situated on the 
right bank of the Rio Naranjo, where it is cut by the trail from San Marcos. 


157. Pacuare, Rio, C. R. About ten miles above the place where the Rio 
Pacuare is cut by the Uvita-General trail, the river divides into two branches. 
Between the channels, on a plain and neighboring hill, are said to be many 
tombs marked by mounds and large stone columns. 


158. Patmar,C. R. a. One mile southwest of the village is a hill, the entire 
side of which is covered with tombs, each marked by a small mound and a stone 
column. Some of the latter are carved. The graves consist of a cist built up 
of flat stones under which is often found a “huaca,’ or shaft, from 2 to 6 yards 
deep, at the bottom of which are found the objects deposited with the dead. 

b. A second site is situated two and one-half hours’ journey to the south- 
east of the town, on the Rio Grande de Térraba. Specimens found here were 
exhibited at Madrid in 1892 (Peralta, 1893, p. 23). 


159. PANTEON DE LoS REYES (HUACAL DE Los REYES), C. R. This almost 
legendary site really exists on a tongue of land between the Rio Brus and the Rio 
Grande de Térraba, surrounded on three sides by deep cafions, and inaccessible 
except by a long journey above. It is said that the tombs can be seen from the 
top of the Cerro Pando. Gold objects from here are in the Keith collection. 


160. Puirris, C. R. “The remains of the Indians, circles of stones, jars of 
clay, and grinding stones, which are frequently met on the plains of Pirris, as 


SOUTHERN COSTA RICA SITES 445 


likewise the cacao plantations which have been preserved from times past, are 
proofs that there existed in this region a large population.” (Von Frantzius, 


1869. ) 
161. Sawn JosEcito, C. R. On the hills are said to be many graves. 


162. San Pepricito, C. R. On the hills are said to be many graves. A 
second site is said to exist five miles to the south, the graves being marked by 
stone columns. 


163. Santa Maria DE Dota, C. R. “Santa Maria was in ancient times the 
seat of an aboriginal population as is evidenced by the burials scattered at 
various points. In a pasture belonging to Sefior José Mata is a stone on which 
is cut a very interesting hieroglyph which I could not photograph for lack of 
time. It seems that various objects of clay that have been excavated from these 
huacas are to be found in the Troyo collection, confounded probably with the 
others...” (Pittier, 1892, p. 65.) 

“A great number of circles formed of stones taken from the river-beds indi- 
cate without doubt that in remote times there existed in that valley a large 
population of Indians.” (Von Frantzius, 1869.) 

Habel (1879, p. 29) found in this vicinity “some ruined walls of ancient 
buildings. The standing, outside walls of a circular edifice 78 feet in diameter, 
were 2% feet above ground; the interior space was filled with earth. All 
around this circular ruin were visible the remains of edifices of an oblong, 
quadrangular shape.” 


164. Srvecre, Rio, C. R. There are said to be tombs scattered on the 
neighboring hills at the point where the Rio Culebra enters the Rio Sevegre. 
This site is not shown on the map. 


165. VoxrcAn, Rio, C. R. a. At the extreme headwaters of the Rio Volcan 
is a tableland on which are said to be pictographs, large stone figures, and tombs. 

b. Two days’ journey down-stream, on the land of Pedro Veita, is a second 
site which has been partly exploited. These sites are not shown on the map. 


APP EH IND Exar 


MEMORIAL TO OUR LORD. THE KING, (Gi Ges 
DESCRIPTION AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 


PROVINCE*OF6COS TAghiaee 
Year 1610." 
Senior: 

The Province of Costa Rica, end and termination of the Kingdom of New 
Spain on the eastern side and adjoining the Kingdom of Tierra Firme, which is 
Panama and Cartagena, has a length from East to West of more than one hun- 
dred and fifty leagues, including, under this name of Costa Rica, the whole 
width of land that lies between the two Seas of the North and South and with 
a width of at least forty leagues and up to a hundred at the most. 

On the coast of the North Sea it is settled with many peoples of different 
nations, who live in palenques, which are forts built in native fashion, and who 
are continually on the watch and guard, fearing even their neighbors, because 
they are generally at war the one with the other; the cause of this is the custom 
of sacrificing some persons to the devil on the occasion of every new moon, and 
when they do not have these human offerings, to avoid sacrificing people from 
their own nation, they seek them among others and sacrifice those whom they 
capture; if they have a surplus they sell them to their neighbors for the same 
purpose. It is an invention of the devil that has kept them engaged in civil 
wars, but now with the Holy Gospel at their very doors, they are about to be 
released. They are a reasonable people, well disposed and white, and they wear 
cotton clothing very well made. Although they are given to celebrate many 
festivals in which they intoxicate themselves with drinks, a general fault, in all 
the Western Indies, they are very strict in observances and very punctual in 
the rites and ceremonies of their religion. 

They have idols and priests appointed and designated for the administration 
of their religion; these are wizards, to whom very often the devil gives replies 
in matters wherein they consult him, and they give them to the people, where- 
fore they are held in great veneration, it being believed that they have in them 
some divine quality, as prophets who predict future events and what will hap- 
pen; and they give news of what happens in other places, distant and remote 
from where they are. They use in their wars small spears which are easily 
thrown, which they cast with force and certainty. Some of them use bows 
and arrows, with which they are also skilful. They are a robust people and 
can work hard. The chiefs have the women that they desire all in the same 
house, and the common people generally have one, although it is easy to increase 
the number, but of that one they are very jealous and often kill each other to 
determine which shall have sole possession. They are very obedient to what 
their Cacigues order, although in some cases the execution of the command is 
at the risk of life. 


_ 1 Costa _Rica-Panama Arbitration, vol. 1, document 77. The Spanish text may be found 
in Leén Fernandez, Documentos, vol. v, p. 156. 


446 


COSTA RICA IN 1610 447 


All of this coast, which runs from the River Tariric as far as the Escudo 
de Veragua and extends over a distance of more than seventy leagues, is a very 
pleasant country, with pure water and large rivers, and although hot, it is not 
with such excess as to be distressing. The soil is fertile and produces to good 
advantage all the seeds and plants of this region, such as maize, yucas, sweet 
potatoes, oyamas [Cucurbita pepo], plantains and all kinds of fruits, the 
climate of the country being so advantageous that maize can be planted and 
gathered in every month of the year. Cacao abounds, the best in the kingdom 
in quality and quantity; there is much honey and wax, pitch and sarsaparilla, 
and hemp from which cordage is made for the ships of that coast and those 
that navigate on that of the South Sea. 

But that which most abounds is gold; it is found in such abundance that the 
Christian and peaceful Indians come in to trade it in great quantities, with 
four kinds of merchandise which they bring :—domesticated tapirs, wild boars, 
liquor, and beads. The tapirs are raised in their houses from the time they are 
very young. It is a custom among them that is much esteemed for the Indian 
chiefs to kill these animals at their gatherings and festivals; the usual and 
ordinary value placed on one tapir is twenty pesos, that being the value of the 
gold they give for it. The wild boars, which they call zahinos [Dicotiles tor- 
quatus], are small and tame, and follow their masters wherever they go like 
dogs, even though they go upon the mountains; these also are killed at the 
more ordinary festivals, which are not so solemn, and each boar is worth five 
pesos of eight reales, so that four of these is worth one tapir. The liquor is 
aromatic and is called carava; this they get from trees of the Copal species 
and resembles turpentine; with it they embalm dead bodies so that they will 
not become putrid; a calabashful of this liquor, the size of two quartillos, is 
worth the same as a tapir, or twenty pesos. The chaquiras, or beads as long 
as little pipes, are made from shells of oysters, and a string of these, which 
the man who buys it takes and raising his arm as high as he can it falls to his 
feet, has the same value as a tapir. 

And to those who bring these kinds of things are given three others, which 
are: slaves, Indians, or women they have captured in their wars, or clothing of 
cotton very well made, or jewels of gold, fashioned in the forms of eagles, 
lizards, toads and spiders, and golden medals, plates, and other articles of manu- 
facture, which they work of all kinds, emptying into their molds the gold melted 
in crucibles of clay. 

And the Christian Indians who come to trade, formerly took of all these 
three kinds, but now they do not take slaves because the justices will not allow 
them to sacrifice or keep them; nor do they bring clothing, because they now 
wear the same as the Spaniards, but only bring gold in the forms I have stated, 
rather low in carat because their lack of skill compels them to put in an alloy 
of copper in order to cast it, wherefore it is of a lower standard. But in the 
plates, as they do nothing more than to beat them out and flatten them, without 
any need for an alloy, they show the fineness of the gold, which runs above 
twenty-two carats. The quantity is considerable, the rivers having it in abun- 
dance, and besides this they have very rich minerals lying deep in all the moun- 
tain ridges of the Provinces of Térrebi el Grande and Térrebi el Chico, which 
occupy more than twenty leagues of land above Almirante Bay, so called 


448 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA. 


because the Admiral Columbus discovered it and was there himself on this 
same coast of Veragua; this is near the Escudo at the distance of fifteen or 
twenty leagues. 

But the greatest amount of gold is in the hills of Corotapa, on the same bay, 
at the point where the River Estrella [Changuinola] empties. This is a pro- 
digious river and the richest in the world; its sands are of gold, and they are 
defended and guarded by a warlike nation, that lives upon its banks on the side 
that empties into the Sea, called the Horobarés [Zorobarés]. In these said hills 
Captain Mufioz (the Sergeant-Major of Don Perafan de Ribera, who was Gov- 
ernor and Captain-General of Costa Rica) took from sepulchers of the dead, 
which he found a league distant in the interior, such a quantity of gold that he 
filled two boxes like those in which are brought nails and hardware from Castile ; 
and greedy for more he wished to go into the interior with sixty men that he 
had; so leaving the two boxes buried at the foot of a Ceiba tree, he went in to 
seek the dwellings of the natives, but scarcely had he gone a league when he 
was set upon by so many people that some of his company were wounded and 
they followed him down to the seashore, and it was with difficulty and with 
great labor that he was able to embark and make his way to the frigate, leaving 
his heart at the foot of the Ceiba tree, where he left the two boxes of gold, 
which are there up to this day. 

The natives adorn themselves with pieces of gold, placing them about the 
neck and around their arms and legs, and with the dead are buried all the pieces 
they had, so that they may make use of them in the next life, for all of these 
people profess a belief in the immortality of the soul. And for the same pur- 
pose they bury with the Headman all the slaves that he had, whether men or 
women or children, so that in the next life they can serve him as a lord... . 

Fray AGUSTIN DE CEBALLOS. 


APPENDIX III 


(While the tribes of Talamanca do not fall within the scope of this work, 
yet available evidence shows that they were very similar to the Guetar. We 
therefore reprint the following document (No. 137), dated October 18, 1697, 
from Volume I of the Documents of the Costa Rica-Panama Arbitration. ) 


Pe eetieOrmrRAYy PRANCISCO.DE SAN JOSE, APOSTOLIC MIS- 
meOnaAnYy ST OYVHE PRESIDENT OF THE AUDIENCIA OF GUATE- 
Matra, CONCERNING THE SUBJECTION OF TALAMANCA. AND 
Par nOUSES AND TRIBES OF THE TERRABAS INDIANS, 


These poor Indians do not practice idolatries, but they had some supersti- 
tions. They believed that the creation of man was similar to a seed; that God 
had all the seeds, and just as the maize and other things were planted by Him, 
He planted the men and then they began to procreate; That they had two 
souls, one which performed good works (and this one went upwards) and 
another which did bad deeds, and this latter went below. Some of them 
believed that with the death of the body the soul also died. Some others have 
stones of various colors with which they play in the same manner that we play 
tablas, the colors indicating to them whether there are enemies in the places 
where they go to work or travel about; other stones are like marble, with 
veins of lead color, that show by their shade, whether the day will be pro- 
pitious; others, thin flat stones, are consulted for hunting and fishing; and 
the way they do this is to place the stone upon the palm of the hand and talk 
to it and then quickly give it a toss. If the stone spins, the fortune will surely 
be good, but if it does not, then they will not go out or travel for their luck 
would be bad; And in this they put great faith, because they say that God gave 
such stones to their ancestors for their government, and they, too, must use 
them. They search for them in the quarries while fasting, and immediately 
grind them and during this time they do not eat salt. 

Of these stones my associates destroyed two half fanegas at the least, and 
we as many as two hundred of those that were hidden. 

In their burials they have various rites, for in Talamanca and Cavécaras they 
wrap the bodies in leaves of trees and blankets of tree bark and keep them 
thus for a year, or until they get ready for a grand chichada. In the island they 
transport the bodies, walking at short intervals, day and night for nine days, 
with mournful chants, and to the sound of drums; and then the wife and 
daughter are left to crying all the rest of their lives. This weeping takes place 
at four in the morning and sounds as if they were singing very loudly; it can 
be heard for two squares and more if the house is upon a height. 

They have no government, neither are they obedient to the Caciques, or 
Alcaldes; they do only what they wish and what seems to them good. 

Supplies for the first three tribes are small and there is very little maize; 


plantains even are scarce. 
The Térrabas are the most industrious, and they have more utensils on 


449 


450 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


account of the trade they have with the Borucas. The latter get two harvests 
of maize, but in one month they eat to the end of the maize-field, less only 
what the women can save to plant again. They also raise some beans and yuca 
and yams in their season and a few plantains and greens; but even these 
Indians, being the best of all, suffer sometimes from hunger. 

Those on the Island (of Toja) have plantains all the year round, and in 
their seasons, fish, maize, yuca, and pejibay; but greens are scarce. The land 
is not large enough, and they go to other islands and to the mainland, toward 
the Térrabas, to plant maize and plantains. All drink to enormous excess and 
eat very little meat. 

In all the mountain region there is nothing but the wild pigs, monkeys, tigers, 
small wolves and mice, and but few of these. 

The clothing of the Urinamas, Cavécaras, and Talamancas consists of a short 
jacket, so scant that it shows the entire breast, made of bark-cloth called by 
the Spaniards mastate, and a strip of the same about six fingers wide and a 
yard and a half long with which they cover their private parts. The women 
wear blankets of the same, and sometimes of cotton, which they fasten around 
the waist and let hang down to the knees. 

Those of San Francisco and Boruca fasten a band about the waist, with a 
small flap of cotton in front; but the women cover the head with a blanket, 
tie it around them and it falls to the feet. 

All the other three tribes go about as they were brought into the world, 
except for the necklaces and head feathers worn by the men; but the women, 
with more modesty, wear cotton blankets, at least from the neck to the knee. 
The Changuenes wear a girdle. 

They usually sleep in hammocks; but those who do not, sleep on leaves of 
the vijagua or plantain. 

They are all armed with spears and arrows, except on the Island, where they 
use nothing but spears and some shields of slats interwoven with cords. The 
Térrabas and Changuenes have many shields of tapir-hide. 

Horses get as far as Urinama, but further they cannot go; some young Cat- 
tle have gone as far as Talamanca, but it was very difficult. Here there are 
some level places, but uneven and overgrown. The Térrabas and Changuenes 
live among frightful mountains. 

The road of the Island, from the maize fields of Iquenque, which are four 
days distant, is through flat wooded country, the island have nothing but small 
hillocks. 

The people of the Island are more reasonable, of good appearance, and wear 
their hair down to the waist, both men and women; but they are very fierce, 
for it is said that this island was settled by a tribe of Mexicans who could not 
remain in Talamanca, being too turbulent; as well as by other similar tribes of 
the Térrabas and the Changuenes, Torresques and Seguas, all freebooters. So 
the language that prevails is Térraba mixed with Changuen and some words of 
Torresque and Segua. 

These are the principal facts as to which it appears to me I can report te 
Your Worship, in compliance with the order given to me. If anything is lack- 
ing and I know of it I will report it, obeying Your Worship, whom may the 
Most High guard for many years. 


LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


appa 


To Guapiles 


» ‘ od ae 
Me sass ya Re ANTI 22 (Sore pM Fly ee oe 


Gold 
Grave. unmarked 


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we ves 
un-marked 


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CEMETERY 2 EN une te ae verre seetesay iene peers i Cleared \, 





ateeneeeee "Pee, 


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deep graves 


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emerery 4 ISPs 4 


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PARTIAL PLAN OF LAS MERCEDES, BY ALANSON SKINNER 


PL. CCill 


APPENDIX IV 


NOTES ON LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA FARM, AND 
ANITA GRANDE 


By ALANSON SKINNER 


(Mr. Skinner, who was killed in August, 1925, in an automobile accident 
while engaged in field work in North Dakota for the Museum, explored certain 
sites in northeastern Costa Rica during the winter of 1916-17. While he had 
generously permitted the writer to make use of his notes, it seems but fitting 
that publication of this work should be made in his own name. Mr. Skinner 
had prepared some years ago an account of exploration at three archeological 
sites, which he intended to combine with a description of the objects discovered. 
This plan did not materialize, but below we incorporate his discussion of the 
excavations, together with plans which have been prepared from his sketch 
maps.—S. K. L.) 


CEMETERY No. 1, Las Mercepes (PL. ccrit) 

This cemetery lay about 150 yards north of the railroad and about the same 
distance southwest of Cemetery No. 3. It differs from Cemeteries Nose 23, 
and 4, and the sites at La Virginia and Anita Grande, in that the graves were 
wholly unmarked, lacking both the lajas [flat capstones] and the cobble walls. 
The graves were shallow, averaging 214 to 3% feet deep, seldom more or less, 
and were distinguishable solely by the deposits of pottery or by an occasional 
cairn. No trace of bone occurred. Many of the pottery deposits were in or 
under a stratum of pebbles which had the appearance of having been washed 
over them. This grave layer did not seem ever to have been disturbed by the 
Indians digging through it, although the six inches nearest the surface had been 
displaced by plowing. While this pebble layer had the appearance of being a 
river-washed stratum, perhaps brought down by a freshet of the nearby brook, 
it is also conceivable that it might have been brought from elsewhere by the 
Indians as a covering. Corroborative evidence was found in cases in the other 
cemeteries where the stone-walled tombs were partially filled in by fine river 
sand, unquestionably brought to the spot for this use. It must be said, how- 
ever, that the pebble stratum in Cemetery No. 1 was firmly and evenly dis- 
tributed, of far coarser variety, and bore the appearance of a washed deposit. 

The pottery vessels were nearly always found in groups, varying from two 
or three to as many as a dozen. Occasionally, a few jade or bluestone beads 
occurred with them. Several whole or broken stone human images [pl. CCV, a] 
were found, along with a double-ended flint warclub head, fragments of mor- 
tars, a single celt, and a beautiful jade idol. No gold was encountered. 

The vessels were all small, none of the larger ollas of the other burying 
grounds occurring; neither were there any of the highly painted or enameled 
jars. Nearly all the decorations were incised or in relief; in fact, most of the 
pots were plain in color and relied on their form for decorative effect. Effigy 
styles were by no means uncommon. A type of vessel peculiar to this cemetery, 


451 


452 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


though occasionally found in the others, is a tripod jar with a delicate, grace- 
fully rounded body with pointed bottom, supported by three very long legs, 
which usually bear a series of exquisitely made birds, men, or mammals, at 
the juncture with the body [fig. 227]. On account of their extreme fragility, 
the legs being hollow and bearing clay balls within, the poorness of the con- 
nection between, and the fact that the black or dark-colored clay of which they 
were made did not seem to acquire the firmness-of the material used for other 
vessels, it was well-nigh impossible to remove these elegant vases except in 
crumbling fragments. The fact that the ground was continually wet from the 
incessant daily rains which fell at that season also militated against the ex- 
plorer. The percentage of these vessels encountered, therefore, was much 
higher than is represented in our collections. 

It must be said also that many of these vessels had been broken before inter- 
ment, as some were found minus one, two, or even all three legs, the breaks 
being old and there were no traces of the fragments. Sometimes stones were 
seen lying on the pieces of one to half a dozen vessels, to all appearances 
deliberately cast on them as they lay in the grave. 

The other pottery was of several forms. In general it is covered with a 
bright-red, almost scarlet, wash or sizing. Rarely yellow or purple figures ap- 
pear. One three-legged bowl has a purple swastika in the center. A purple 
wash, however, was commonly applied to the graceful tripod type. A few 
vessels were found in which the natives had punched holes in the bottom, evi- 
dently with the idea of “killing” the jar, as is so often observed in some locali- 
ties in the United States. 

The vessels occurred in groups on the same level, piled in heaps on top of 
one another, nested, a large jar with one or more smaller ones inside, one vessel 
in normal position with another inverted over it, with or without smaller ones 
inside and on edge, mouth to mouth. 

Nothing except one broken fragment of jade or serpentine was found in any 
vessel, save when other smaller vessels were placed inside. Jade or serpentine 
beads or pendants were found beneath vessels, however. A number of well- 
made clay whistles, rattles, and one clay and one stone cloth stamp were 
obtained. 

The area of this cemetery was not more than forty feet square, but from 
this point west we encountered at intervals other similar cemeteries at varying 
distances, but in no others did we find the overlying gravel stratum, which 
again points toward its artificiality, as the adjacent burial grounds seemed simi- 
lar in every other respect. Of these small cemeteries we located at least four. 
None were of any greater extent than Cemetery No. 1, nor did any different 
objects occur. Doubtless there are many of these scattered all over the area, 
for north of the railroad on Dos Novillos farm, nearly three-quarters of a mile 
away, another was encountered. It must be mentioned, however, in the case of 
the latter, that several walled graves occurred, though sporadically, in the 
neighborhood. 


CEMETERY No. 2, LAs MERCEDES 


Cemetery No. 2 was situated about fifty yards north of the railroad and the 
same distance south of the knoll, known later as Cemetery No. 3, where Alpizar 


LOTHROP-——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CCIV 





b 


LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA 
a@—RETAINING MALL OF MOUND SOUTH OF CEMETERY 3. 0——-TWO-STORY GRAVE IN CEMETERY 4 





LAS MERCEDES CEMETERIES 453 


[who dug during many years for Mr. Minor C. Keith] discovered the deep 
tombs. It was bounded on the east by a small brook, partially dry, and on the 
west by the Oklahoma tramway. Cemetery No. 2 occupied a small knoll, and 
was somewhat less than an acre in extent. Other searchers had considerably 
damaged portions of the site, the open holes still being in evidence. 

The greater number of the graves in this cemetery were well made, furnished 
with floors and sides of river cobbles, and not infrequently with a covering 
composed of thin slabs, averaging three and a half feet by two, and three or 
four inches thick. These slabs are called lajas by the natives. 

The graves occurred in several forms. First, fully walled, floored, and cov- 
ered, as noted above; second, the same type lacking only the lajas; third, 
walled with or without a laja cover, but having no floor; fourth, with lajas and 
no walls; fifth, with cover, cobble walls, and laja floor; sixth (but only one 
case of this was observed in this cemetery), with sides of lajas; seventh, with 
several floors of cobbles or lajas, each containing an interment; eighth, with the 
graves marked by quadrangles of cobbles on the surface alone and no stones 
beneath; ninth, with floor and sides of cobbles that did not reach the surface. 
There were also unmarked graves as in Cemetery No. 1, but with different 
contents. 

Graves occurred singly, in groups of one or two, touching (always laterally), 
and in lines of as many as seven, with adjoining side walls. This seems to be 
a horizontal variant of the perpendicular several-storied graves. It is notable 
that all graves in this cemetery headed approximately east and west. 

So much material was found beneath the general black soil of one knoll, on 
the original barren reddish surface, or grouped about bowlders on the original 
earth and between the walled graves, as to make the conclusion inevitable that 
the knoll was an artificial mound, at least in part built up around the walled 
graves, which once stood above the old surface. Vessels were encountered in 
the surrounding loam at various levels above the reddish bottom earth, as 
though ceremonially deposited there during the erection of the mound. No 
skeletal remains were found, but the preponderance of objects unearthed in the 
western ends of the graves suggested that the head of the deceased may have 
been placed here. 

The deposits were usually as follows: A, One lot of vessels, etc., in the 
western end. 8B, One lot, the larger, in the western end, a smaller deposit in 
the eastern end. C, Equally balanced deposits at both ends; this was especially 
true when two stone salvillas or like objects were encountered. D, Objects ar- 
ranged all around the borders of the grave. E, Stone relics, celts, heads, idols, 
pendants, etc., were nearly always in the eastern end of the grave, and two 
cylindrical stone ear-plugs, to be described and illustrated hereafter, were found 
about five inches apart in the east portion of a tomb, indicating the position of 
the head of their wearer. 

The pottery from this cemetery was on the whole the finest collected on the 
expedition. Suffice it to say that but little of the delicate tripod type of Ceme- 
tery No. 1 was unearthed, but many beautiful painted and enameled receptacles 
were obtained. Whistles and rattles were both uncommon, and so were incense 
burners. 


454 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


In stone, celts were by far the most abundant. A small table, two beautiful 
salvillas, a tiger mortar, stone beads, three flint knives, a lozenge-shape flint 
warclub of the usual style, some edged pieces of iron ore (meteoric?), possibly 
used as gravers, a perforated disc, many jade beads and one exquisite amulet, 
and six small stone idols of the squatting type were found. No whole standing 
idol was discovered, but fragments of beautiful stone objects of unknown use, 
broken tiger mortars, a large four-legged mortar with the bottom knocked out, 
and a few other things, were discovered. This is a relatively small showing, 
considering the richness and variety of the pottery. 

A single small gold armadillo pendant was obtained, not in a grave, but 
resting on the original surface of the earth beneath the black loam, and close to 
a bowlder. A copper bell also came from this cemetery, found in a stone- walled 
grave. 

The cemetery seems to be typical of the stone-walled grave culture of this 
portion of Costa Rica, and therefore we append a list of the graves, with their 
measurements and contents, together with a rough field map [pl. cci]. 


NOTES ON GRAVES 


Grave 1. Dimensions: 6 ft. 1 in. long, 5 ft. broad, 4 ft. 9 in. deep. Contents: 
Twelve pottery vessels, some whole and others broken, distributed about the 
walls of the grave on all sides. 

Grave 2. Adjoining Grave 1. Dimensions: 6 ft. by 2 ft. 3 in. by Sorts 
Contents: Eight pottery vessels, two incense burners, one stone disc, four 
meteoric iron gravers, three flint knives, two ear-plugs of greenstone in the 
west end. Near the west end, and about where the breast of the body would be, 
a beautiful carved jade ornament. 

Grave 3. This grave was the first of a series of seven tombs touching each 
other on the north and south sides, and separated by double walls of cobbles. 
Dimensions: 6 ft. 6 in. by 4 ft. 8 in. by 4 ft. Contents: Several pottery vessels 
in west and east ends, mostly broken. 

Grave 4. Dimensions: 6 ft. 3% in. by 3 ft. 9 in. A deposit of pottery ves- 
sels, whole and broken, and a copper bell, at west end. 

Grave 5. Dimensions: 4 ft. 9 in. by 3 ft. 5 in. by 2 ft. 5 in. Broken and 
whole pottery and a pottery object like a small yoke, in west end. 

Grave 6. Dimensions: 6 ft. 8 in. by 3 ft. 6 in. by 3 ft. 3 in. Contents: Only 
four small pots in west end. 

Grave 7. Dimensions: 6 ft. 6:in. by 2 ft. 3 in. by 2 ft. 8 in. Contents: A 
large pot, a broken stone table, and a celt in the west end; eight pots in the east 
end, mostly broken. 

Grave 8. Dimensions: 6 ft. 2 in. by 2 ft. 10 in. by 3 ft. Contents: Broken 
pottery in west and east ends. | 

Grave 9. Dimensions: 6 ft. by 2 ft. 6 in. by 3 ft. Contents: Nothing. At 
a depth of two feet was a floor of lajas, and six inches beneath this a slab 
floor with two pots, one in each corner of west end. This ends one line of seven 
graves. 


LAS MERCEDES CEMETERIES 455 


Grave 10. Dimensions: 6 ft. by 2 ft. 7 in. by 3 ft. Contents: Five poor 
pots (in west end two, and south side near west end three). This was the third 
of a line of standing graves; the other two had been destroyed. 

Grave 11. Dimensions: 6 ft. by 2 ft. 5 in. by 2 ft. 8 in. Six broken pots in 
west and east ends. This grave was apparently intended as a part of the same 
series as No. 10, but was somewhat out of line, running almost into the previous 
group, which was about six feet away to the west. East of this line, about six 
feet, was another parallel line of at least five graves, all but one of which had 
been destroyed. 

Grave 12. This was the last grave in the line first referred to, and was dis- 
turbed. Dimensions were unobtainable, as it was broken in on the north side, 
and the east and west ends were ill-defined. It was.4 ft. deep and contained 
three celts at the east end, nothing else. 

Grave 13. Though separated by a number of unmarked graves, extending 
fifteen feet from Graves 3 to 9, it was in a line with them, and is probably part 
of the same series. Dimensions: 6 ft. 5 in. by 3 ft. 1 in. by 4 ft. Contents: 
Finely made stone head in northwest corner, two very large pots in southwest 
corner, celt in east end, and three small broken jars with the celt. 

Grave 14. Six feet south of No. 13, and, though a little out of line, in the 
same series. Dimensions: 7 ft. by 3 ft. by 2 ft. 9 in. Contents: Four pots, 
one in each corner. 

Grave 15. Two feet south of. No. 4. Dimensions: 5 ft. 10 in. by 2 ft. 3 in. 
by 3 ft. 2 in. Contents: Twelve fine pots, all around edges, also a celt. 


Grave 16. Adjoining No. 15 on south of the same series. Dimensions: 5 ft. 
6 in. by 2 ft. by 2 ft. 6 in. Contents: Four pots in east end, one in center. 
First floor was two feet deep; a second, six inches under cobbles, had no relics. 

Graves 17-19. This was a group of graves twelve feet to the north of the 
line 3 to 7, and apparently of the same series, though separated from Grave 
No. 3 by unmarked graves. These graves were all of the same length and were 
marked by stones: laid on the surface only; their dimensions were 2 ft., 3 ft. 3 
in., and 1 ft. 3 in. broad, respectively, by 6 ft. 10 in. long and 3% ft. deep. They 
contained much pottery in the east and west ends. 

Graves 20-22.. Dimensions: 6 ft. by 4 ft. by 3 ft. 2 in. This grave, which 
was unusually broad, contained two stone salvillas, one with thirteen human 
faces around the rim. These were on opposite sides of the east end. In the 
west end were six pots and a celt. In the northwest corner a small, well- 
defined passage was found in the cobbles which led into what appeared to be a 
child’s grave, No. 21 (dimensions: 3 ft. by 2 ft. by 3 ft.), which contained a 
small pot and some broken rubbish. In removing the floor of Grave No. 20, at 
a depth of 1 ft. was found another grave, older than No. 20, and disturbed 
when No. 20 was dug. This grave, which overlapped to the south, was Grave 
22, 7 ft. by 4 ft. by 4 ft. 6 in.; it contained five pots in the west end, all 
of fine workmanship, but all badly broken by the weight of the floor of No. 20 
or by the Indians in digging the former. 

Grave 23. A wellmade cobbled grave covered with lajas but opened and 
disturbed so that measurements were impossible. 


456 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Grave 24. A cairn, covering five pots around the edges, and an incense 
burner. Dimensions: 6 ft. by 4 ft. by 3 ft. 2 in. 


Grave 25. A well-made grave covered with large and very regular lajas. 
Contents: Eight broken pots, and in one a jade ornament, also a long jade 
object with two perforations on one side. The grave was destroyed by workmen 
before its dimensions could be recorded. 


Grave 26. Probably a child’s grave. Dimensions: 4 ft. by 2 ft. by 540. 
Contents: Several pottery vessels (one large, one small), two pottery toys, a 
lozenge-shape flint club and a celt, all in west end; also in the same corner a 
small squatting stone idol. 


Grave 27. Dimensions: 7 ft. by 2 ft. 4 in. by 3 ft. 4 in. Contents: Five 
broken pots on the south side and a broken stone salvilla. The east and west 
ends of the grave were marked by very large bowlders. 


Grave 28. Dimensions: 4 ft. 11 in. by 2 ft. 4 in. by 2 ft. 2 in., covered with 
closely laid lajas. Contents: Two pots in west end. 


Grave 29. Dimensions: 5 ft. 10 in. by 3 ft. 4 in. by 3 ft. Contents: Six 
pots in west end. 


Grave 30. Dimensions: 6 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft. 4 in. by 3 ft. 3 in. Contents: 
Three pots in west end. 


Grave 31. Dimensions: 4 ft. 2 in. by 2 ft. 7 in. by 3 ft., covered with well- 
laid lajas. Contents: Five pots—three in west end, two in east end. 


Grave 32. Dimensions: 4 ft. by 4 ft. by 3 ft. 6 in., covered with lajas. Con- 
tents: Five pots in west end. 


Point A. At this point a very large vessel was found in the ground, probably 
a ceremonial deposit. It was upright and had no accompaniments. 


Point B. A small gold armadillo was unearthed in the general digging. 
Ceremonial deposits of vessels, beads, and especially small stone squatting idols 
[pl. cxt1] were found throughout the knoll, and may have been with unmarked 
burials. From the preponderance of these idols (none was found elsewhere by 
us at Las Mercedes) the writer believes it possible that the interments in Ceme- 
tery No. 2 all belonged to one group or clan to which this type of object was 
peculiar. 

In addition to the methods of placing vessels in the graves noted in Ceme- 
tery No. 1, the following forms were noted: Vessel in normal position with a 
number of small pots (as many as seven in one case) inside. A large vessel in 
normal position with smaller one inverted over mouth. As before noted, often 
fragments of stone objects were encountered in graves, apparently to symbolize 
entire objects. 


CEMETERY No. 3, Las MERCEDES 


Cemetery No. 3 lies about a quarter of a mile north of the railroad and 
begins close to the Oklahoma finca tramway. It occupies a heavily wooded 
knoll between a small stream and Dos Novillos river. 

This site is the scene of the greater part of Alpizar’s work for Mr. Keith, 
and has also been excavated by peones in the employ of Mr. J. H. Wilson of 
Guapiles, and by many others, so that at present it is thoroughly despoiled and 


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LAS MERCEDES CEMETERIES 457 


our utmost exertions served only to locate eight or ten isolated graves, none of 
which contained objects of much value. 

It was on this knoll that the deep graves, possibly those of caciques, were 
found and from which so many pieces of gold, stone tables, sacrificial slabs, 
and other fine objects were taken. The pottery that we found differed in no 
way from that of the shallower graves in the other cemeteries near at hand, 
even the poorer class of ware being abundant. Alpizar, however, states that in 
his work in the deep graves he obtained no small amount of the beautiful poly- 
chrome ware which seems related to that of the Province of Chiriqui, Panama, 
and which is abundant in Nicoya. This ware we found to be scarce in the 
shallow graves. While we unearthed no sacrificial slabs or tablets in the lesser 
tombs, seats, salvillas, and occasional objects of jade, gold, and copper occurred 
in them. 

Alpizar declares that the sacrificial slabs found by him were laid flat in the 
southwest or northwest ends of the deep graves, and were accompanied by an 
idol placed erect near them, pottery of the finest class, and frequently gold 
objects. These graves were invariably covered with lajas of the largest size. 
The peones, Juan and José Mora, who obtained a good sacrificial slab for 
Mr. Wilson, corroborate Alpizar’s statement, although they say that it was in 
a grave not more than six feet deep. The large “Piedra de Sacrificio,” gen- 
erously presented to the Museum by Sefior Don Jacinto Xirinach [pl. cxxxrx], 
however, was found by him at Anita Grande, standing upright above the sur- 
face. The lower part was firm in the earth, but the upper half was broken off 
and was recovered by digging at the base of the standing portion. 

After much labor in chopping and clearing brush from the knoll, an undis- 
turbed grave was located near the north side of the woods, not many yards 
from the bowlder which bears the carving of a woman. This grave was 
oriented east and west, and was 6 ft. 4 in. deep by 5 ft. 8 in. broad, by 10 ft. 
Jong. It had no lajas, and possessed no features of interest until a point eigh- 
teen inches from the bottom was reached. Here we found a layer of gravel six 
inches thick upon which were portions of two broken tiger mortars. This river 
gravel must have been carried by the Indians from the nearby Dos Novillos. 
Alpizar and his men claim such gravel layers are characteristic of the deeper 
graves. 

Beneath the gravel deposit we again encountered the soft, moist, black loam 
of the grave, and on the cobbled bottom of the tomb, arranged about the stone 
walls, without order, were thirteen pottery vessels of common type, both whole 
and broken, a badly fired incense burner that crumbled into moist fragments at 
a touch, a pottery rattle of the parrot effigy style [pl. cxc, c], and a small cir- 
cular clay rattle with a handle placed at right angles. 

A little to the north another grave was located. This tomb was 4 ft. 8 in. 
deep, 4 ft. 8 in. broad, and 8 ft. 6 in. long. As usual, it had a cobbled floor and 
walls, but oddly enough the walls rose only a foot and a half above the floor 
and did not reach the surface. Its orientation was north and south, and it con- 
tained on the east side three pottery vessels and on the west side an incense 
burner. 

Continuing beyond the western wall of this grave, we discovered that the 


458 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


tomb was double, or at least separated from a second grave by only the low 
western wall. This grave was only 3 ft. 8 in. deep, 4 ft. 8 in. broad and 8% 
ft. long. On the western side was a deposit of a dozen pottery vessels, mostly 
broken, in the center of which was a large and well-made olla having handles in 
the form of long-tailed monkeys in bas-relief. A very thin circular ornament of 
gold, badly decomposed, was found in the mouth of the jar. Opposite this jar, 
on the eastern side of the grave, was another large olla, crushed to bits by 
bowlders cast upon it. No lajas covered these graves. 

Eighteen inches west of this grave was a deposit of three vessels which may 
have indicated another tomb. These were at a depth of 4 ft. 5 in. and all were 
badly broken. Near them was a disc of what seemed to be iron, badly rusted. 

Much clearing and testing failed to locate any other untouched portion near 
this place. To the south, however, and near the wood path from the Oklahoma 
tramway, one of our trenches encountered a stone floor, apparently part of one 
of the several stone roads that seemed to traverse the site. It was at the foot 
of the raised wall or ceremonial parade, and north of the small mound in the 
center of which Alpizar found the large stone tapir altar. The road was 
paved with very large flat river bowlders on or near the surface, then, beneath 
these, ten inches of river gravel. On removing the stones and gravel we found 
several small deposits of very plain pottery of poor quality, and with them 
celts and crude mullers. Three of these deposits occurred in an area about 
fifteen feet long by ten feet broad. 

One hundred yards to the south, as soon as the brush was partly cleared off, 
Grave No. 1 was located by the stones on the surface, which perfectly outlined 
its shape. This grave was on the north slope of the mound (properly knoll), 
and was 6 ft. 3 in. long, 2 ft. broad, by 1 ft. 3 in. deep. It lacked lajas, but was 
completely walled in by large oval cobbles about one foot long and eight inches 
in greatest diameter. It was cobbled over the bottom with long narrow bowlders 
closely laid. Both sides and floor contained small pebbles set between the larger 
ones to fill the spaces. The grave was oriented southwest by northeast. In 
the northeast end was a long, squared, narrow stone about two feet long by 
four and one-half inches thick, which possibly had once stood on end. The 
grave contained only one pot, with the rim lacking. This vessel was plain and 
round, with a potsherd over the top as a cover. There were no objects under 
the floor. 

Situated twelve feet from Grave 1 was a large, irregularly circular pile of 
stones on the surface. Under them was a paved depression, six inches deep, 
with a cement-like surface, in the south end of which were the fragments of a 
large tripod pot of beautifully painted cream ware with parrot and dragon 
heads, exquisitely modeled, balancing each other. Three feet south was 
broken plain pot and a tiny, perfect, effigy pot in one of the spaces between 
cobbles. 

A peculiar feature of some of the graves opened on this knoll and on a 
nearby mound, which we did not observe elsewhere, was that the lajas were 
not large enough to completely cross the lesser axis of the grave, but lay in 
two rows on an inclined plane pointing inward, as though they had once been 
upheld by a ridge-pole of wood which had rotted and fallen in. In other 
words, they seemed to have once formed a sort of pent roof over the grave. 


LAS MERCEDES CEMETERIES 459 


The lajas were usually three to three and one-half feet long, three or more 
inches thick, and very irregular in breadth. They were almost never arti- 
ficially shaped, though once or twice neatly rounded ones were seen. On other 
sites, indeed on other parts of the Las Mercedes site, very large lajas, some 
even six feet long by three or four feet broad, in a few instances sufficient for 
one alone to cover a grave, were observed. The natives declare that these lajas 
are of natural formation and must have been transported from a river-bed at 
least seven miles away. 


Mounpb SoutH oF CEMETERY 3 


This is an oval mound of about an acre in extent, with a well-made stone 
wall on the north and south sides, but not entirely surrounding it [pl. cctv, a]. 
It was crossed on its east end by a stone road. We worked a week cutting a 
ten-foot trench from ground level and one foot below, which uncovered various 
occupied layers, proving it to be a domiciliary mound with only intrusive burials. 
We cut a line east-west across the top near the center. Several lajas covered 
stone graves. These had been exploited by Alpizar and only the holes 
remained. 

One grave was found after many tests: it was a large and deep one of the 
best kind, covered by a dozen immense lajas and walled with great bowlders. 
At six feet a floor of lajas was found with a three-inch deposit of black muck 
with yellow streaks of bone-dust. Removing this, the grave went down three 
feet more, one foot below the walls, which at the bottom were flanked with 
lajas, the first instance of the kind I have known. At the bottom was found 
half of a poor pot, and a stone mano. These objects, a piece of a three-legged 
stone mortar, and nearly half of a stone seat or chair, were all that the grave 
contained. It was intact, however, and had never been tampered with by other 
explorers. Dimensions: 8 ft. long, 6 ft. broad, 9 ft. deep. 


CEMETERY No. 4, Las MERCEDES 


This small cemetery lies about 150 yards southwest of Cemetery No. 1 and 
is separated from it by the railroad track, the excavation for which destroyed 
the northern end of the plot. The burial ground occupies part of a little knoll 
and is less than forty feet square. The knoll had apparently been used for 
interments for a very long time, the later graves often cutting into and par- 
tially destroying the older tombs. So puzzling and irregular was the entire 
mass that it was impossible to make accurate measurements except in a few 
instances. The graves were fairly deep, but varied considerably. There was, 
moreover, no fixed rule of orientation. Throughout the soil of the knoll, in the 
free dirt and jumbled about with the graves, was an unusual number of frag- 
ments of stone idols, mortars, pestles, manos, seats, etc. In some cases enough 
fragments were recovered to restore some of the objects; in other cases only 
a few bits were found, widely scattered or in separate graves. In one area, 
about ten feet square, nearly twenty pieces of jaguar mortars, plates, and 
statuettes, were found—almost as many as in all of Cemetery No. 2. An ex- 
quisite, small female figure, of the type standing with arms akimbo and hands 


460 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


on abdomen, came from a deep, unmarked grave. Several others, much larger 
and in varying conditions, were also unearthed. 

Few of the graves had lajas. Two were circular, about three feet deep and 
three in diameter, and laja-covered. In one of these was found a fragment 
(the trunks) of a statue representing twin figures clasping hands. Beneath 
one of the bottom stones of a disturbed wall that had once surrounded a grave 
was found a gold frog. Under a solitary bowlder were a gold disc and a jade 
monkey pendant. Another gold frog, more elaborate and larger than the first, 
was found in the angle of another subterranean stone wall, which did not 
seem completed, nor even intended as an enclosure. 

An interesting feature was the discovery of several ceremonial deposits of 
pottery vessels. ‘The smallest of these contained twelve vessels of small size 
and ordinary types; others consisted of twenty, thirty, and fifty. These vessels 
had been heaped in piles, and in every case masses of heavy stones had been 
thrown upon the vessels, breaking all, or nearly all of them. One lot lay under 
the big cobble wall of a grave; this may have been a deposit put down before 
the grave was dug. Small pots were found in crevices of grave walls and in 
other queer hiding places. A small stone platter, supported by three human 
figures [fig. 209, b], was found surmounting a little cairn at a depth of three 
feet from the surface. Another and much cruder type of stone vessel was 
found in an ordinary shallow grave associated with pots of clay. 

A double idol representing two male figures side by side, clasping right and 
left hands between and in front of them, was found. Probably this twin idol 
would have been three feet high, but it lacked the heads, the feet, and the outer 
arms. It apparently had been thrown carelessly into a beautifully made grave 
with lajas, in which were four pots, only one whole. The grave, about Ti 5 
by 4 ft., and 2% ft. deep, was irregular, but roughly oval. 

Another grave, six feet north of this, three and one-half feet in diameter, 
and nearly circular, was found. It contained nothing. 

These two circular laja-covered graves were near the center of the knoll. 

At another spot an idol, about 21 in. high, was found lying on its face, headed 
east, in the general digging, at a depth of three and one-half feet. This is a 
standing idol with arms akimbo, hands on breast holding a rope or bandolier 
that suspended a small head behind the back. A number of other idols, also 
with arms akimbo, and hands on the abdomen or supporting breasts, were found 
in fragments. 

A stone-walled grave with four separate floors or levels was encountered. 
This grave was puzzlingly irregular, the two upper layers being headed east 
and north, the two bottom layers southeast and northwest. The first floor was 
one foot from the surface and contained a number of pots and the upper part of 
a well-made red stone idol, lacking the legs. This figure is that of a female 
with a long braid of hair which it holds in one hand, and also tattooing(?) on the 
arms [pl. ccv, b]. The second floor, two feet from the top, contained pots, 
including a huge spherical tinaja. This double section was 4 ft. broad, 6 ft. 2 
in. long, and 2 ft. deep. The third floor, eighteen inches deeper, contained 
ordinary pottery; but eighteen inches below this, at the true bottom at a depth 
of five feet, was the most important layer. Here in the southeast end were 


COSTA RICA FARM MOUNDS 461 


found the legs of the female statue. In the southwest end were two small but 
exquisitely carved round stone tables, one supported by four human figures, the 
other by three long-tailed monkeys. The tables were flanked by a deposit of 
legged pottery platters, all broken by the weight of the earth. In cleaning the 
grave near the northwest center, a small gold image of an eagle was obtained. 
These last two sections were 4 ft. 7 in. broad and 5 ft. 7 in. long. 

A small grave, twenty feet northwest, was 4% ft. long by 2 ft. wide and 3 
ft. 10 in. deep. It was walled with large stones covered by very heavy lajas 
and contained two floors made of lajas. In all three stories the floors were six 
feet apart. Pots of inferior quality were found in each story. [Pl. cctv, b.] 

In the general digging a large gold frog was found at a depth of five and 
one-half feet near a sunken stone wall which seemed purposeless. The frog 
bore conventional horns, possibly decorations solely. A gold disc of no great 
size, with two perforations and line-and-dot border, was also unearthed in gien- 
eral digging. A jade dog, or more probably monkey—a rather large amulet 
perforated for suspension—was found beneath a stone. This, with a small jade 
bead and a gold frog, makes the third object found under a stone in this spot. 

Forty feet west of where digging began, graves ceased, but three beautifully 
made stone-walled graves, all laja-covered, were found in a line fifty feet west 
of the plot. These, headed east and west, were a fairly accurate six feet 
apart. All were single-floored; they measured from north and south: 7 ft. by 
3 ft. by 2% ft.; 6 ft. by 3 ft. by 3 ft.; 6 ft. 1 in. DYi2p2iiteby Jette2cine All 
contained pottery, and the center one three celts. 


Directly south of Cemetery No. 4 a similar plot was found, with many 
burials, in the general digging, but none of importance. In general digging also 
several short pestles, a few flint chips, and the fragments, including one large 
torso, of several stone statues, were found. The most interesting feature of 
the site, which was apparently distinct from No. 4, was a series of nearly 
twenty well-made stone graves, some with lajas, some with double floors, all 
averaging 3 ft. by 3 ft. by 3 ft., all headed east and west in three rows, and 
with few exceptions entirely empty. The exceptions had broken pots, some- 
times with the fragments widely scattered. I believe the graves had been looted 
in Indian times. Stone statue fragments were found in several. The north end 
of this plot, which was about the same size as that of No. 4, had been greatly 
disturbed. We opened fifteen graves, Salvatierra possibly ten. 


Costa Rica Farm SITE 


Near the Rio Frio branch of the Guapiles-Siquirres railroad, on Costa Rica 
Farm, in the dense humid jungle, is a site consisting of two large circular 
mounds and a great stone-walled enclosure (fig. 289). 

The first and larger of the two mounds is half a mile north of the railroad. 
As stated, it is circular, with a cobblestone retaining wall. It rises from the 
surrounding level six or eight feet, and on the south a stone-paved graded way 
slopes to the ground. The top area of the mound covers perhaps a quarter of 
an acre, and it was no doubt a domiciliary elevation. There were, however, a 
number of graves well walled and with very massive lajas scattered irregularly 
about its surface. When visited by our party most of these had been excavated 


462 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


by half a dozen local collectors. Our efforts succeeded in finding a few un- 
touched graves in which we found pottery of poor quality, of the Las Mer- 
cedes-Anita Grande type, and a single clay double whistle of a type duplicated 
at Anita Grande. We could not learn that our predecessors had been more 
successful. 

A few paces southeast is a much smaller mound of the same type, which 
has a graded way leading west at right angles with the ascent to mound A, and 






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Fic. 289.—Plan of mounds and enclosure, Costa Rica Farm, Costa Rica. 
(From a sketch map by Alanson Skinner.) 


joining it. Here, too, were well-formed, shallow, oval, and rectangular graves 
with immense lajas. These had all been opened by the Quesada family, who 
found pottery, together with a single standing stone idol of medium size. 

A short distance farther south is a rectangular enclosure, oriented east and 
west, and covering about an acre. This corral is composed of a stone-sided 
earthen embankment with two openings: one in the center of the north wall, 
the other in the center of the west end. From the latter a broad, stone-paved 
roadway leads to several other small enclosures one-eighth of a mile east, in 
the direction of Anita Grande. Sr. Phillips, who many years ago cleared the 
forest covering the great enclosure, assures me that he found four large (pos- 


ANITA GRANDE SITE 463 


sibly life-size) statues or idols of grotesque human form stationed one on each 
side of each doorway. These were removed for Mr. Minor C. Keith.1 

The walls of this enclosure are very neatly made of river bowlders, each of 
sufficient size to be a good load for an Indian. They are placed in parallel rows 
or steps along the side, retreating inward as they rise, so that the earthen top 
is narrower than the bottom of the wall. 

Digging on the wall and cutting cross-sections revealed nothing, and trial pits 
and trenches within the enclosure showed no trace of habitation or graves. [ 
am inclined to think that this was a ceremonial enclosure, and that possibly the 
stone wall was surmounted by palisades. 


ANITA GRANDE 


This large site lies near the east bank of the Jiménez river, on the United 
Fruit Company’s old banana plantation called “Anita Grande,” and about a 
mile east of the site on Costa Rica Farm, before noted. It has been thoroughly 
looted by former treasure-seekers, and has yielded much pottery, stone objects, 
and two gold eagle effigies, the latter being obtained by Mr. Woodsum,, assistant 
manager of the United Fruit Company at Puerto Limén. Sefior Don Jacinto 
Xiranach, of Toro Amarillo and San José, kindly presented the Museum with 
a beautiful carved sacrificial slab [pl. cxxx1x] and two fine stone metates which 
he obtained here when mandador of Anita Grande Farm. Some work was also 
done here by Alpizar. ; 

About a quarter of a mile north of the Rio Frio branch of the railroad is a 
mound of good size which was partly cut away on the eastern side by the 
workers on the banana tramway [fig. 290]. This site has been rather thor- 
oughly excavated, yet we succeeded in locating a number of graves. The mound 
has a southern extension, which was untouched, and fifty feet west was a small 
natural knoll containing graves. Graves also were found in abundance on a 
natural knoll and on the surrounding flat extending from the mound in a 
westerly direction across the tramway. 

All the objects found were similar to those at Las Mercedes and at Costa 
Rica Farm, but of course many Las Mercedes forms were absent. It is possible 
that there are still portions of this site that would repay excavation, although it 
is much smaller in area than Las Mercedes, and has been very roughly handled 
by treasure-seekers. In this cemetery few unmarked graves were found, and 
few dissociated deposits of vessels or other objects. However, the proportion 
of whole vessels to broken ones was unusually large, and the custom of sacri- 
ficing pottery does not seem to have prevailed to any such extent as at Las 
Mercedes, although the stone salvillas were generally broken before placing in 
the graves, the custom usually being to break them into four pieces and to put 
one fragment in each corner of the tomb. 


Grave 1. Mound A was 8% feet deep by 6 ft. long by 5 ft. broad. It was 
oriented east and west and was covered by large lajas. It contained, in the 
eastern end, a female idol with arms akimbo and hands on the abdomen. This 
figure was standing upright, facing west. In the western end was a stone fish 


1 These statues are doubtless among those presented by Mr. Keith to the National Museum 
in Washington.—S. K. L 


464 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


effigy. Six pottery vessels were placed in rows of three on the north and south 
sides of the grave, respectively. 


Grave 2. Mound A, oriented east and west, was 12 ft. deep by 6 ft. long 
and 5 ft. broad—more nearly square than usual. This grave had deposits of 
objects in both the east and west ends, the larger number being in the eastern 


Us 










| [Jao 
39 
TRAM WAY [lbs 
a i 
[ |s y [ks i ete tl Sym a peers BY 
pa ee, oo REASURE 
- = ae us “yp DSEEKERS 


\ i nn 
xy! lip iA wldiy, N 


Zs 
AN 20 G7. 
SS ee 
Salts Z 
= 18 — 
My. = 


Fic. 290.—Plan of mound and graves excavated by Alanson Skinner, Anita 
Grande, Costa Rica. 


part. In this end were six pottery vessels, while in the west end were two 
stone celts and a circular piece of pyrites. A finely made stone salvilla was also 
found, broken in four pieces and a piece placed in each angle of the grave. 


Grave 3. Mound A, directed east-west, 9 ft. deep by 7 ft. long by 5 ft. 
broad. In the western end were several whole and broken pottery vessels and 
a broken stone seat. 


Grave 4. ‘Mound A: This tomb, which touched Grave 1 on the north side, 
was 10 ft. deep by 3 ft. 9 in. long by 2 ft. 9 in. broad, and contained in its 
western end a mass of potsherds. It was oriented east and west. All these 
graves were covered with lajas. 


Grave 5. Mound A: This grave was 9 ft. deep, 3 ft. 10 in. long, 2 ft. broad. 
Probably like several others of small dimensions, it was a child’s tomb and was 


covered with a single laja. In the west end on the cobbled floor were three 
clay jars. 


ANITA GRANDE SITE 465 


Grave 6. Mound A: This grave was only 3 ft. deep, but was 8 ft. long by 
5 ft. broad. In the western end were four pottery vessels. The tomb was laja- 
covered. 

Grave 7. Mound A: This grave was 7 ft. 2 in. deep, 5 ft. long, 3 ft. 7 in. 
broad, and had three floors. The first floor, encountered at a depth of two feet, 
had three pottery vessels on the cobbled bottom in the west end.’ The next 
floor was found at a depth of four feet, and here were three more vessels, also 
at the west end. At the ultimate bottom, 7 ft. 2 in. down, six vessels were en- 
countered near the western end. This triple grave had probably contained three 
bodies, as yellowish bone was found in the black earth near each floor. The 
grave had a laja cover. 


Grave 8. This tomb, on the southern extension of Mound A, was 8 ft. 
deep, 4 ft. long, by 4 ft. broad. It had large lajas. In the western end were 
three jars. 

Grave 9. This grave was headed north and south, unlike all the preceding. 
It had lajas over it and contained five vessels arranged around all four sides. 

Grave 10. This grave, on the flat south of the extension of Mound A, was 


2 ft. 8 in. deep, 4 ft. long, 1 ft. 9 in. broad, and had four broken vessels in its 
western end. Large lajas. 


Grave 11. ‘Touching No. 10 on the west end, this grave was 5 ft. long, 3 
ft. broad, 2 ft. 2 in. deep, and covered with big lajas. In the western end was 
a pile of ten pottery vessels, mostly of toy size, and a miniature incense burner. 


Grave 12. Dimensions: 3 ft. 6 in. deep, 5 ft. 6 in. long, 2 ft. 2 in. broad. 
In the western end, two vessels. Lajas. 


Grave 13. Adjoining No. 12 and separated from it by the southern wall. 
This grave had nine vessels arranged around the four walls. Like all others, 
unless especially mentioned, these graves were radiated east and west. 


Grave 14. Mound A: Southern extension. 9 ft. deep, 6 ft. long, 3 ft. 5 
in. wide. In the western end, five vessels and three celts. No lajas. 


Grave 15. Adjoining Grave 11, separated from it by a medial wall on the 
north side; 2 ft. 1 in. deep, 6 ft. long, 1 ft. 4 in. broad, covered with lajas. Two 
vessels in the western end. 


Grave 16. A child’s tomb or a cist, 2 ft. 6 in. long, 1 ft. broad, 6 in. deep; 
covered by a single small laja and containing no objects. Its floor, instead of 
being cobbled, was composed of a laja, found to be one of those covering Grave 
17, which Grave 16 was imposed upon at about the center. 


Grave 17. Directly beneath Grave 16; 2 ft. 7 in. deep, 6 ft. long, 3 ft. wide. 
It contained several whole and broken vessels in the east and west ends. Un- 
fortunately, these were removed in my absence and their exact number was not 
noted by the workmen. Lajas. 


Grave 18. Dimensions: 3 ft. deep, 7 ft. long, 3 ft. broad. This grave con- 
tained several vessels and a broken stone salvilla. The fragments of the lat- 
ter were distributed in the four corners of the grave and flanked by vessels. A 
piece was missing, showing that it had been broken away from the grave and 
the pieces afterward placed therein. This grave was interesting because, in- 


466 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


stead of being built up with cobbles, it was walled by lajas set on end. It was 
also floored and covered with three narrow, flat slabs. 

Grave 19. Size: 3 ft. deep, 6 ft. 6 in. long, 3 ft. broad; covered with heavy 
lajas and exceptionally well made. No artifacts. 

Grave 20. The measurements of this grave were: 3 ft. 2 in. deep, 5 ft. 
long, 3 ft. broad; it was covered with lajas. No objects. 

Grave 21. Mound A: This may not have been a grave at all, but seemed 
to be a cylindrical hole filled with large river bowlders, as though a well or 
shaft had been filled in. The bowlders were flattish and were set on edge. 
The deposit was 8 ft. deep and 3 ft. in diameter. No relics were found. 

Grave 22. Dimensions: 3 ft. 5 in. deep, 5 ft. 7 in. long, 2 ft. 2 in. broad. 
No lajas. Contained one vessel in the western end. 

Grave 23. Directed east and west. Unfortunately this grave was opened 
during the writer’s absence on business at San José, and the usually careful 
foreman in this case neglected to note the necessary data. Lajas. 

Grave 24. Dimensions: 3 ft. 7 in. deep, 5 ft. long, 2 ft. broad. Covered 
with lajas. Six vessels in the eastern end. 

Grave 25. Dimensions: 3 ft. deep, 5 ft. long, 2 ft. broad. Lajas. Seven 
vessels in the eastern end. 

Grave 26. Dimensions: 3 ft. deep, 3 ft. 4 in. long, 1 ft. 9 in. broad. Lajas. 
Six vessels scattered about the floor of the grave. 

Grave 27, Dimensions: 2 ft. deep, 5 ft. 5 in. long, 2 ft. broad. Ten jars in 
the eastern end. Lajas. 

Grave 28. A and B: A double grave separated by a dividing wall which 
formed the south side of A and the north side of B. Both were laja-covered. 
A contained four vessels in the eastern end and B two vessels in the same 
quarter. 

Grave 29. Dimensions: 3 ft. 6 in. deep, 4 ft. long, 2 ft. broad. No lajas. 
In the western end were five pottery vessels, including one exceptionally fine 
human effigy jar. 

Grave 30. This grave was 3 ft. 7 in. deep, 5 ft. long, and 3 ft. broad. No 
lajas. Six vessels in the west end. 

Grave 31. Measuring 3 ft. 9 in. deep, 5 ft. long, and 2 ft. 6 in. broad. This 
grave was oriented north and south. No lajas present. Six pots and a celt 
in the south end. 

Grave 32. Dimensions: 3 ft. 2 in. deep, 5 ft. 1 in. long, 3 ft. broad. No 
lajas. Six pots in the western end. 

Grave 33. This grave was 3 ft. 1 in. deep, 5 ft. 2% in. long, 3 ft. 6 in. broad. 
No lajas. Six vessels in the western end. 

Grave 34. 3 ft. deep, 6 ft. long, 3 it. 4 m. broad, with Jajasy Six pot- 
tery vessels in the western end. 

Grave 35.. 2 it. 10 in. deep, 5 ft. .2%4 in. long, 3 ft: 6 im. )broad. | Lajas: 
Seven vessels in the western end. 


Grave 36. In the side of Mound A. This grave extended north-south and 


ANITA GRANDE SITE 467 


contained eight pottery vessels, all around the sides. Depth, 3 ft.; length, 4 ft.; 
breadth, 3 ft. No lajas. 

Grave 37. This grave also was oriented north and south. It was 2 ft. 6 
in. deep, 7 ft. 2 in. long, 3 ft. broad. Lajas. No objects. 

Grave 38. Depth, 3 ft. %4 in.; length, 5 ft.; breadth, 1 ft. 11 in. No lajas. 
Three vessels in the western end. 

Grave 39. 3 ft. 6 in. deep, 6 ft. long, 1 ft. broad. Lajas. Five vessels in 
the western end. 

Grave 40. Dimensions: 4 ft. long, 2 ft. 1 in. broad, 2 ft. 10 in. deep. No 
lajas. Six vessels in the western end. 

Grave 41. 6 ft. long, 2 ft. 11 in. broad, 3 ft. 2 in. deep. Lajas. Seven ves- 
sels in the western end. 

Grave 42. 2 ft. 10%4 in. deep, 6 ft. 214 in. long, 2 ft. 10 in. broad. No lajas. 
Four vessels and a squatting stone idol of the “smoking” variety in the eastern 
end. 

Grave 43. 5 ft. 6 in. long, 4 ft. broad, 4 ft. 1% in. deep. No lajas. Six 
vessels in the western end. 

Grave 44. 5 ft. 114 in. long, 3 ft. broad, 2 ft. 11 in. deep. Extending north 
and south, it was covered with lajas and contained eleven vessels ranged around 
the sides of the grave. 

Grave 45. Extending east-west, 6 ft. long, 5 ft. broad, 4 ft. 4 in. deep. No 
lajas. Contained four pottery vessels and two fine stone stools: one stool and 
two vessels in each end—a stool in the middle flanked on each side by a vessel. 

Grave 46. Irregular and without stones. Contained nine pottery vessels. 

Grave 47. Irregular in shape and without stones. About 4 ft. 6 in. deep and 
detected only by the softness of the soil. An incense burner, an unfired clay 
jar, and five ordinary pottery vessels were present. This grave differed from 
other unmarked graves only in depth. 

Grave 48. 6 ft. 2 in. long, 3 ft. 4 in. broad, 1 ft. 6 in. deep. Lajas. Eight 
vessels in the western end. 

Grave #9. 4 ft. long, 4 ft. 1 in. broad, 3 ft. deep. Three pots in the western 
end. Lajas. 

Grave 50. 4 ft. 14 in. long, 2 ft. 9 in. broad, 2 ft. 7 in. deep. Lajas. One 
vessel in the western end. 

Grave 51. 6 ft. 5 in. long, 3 ft. 6 in. broad, 2 ft. 84 in. deep. Lajas. Six 
vessels in the western end. 


APR GND GxXeay: 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


In reviewing the literature necessary for the preparation of this work, the 
writer found that it was widely scattered and that no adequate bibliography was 
in existence. As an aid to future students, it has therefore seemed best to list 
not only those works to which reference is made in the text, but also all works 
consulted and found to bear on any phase of the archeology, ethnology, and 
linguistics of northern Costa Rica or western Nicaragua. No attempt has been 
made to enumerate multiple editions, nor to present extended titles in full. Eng- 
lish editions have been cited unless superior texts existed in some other tongue. 


ABBREVIATIONS 


Am. Ant.: American Antiquarian. 

Am, Ant. Soc.: American Antiquarian Society. 

Am, Anth.: American Anthropologist. 

An. Rep. Smith, Inst.: Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution. 

Bul. Am, Geogr. Soc.: Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. 

Int. Congr. Amer.: International Congress of Americanists. 

Jour. Roy. Geogr. Soc.: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. 

N. S.: New series. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.: Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 


Acosta, Joseph de. 


1608 Historia ‘natural i moral de las Indias. Madrid. 
ApbAM, Lucien. 
1891 Langue Mosquito. Paris. 


Atcepo, Antonio de. 


1786-89 Diccionario geografico-histérico de las Indias Occidentales 6 
America. 5 vols. Madrid. 
ALEXANDER, H. B. 


1920 Latin American mythology. Boston. 


ALFARO, Anastasio. 
1892 Catalogo de las antigiiedades de Costa Rica exhibidas por el 
Excmo. Sr. D. Julio de Arellano, ministro residente de 


Espafia en Centro América. Exposicién Histérico-Ameri- 
cana de Madrid. 


1893a Arqueologia Costarricense. El Centenario, tomo iv, pp. 6- 
12, Madrid. 
1893b Orfebreria de los indios Gitetares. Ibid., pp. 241-246. 
1894 Antigttiedades de Costa Rica. San José. 
ALLEN, G. M. 
1920 Dogs of the American aborigines. Bulletin of the Museum 
of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, vol. Lx, 
no. 9. 
ANALES. 
1888-95 Anales del Instituto Fisico-geografico Nacional de Costa 


Rica. San José. 


468 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 469 


ANALES. 

1887-1900 Anales del Museo Nacional de la Repttblica de Costa Rica. 

San José. 
ANDAGOYA, Pascual de. 

1865 Narrative of the proceedings of Pedrarias Davila in the 
provinces of Tierra Firme or Castilla del Oro, and of the 
discovery of the South sea and the coasts of Peru and 
Nicaragua. Translated and edited by Clements R. Mark- 
ham. Hakluyt Society, London. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 
1909 Anthropology at the Baltimore meeting. Report of the com- 


mittee on archeological nomenclature. Am. Anth., N. s., 
vol. x1, Lancaster. 


ASENCIO, José Maria. 


1892 América Pre-colombiana (Antigiiedades de la América Cen- 
tral) II. El Centenario, tomo tv, pp. 83-91, 232-240, 403- 
414, Madrid. 
Ayon, Tomas. 
1882-89 Historia de Nicaragua desde los tiempos mds remotos hasta 
el afio de 1852. 3 vols. Granada. 
BatLey, John. 
1844 On the isthmus between Lake Granada (Nicaragua) and the 


Pacific ocean. Jour. Roy. Geogr. Soc., vol. x1v, London. 
Bancrort, H. H. 


1875 The native races of the Pacific states of North America. 
5 vols. New York. 
1883 History of Central America. 5 vols. San Francisco. 


Barb, Samuel A. 
See SQuIER. 
Bates, H. W. 
1878 Central America, the West Indies and South America... 
with Ethnological Appendix by A. H. Keane. London. 
Batres JAureEGuI, Antonio. 


1894 Los Indios, su histéria y su civilizacion. Guatemala. 
1916 La América Central ante la historia. Guatemala. 
BELL, Charles N. 
1862 Remarks on the Mosquito territory. J our. Roy. Geogr. Soc., 


vol. xxx, pp. 242-268. London. 
Bett, Thomas. 


1888 The naturalist in Nicaragua. . London. 
BELTRAN Y ROzpipeE, R. 
1910 La Mosquitia. Madrid. 
BENzonrI, Girolamo. 
1857 History of the New World. Now first translated, and edited 


by Rear-Admiral W. H. Smyth. Hakluyt Society, Lon- 
don. 


470 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


BERENDT, C. H. 

[The manuscript material left by Berendt, some of which 
applies to Nicaragua, is now in the Museum of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. ] 

1874 Zur Ethnologie von Nicaragua. Correspondens-Blatt der 
deutschen Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologie, Ethnologie und 
Urgeschichte, Bd. 9, Braunschweig. 
1876 Remarks on the centres of ancient civilization in Central 
America and their geographical distribution. Bull. Am. 
Geogr. Soc., Sess. 1875-76, no. 2, New York. 
BIo.Ley, Paul. 
1889 Costa Rica and her future. Translated from the French by 
Cecil Charles. Washington. 
Boas, F. 
1911 Review of MacCurdy, 1911. Science, vol. xxxtv, no. 875, 
Lancaster, Pa. 


BospapILLa, Francisco de. 
1855 In Oviedo, Historia, lib. xL11, cap. XIv. 


BotiaeErt, William. 
1861 Observations on the Peruvian tomb pottery and some gold 
objects from South America in the museum of Joseph 
Mayer. Transactions of the Historic Society of Lanca- 
shire and Cheshire, N. s., vol. 1, pp. 311-322, Liverpool. 
BovaLLtius, Carl. 


1885 En Resa i Talamanca-Indianernas Land. Stockholm. 
1886 Nicaraguan antiquities. Stockholm. 
1887 Resa i Central-Amerika 1881-1883. 2 vols. Upsala. 


— Antiquités céramiques trouvées dans le Nicaragua en 1882- 
1883. Reprinted from Antiqvarisk Tidskrift for Sverige, 


Del. 9, Nr. 7. 
Bov Le, Frederick. 
1868 A ride across a continent. 2 vols. London. 
BRANSFORD, J. F. 
1881 Archeological researches in Nicaragua. Smuthsonian Con- 
tributions to Knowledge, vol. xxv, Washington. 
1882 Report on explorations in Central America, in 1881 An. 


Rep. Smith. Inst. for 1882, Washington. 
BRASSEUR DE BourBourg, E. C. 


1857-59 Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique et de l’Amérique- 
Centrale. 4 vols. Paris. 
1871 Bibliothéque Mexico-Guatémalienne. Paris. 
Breton, Adela C. 
1911 Some American museums. Man, vol. x1, no. 7, London. 
BRINTON, D. G. 
1881 The names of the gods in the Kiche myths, Central Amer- 


ican. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., Philadelphia. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY aha 


1883 The Giiegtience ; a comedy ballet in the Nahuatl-Spanish dia- 
lect of Nicaragua. Library of Aboriginal American Lit- 
erature, no. 11, Philadelphia. 


1887 On an ancient human foot-print from Nicaragua. Proc. 
Am. Philos. Soc., Philadelphia. 

1890 On the Chontallis and Popolucas: a contribution to Mexican 
ethnography. VJII Int. Congr. Amer., Paris. 

1891 The American race. New York. 

1892 Observations on the Chinantec language of Mexico and on 


the Mazatec language and its affinities. Proc. Am. 
Philos. Soc., vol. xxx, Philadelphia. 


1895a On the Matagalpan linguistic stock of Central America. 
Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., Philadelphia. 

1895b Notes on the Mangue dialect. Ibid. 

1895c Report upon the collections exhibited at the Columbian His- 


torical Exposition. Report of the United States Commis- 
sion to the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid, 
1892-93, Washington. 


1897 The ethnic affinities of the Gtietares of Costa Rica. Proc. 
: Am, Philos. Soc., Philadelphia. 
1900 Catalogue of the Berendt linguistic collection. Bulletin of 


the Free Museum of Science and Art of the University of 
Pennsylvania, vol. 11, no. 4, Philadelphia. 
Brown, A. P. 


~ 1898 Jade and similar green stones. Ibid., vol. 1, Philadelphia. 


Bt iow, A. von. 
1849 Die Freistaat Nicaragua in Mittel-Amerika. Berlin. 
Burocoa, Francisco de. 
1674 Geografica descripcién de la parte septentrional del Polo 
Artico de la América. Mexico. 


BuscHMANN, J.C. E. 


1853 Uber die Aztekischen Ortsnamen. Berlin. 
CALVERT, A. S. and P. P. 
1917 A year of Costa Rican natural history. New York. 


CASTANEDA, Francisco de. 
1529 Sobre ‘el estado en que encontro a Nicaragua, etc. Primera 
carta. Segunda carta. Jn PERALTA, 1883, pp. 36-82. 


CrERECEDA, Andrés de. 


1889 Relacién. In FERNANDEZ, 1889. 
CHARENCEY, H. de. 
1883 Mélanges de philologie et de paléographie Américaines. 
Paris 


CHURCHILL, Awnsham and John. 
1732 A collection of voyages and travels. 4 vols. London. 


AT2 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


CLARKE, F. W., and MERRILL, G. P. 


1888 On nephrite and jadeite. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Washing- 
ton. 
CLAVICERO, 2S: 
1787 History of Mexico. Translated by Charles Cullen. 2 vols. 
London. 


CocKBuRN, John. 
1735 A journey over land, from the Gulf of Honduras to the 
great South-Sea. London. 


CoLEccION. 

1864-84 Coleccion de documentos inéditos, relativos al descubri- 
miento, conquista y colonizacién de las posesiones Espa- 
folas en América y Oceania. 42 vols. Madrid. 

CoLeEccIONn. 
1908 Coleccién de libros y documentos referentes 4 la historia de 


América. Tomo vit. Relaciones histéricas y geograficas 
de América Central. Madrid. 


Co_tumBus, Ferdinand. 


WEY. The history of the life and actions of Adm. Christopher 
Columbus. Jn CHuRCHILL, Voyages, vol. 1, pp. 501-628, 
London. 
CoRONADO. See VASQUEZ DE CORONADO. 


Costa RIca. 

1913 Costa Rica-Panama arbitration. Documents annexed to the 
argument of Costa Rica before the arbitrator, Hon. Ed- 
ward Douglass White. 4 vols. Rosslyn, Va. 

CRAWFORD, J. 


1890 Finds in Nicaragua. Am. Ant., vol. x11, Chicago. 

189la Neolithic man in Nicaragua. Ibid. vol. x1, pp. 293-296, 
Chicago. 

1891b Neolithic man in Nicaragua. Am. Geologist, vol. vu, no. 3. 

1892 Notes on Central American archeology and ethnology. 
Proc. Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xxv, Boston. 

1893 Evidences of man in Nicaragua during the early Neolithic 


age and the probable present tribal name and locality of 
his descendants. Ibid., vol. xxv. 


1895 The archeology of Nicaragua. The Archacoloyist, vol. Itt, 
Waterloo, Indiana. 

1896 A story of the Amerrique Indians of Nicaragua. Am. Ant., 
vol. xvi, Chicago. 

1897 Names and statues of Amerrique people. Ibid., vol. x1x, 
Chicago. 


Dario, Ruben. | 
1892 Estética de los primitivos Nicaragtienses. El Centenario, 
tomo 11, pp. 197-202, Madrid. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 473 


DAvILa, Juan. 
1883 Relacién circunstanciada de la provincia de Costa-Rica. Afio 
de 1566. In FERNANDEZ, Coleccién de Documentos, tomo 
II, San José. 
De Kats, Courtenay. 
1894 A bibliography of the Mosquito coast of Nicaragua. Bull. 
Am. Geogr. Soc., vol. xxvi, no. 2, New York. 
DirseEcporr, E. P. 
1904 A clay vessel with a picture of a vampire-headed deity. 
Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 28, Washington. 
Douay, Leon. 
1891 Etudes etymologiques sur l’antiquité Américaine. Paris. 
1900 Nouvelles recherches philologiques sur l’antiquité Améri- 
ecphetage Ler ahs 


EstrapA RAvaco, Juan de. 
1883 Descripcién de la provincia de Costa-Rica. Afio de 1572. In 
FERNANDEZ, Coleccién de Documentos, tomo 111, San José. 
FERNANDEZ, Leon. 
1881-1907 Coleccién de documentos para la historia de Costa-Rica. 
10 vols. San José, Paris, Barcelona. 


1884 The Guatuso Indians of Costa Rica. An. Rep. Smith. Inst. 
for 1882, Washington. 
1889 Historia de Costa Rica durante la dominacion Espafiola. 


1592-1821. Madrid. 


FerNANbDEz GuarpiA, Ricardo. 


1913 History of the discovery and conquest of Costa Rica. Trans- 
lated by Harry Weston Van Dyke. New York. 
1916 Cartilla hist6rica de Costa Rica. San José. 


FernANpbEz GuarpiA, Ricardo, and Ferraz, Juan Fernandez. 
1892 Lenguas indigenas de Centro América en el Siglo XVIII 
segtin copia del Archivo de Indias. San José. 


FEerRAZ, Juan Fernandez. 

1892 Nahuatlismos de Costa Rica. San José. 

1899 Ligera resefia de la coleccién “Urefia,” antigiiedades de 
Curridabat. Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Informe del 
segundo semestre y fin de atio economico 1898-1899. San 
José. 

1900 Ompa-ontla-neci-tetl, 6 piedra trasparente, mesa altar de 
piedra calada, de San Isidro. Informe del Museo Nacional 
de Costa Rica, 1899-1900. San José. 

1902 Prehistoric antiquities from Costa Rica. New York Her- 
ald, November. 

Fiscuer, H. 

1881 Bericht iiber eine Anzahl Steinsculpturen aus Costa Rica. 
Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins su 
Bremen, Band VIII. 


474 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


FLint, Earl. 
[A large number of letters written to Prof. F. W. Putnam 
by Flint, now in Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass. 
These contain much miscellaneous information embodied in 
the text. ] 
1878 [Letters to Prof. F. W. Putnam from Granada, announcing 
the discovery of footprints in the rock at San Rafael, 
dated April 20 and July 18.] 

1882 Antiquities of Nicaragua. Origin of the Palenque builders. 
Am. Ant., vol. iv, no. 4, pp. 289-302, Chicago. 

1884-85 Human foot-prints in Nicaragua. Ibid., vols. vi-v1. 





1886 Pre-Adamite foot-prints. Ibid., vol. vu. 
1888a Human foot-prints in the Eocene. Ibid., vol. x. 
1888b Paleolithics in Nicaragua. Ibid. 
1889 Nicaragua foot-prints. Ibid., vol. x1. 
Fox, A. Lane. 
1874 [Exhibition of articles from Costa Rica.] Journal of the 


Anthropological Institute, vol. Iv, pp. 363-364, London. 
FRANTzIvus, A. von. 


1869 Der sudostliche Teil der Republic Costa Rica. Petermanns 
Geogr. Mitteilungen, Gotha. 
1870 Uber die Eingelborenen Costaricas. Archiv fiir Anthro- 


pologie, vol. iv, Braunschweig. 
FROEBEL, Julius. 
1859 Seven years’ travel in Central America, northern Mexico, and 
the far west of the United States. London. 


Fuentes y Guzman, F. A. de. 
1882-83 Historia de Guatemala. 2 vols. Madrid. 


FuUNNELL, William. 

1707 A voyage round the world: containing an account of Cap- 
tain Dampier’s expedition into the South-seas . . . together 
with the author’s voyage from Amapalla, on the west coast 
of Mexico, to East India. London. 


Gasp, W. M. 
1875 On the Indian tribes and languages of Costa Rica. Proc. 
Am. Philos. Soc., vol. x1v, Philadelphia. 
1895 Exploracién de Talamanca durante los afios de 1873-74. 


Anales del Instituto Fisico-Geografico Nacional de Costa 
Rica, San José. 
GacE, Thomas. 

1648 The English-American, his travail by sea and land or a new 
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GaAGINI, Carlos. 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 475 


GALINDO, Juan. 
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Garcia DE Patracio, Diego. 
1881 Relacién hecha por el Licenciado Palacio al Rey D. Felipe 
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text is in FERNANDEZ, Coleccion de Documentos, vol. 1. 
We quote, however, from the more accessible SQUIER 
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Garcia PELAEz, Francisco de Paula. 


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Gomez CariL_o, Agustin. 


1906 Compendio de Histéria de la América Central. Guatemala. 
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1898 Researches in the Uloa valley, Honduras. Memoirs of the 


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GuErRERO, E. A. P. de. 
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476 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


GUIDE. 
1924 


HABEL, Simeon. 
1878 


bares 
1826 


HARTMAN, C. V. 
1901 
1902 


1907a 


1907b 
1908 
1910 


ELEAWESs [0G by 
1923 


HEALTH. 
1887 


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Le calebassier de l’Amérique tropicale. Journal de la 
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Prehistoric gold ornaments from Costa Rica. Museum of 
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HERRERA, Antonio de. 


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Herzoc, Wilhelm. 
1884 


Ho.tianp, W. J. 
1904 


Hormes, W. H. 
1886 


1888 


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The Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. Annual Report of the 
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Origin and development of form and ornament in ceramic 
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Ancient art of the Province of Chiriqui, Colombia. Sixth 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY A77 


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1908 (Review of) Hartman’s “Archzological Researches on the 


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1895 The ancient Central and South American pottery in the 
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JIJON y CAAMANO, J. 
1920 Nueva contribucién al conocimiento de los aborigines de la 
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La Crorx, A. R. de. 
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Las Casas, Bartolomé. 
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478 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


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1909b Reisebericht aus Managua. Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, Bd. 
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1910 Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise in Mittelamerika und 
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1913 Die Archaologie Costa Ricas. Abhandlungen der Natur- 
historischen Gesellschaft Niirnberg, Bd. xx. 

1915 Uber die Stellung und Verwandtschaft der Subtiaba Sprache 


der Pazifischen Kiiste Nicaraguas und tiber die Sprache von 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 479 


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1898a Costa Rica y Costa de Mosquitos. Paris. 

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PITTIER DE FABREGA, Henri. 
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482 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


1895 


1897 


1898 


1903a 


1903b 


1904 


Nombres geograficos de Costa Rica. I. Talamanca. San 
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Primera contribucién para el estudio de las razas indigenas 
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Pitrrier DE FAsreca, H., and GacinI, C. 


1892 


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1883 
1885 


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Ponce, Alonso. 


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PovEDANO, Tomas. 
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Preuss, Paul. 
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Die neuesten Reisen zur Durchforschung von Costa Rica. 
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Altertumer aus Costa Rica. Festschrift zur Jubelfeter d. 
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Professor H. Pittiers Forschungsreise durch den stidwest- 
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See RELACION. 


“Lettera Rarissima” de Christophe Colomb sur la découverte 
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de Porras et d’une partie de la Relacién de Diego Mendez. 
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Comunicacién de Don Tomas Povedano, acerca del monolito 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 483 


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484 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


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BIBLIOGRAPHY 485 


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America. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of 
New York, New York. 


Costa Rica at the Exposition. Science, New York. 


Nicaragua: past, present and future. Philadelphia. 


486 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


STREBEL, Hermann. 


1883 Bericht iiber die Sammlung Alterthiimer aus Costa Rica in 
Bremen Museum. Abh. v. Naturw. Verem zu Bremen, 
Bd. vit. 

1904 Uber Ornamente auf Tongefassen aus Alt-Mexiko. Ham- 
burg. 

TELLO, Julio C. 

1922a Introduccioén 4 la historia del Pert. Lima. 

1922b Prehistoric Peru. Inter-America, pp. 238-250, New York. 

1923 Wira-Kocha. Inca, nos. 1 and 3, Lima. 


TERNAUX-COMPANS, H. 

1837-41 Voyages, relations et mémoires originaux pour servir a 
Vhistoire de la découverte de l’Amérique, publiés pour la 
premiére fois en frangais. 20 vols. . Paris. 

Tuie., Bernardo A. 


1882 Apuntes lexicograficos de las lenguas y dialectos de los 
Indios de Costa-Rica. San José. 
1886 Vocabularium der Sprachen de Boruca-Terraba- und Gua- 


tuso-Indianer in Costa Rica. Archiv fiir Anthropologie, 
Bd. xv1, Braunschweig. 

1896 Viajes 4 varias partes de la Republica de Costa Rica. San 
José. 


Tuomas, Cyrus, and Swanton, J. R. 
1911 Indian languages of Mexico and Central America. Bul. 
44, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington. 


ToRQUEMADA, Juan de. 
1723 Los veinte i un libros rituales i monarchia Indiana, con el 
origen y guerras, de los Indios Occidentales. Madrid. 


Tozzer, A. M., and ALLEN, G. M. 
1910 Animal figures in the Maya codices. Papers of the Peabody 
Museum, Harvard University, vol. 1v, no. 3, Cambridge. 
TRISTAN, J. Fidel. 
1924 A peculiar idol from the highlands of Costa Rica. Amer- 
ican Journal of Archeology, vol. xxv, Concord, N. H. 
UnLeE, Max. 


1888 Verwandtschaften und Wanderungen der Tschibtscha. V JI 
Int. Congr. Amer., Berlin. 
1920 Los principios de las antiguas civilizaciones Peruanas. 


Boletin de la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de estudios historicos 
Americanos, vol. 1v, no. 12, Quito. 


1922 Influencias Mayas en el alto Ecuador. Boletin de la Aca- 
demia Nacional de Historia, tomo Iv, Quito. 

1923a Civilizaciones Mayoides en la costa Pacifica de Sudamérica. 
Ibid., tomo v1. 

1923b Toltecas, Mayas y civilizaciones Sudamericanas. Ibid., tomo 


VII. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 487 


VALENTINI, P. J. J. 
1869 Castilla del Oro, 1502-1602. Estudios histéricos, sobre el 
descubrimiento i conquista del istmo de Darien, Veragua, 
Costa Rica, Nicaragua i Honduras. San José. 
1883 The Olmecas and the Tultecas. Proc. Am. Antig. Soc., 
Worcester. 


VASQUEZ DE CoroNADO, Juan. 
1908 Cartas de Juan Vasquez de Coronado, conquistador de Costa 
Rica; nuevamente publicadas por D. Ricardo Fernandez 
Guardia. Barcelona. 
VELVIN, Ellen. 
1912 Unique relics of Costa Rica Indians. Overland Monthly, San 
Francisco. 


VERNEAU R., and Rivet P. 


1912 Ethnologie ancienne de l’Equateur. Paris. 
Wafer, Lionel. 

1699 A new voyage and description of the Isthmus of America. 

London. 

Wacner, Moritz, and SCHERZER, Karl. 

1856 Die Republik Costa Rica in Central-Amerika. Leipzig. 
Weap, C. K. 

1900 Contributions to the history of musical scales. An. Rep. 


U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1900, Washington. 
Witson, THOMAS. 


1898 Prehistoric art. An. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1896, Wash- 
ington. 
Younc, Thomas. 
1842 Narrative of a residence on the Mosquito shore. London. 
ZELEDON, P. P. 
1918 Los aborigines de Costa Rica. La Informacion, Jan. 6, San 
José. 
ZEVALLos, Agustin de. 
1886 Memorial para el rey nuestro sefior de la descripcion y cali- 


dades de la provincia de Costa Rica. Afio de 1610. In 
FERNANDEZ, Coleccién de Documentos, tomo V. 


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Abagara, Garabito town, 15 

Abangares, Orotifia boundary, 23. See 
Avancart 

Aberrant shapes of pottery, III, 129, 


230. See Shapes 
Abiturt, Guarco town, 16 
Acknowledgments, xix-xxii 


Acoyapa, statues at, 93, 421 

Adultery, punishment for, 60-61 

Agateyte, a cacique, 48; domestic life, 
46; palace of, 31-32 

Agave used in weaving, 40 

Age of American Indians, 416-417; of 
Black ware, 403; of British Honduras 
ceramics, 253; of certain figurines, 
374; of certain pottery, 393, 400; of 
Copan, 397; of Copan altar, 160; of 
Copan pottery, 132, 187, 221, 257; of 
design series, 134-135, 166-167, 180, 
395; of Ecuador culture, 405; of Luna 
and Zapatero wares, 254; of Maya 
migration, 415; of Maya Polychrome 
ware, 396; of Mexican and Peruvian 
remains, 403; of Plumbate ware, III, 
116; of statues, 92. See Chronology, 
Dating, Footprints, Geological man 

Agriculture, native, 34, 52-53, 447, 450; 
origin and spread, 401. See Food 

Agua Caliente, pottery from, ppl. 
CLXXVIII; remains at, 437 

Ahpu, masters of magic, 67 

Ahuthtzapan, original of Orizaba, 12 

Alajuela province, an archeological 
boundary, xxvi; Voto probably in, 16 

Alajuela valley, situation, xxiv, 89. See 
San Juan 

Alaska, art concepts in, 158, 206 

Alcedo, Antonio de, cited, 23 

Alfaro, Anastasto, acknowledgment to, 
xx; cited, 95, 426, 428, 432, 434, 439. 
See Peralta and Alfaro 

Allen, J. Glover, acknowledgment to, 
Xxi, cited, 35, I21 

Alligator absent from Nicoya modeled 
ware, 116; and monkey motives as- 
sociated, 146, 165; and plumed ser- 
pent motives, 147; associated with 
jaguar, 119, 409; club-heads in form 
of, 99; figurines representing, 269, 
274, 373; geometric patterns derived 
from, 316; gold, 40; heads, frets de- 
rived from, 313-314, 319; heads on 
Handled ware, 355; heads on large 
jars, 357; how represented, 128-129; 
in Mexican codices, 147, 192; in 


pictographs, 94, 431; jars of Stone 
Cist ware, 349-350; motive discussed, 
119, 129, 168, 172-180, 224, 338, 408- 
409; on Appliqué ware,301; on Black- 
line ware, 223-225, 319; on Black 
ware, 236; on Chocolate ware, 231, 
234, 325-326; on Curridabat ware, 
334,00 drms.4270,0377,.379°_ on 
Highland Polychrome ware, 211, 
296, 302-304; on incense burners, 
365; on jar cover, 279-280; on me- 
tate, 290; on Monochrome wares, 
388; on Nicoya Polychrome ware, 
386; on Orange-Brown ware, 237- 
238; on pottery stamps, 281; on Red- 
lip ware, 328; on Stone Cist ware, 
347-348, 389; on statues, 91; on 
Tripod ware, 340-342, 344; on Yel- 
low-line ware, 312-314; on Zapatero 
ware, 255; scute as a decorative mo- 
tive, 166, 311, 347, 409; whistle in 
form of, 375. See Animals, Conven- 
tionalization, Decoration, Scutes, Sil- 
houette Alligator 

Alligator god as decorative motive, 247, 
252, 267, 301; figurine of, 371-372: 
on Black-line ware, 319; on Choco- 
late ware, 230-231; on jaguar effigy 
bowls, 304; on Lost-color ware, 323; 
on miniature vessel, 277; on Mono- 
chrome wares, 387-388; on Red-line 
ware, 309; on White-line ware, 317; 
rattle representing, 377; transition to 
human type, 231. See Deities 

Alligator Ware, application of term, 106, 
337; dots on, 182. See Chiriqui Alh- 
gator Ware, Modeled Alligator Ware 

Almirante bay, Sigua on, 10; soldiers 
sent by Montezuma to, 26, 414; 
Talamanca boundary, 14; why so 
named, 447-448 

Alonso, Don, a cacique, 55 

Alpizar, excavation by, 453-459, 463 

Alta Gracia, effigy vessel from, 128; 
Luna ware from, 209; Mayan and 
Pacific area pottery, pl. xxv1; Mod- 
eled Alligator ware from, 252, pl. 
cxvill; Nicoya Polychrome ware 
from, pl. xxvu1; Palmar ware from, 
pl. cx1v; plumed serpent motive 
from, 201, 203; remains at, 421-422; 
statues at, 93; urn burials at, 97 

Altar, at Copan, 160; at Las Mercedes, 
458. See Mesa altar, Tables 

Alto de Uvita, remains at, 442 


491 


492 


Amapal, Salvador, Poton town, 27 
Amapala, Hond., collection in, 436 
Amatitlan, pottery from, 251, 397 
American Museum of Natural History, 
collections in, x, xxi, 286, 403 
Amulet in Las Mercedes grave, 454; of 
jade, 98, 396. See Figurines 
Anahuac, a center of dispersion, 5; 
Nicarao migration from, 6, 8, 25, 
398. See Aztec, Nahua 
Ancon, Peru, ‘‘Archaic”’ art at, 403 
Andagoya, Pascual de, as an authority, 
30; cited, 10, 11, 30, 36, 61, 78, 81 
Anderson, Luis, acknowledgment, xx; 
collection, 108, 269, 422, pls. XII, 
XIV, XVI, XIX, CXXV, CXXX;,CXXAI 
Angel, Ecuador, Red ware from, pl. 
CLXx; Stone Cist ware from, 346, 351 
Animal heads as vessel supports, 307, 
312, 399; associated with plumed ser- 
pent, 149, 152; club-heads in form of, 
99; on Black-line ware, 318; on Black 
ware, 235; on Chocolate ware, 230, 
325; on Highland ware, 296; on 
metates, 97-98; on Nandaime ware, 
220; on Nicoya bowls, 111; on tripod 
bowls, 388, 396; on Zapatero ware, 
257. See Heads 
Animals, conventionalized renderings 
of, 91, 206, 352-355, 387; figurines of, 
261, 263, 265, 268-269; in picto- 
graphs, 94; on carved slabs, 287; on 
Chocolate ware, 234; on Curridabat 
ware, 336; on Handled ware, 354; on 
Monochrome wares, 245-246, 387- 
388; on Nicoya Polychrome ware, 
123, 386, 395; on Red-line ware, 311; 
on Red-lip ware, 328; on Red ware, 
329, 330; on statues, 91-92, 286; on 
Stone Cist ware, 346, 350, 389; on 
Tripod ware, 389; on Yellow-line 
ware, 312; on Zapatero ware, 256; 
represented in pottery, 115-123. See 
Alligator, Armadillo, Atlantean sup- 
ports, Bats, Bird, Boars, Coati, Crab, 
Crocodile, Deer, Dog, Dragon, Eagles, 
Earth Monster, Figurines, Fish, Flies, 
Frogs, Heads, Human figure, Jaguar, 
Lizards, Macaw, Man-and-Jaguar, 
Modeled Alligator ware, Monkey, 
Monster, Mosquitoes, Octopus, Owl, 
Parrot, Pelican, Pigs, Plumed bird, 
Plumed Monster, Plumed Serpent, 
Rabbits, Raccoon, Scorpion, Serpent, 
Shark, Shell-fish, Snake, Spider, Squir- 
rel, Tapir, Toads, Toucan, Tree-frog, 
Trogon, Turkey, Turtles, Two-headed 
Dragon, Zoomor phic 
Anita Grande, Black-line ware from, 
318, pl. CLIx; carved slab from, 287; 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Chocolate ware from, 326, 327; Red- 
line ware from, 313, pl. CLXVIII; re- 
mains at, 437, 463-467; Stone Cist 
ware from, 350, pl. CLXxx; stone 
slab from, pl. Cxxx1Ix; vessels with 
Atlantean supports from, 361; whistle 
from, 375; White-line ware from, 
314; Yellow-line ware from, 314 

Annular bases absent from Nicoya 
Black-line ware, 223; interlocking 
step scroll on, 183; of Atlantean sup- 
ports, 361; of Black-line vessels, 
318-319; of Chocolate ware, 229, 
326; of Curridabat ware, 333; of 
Lost-color ware, 321, 322; of Luna 
ware, 387; of Nicoya Polychrome 
ware, 120, 386; of South American 
vessels, 407; of Stone Cist ware, 346; 
of stone stools, 367; of Yellow-line 
ware, 312. See Ring bases 

Antilles, contact with, 410. See West 
Indies 

Antioquia, Colombia, culture of, 405; 
decorative designs from, 318; figur- 
ines of, 408; pottery of, 267 

Antiquity, see A ge, Geological man 

Antonielli, Ugo,acknowledgment to, xxi 

Appliqué, decoration by, 255, 364; dec- 
coration of Stone Cist ware, 347; 
motives on Red ware, 330, 331 

Appliqué Wares, Alligator motive on, 
301; Atlantean vessel of, 361; char- 
acter of, 389; clay of, 317; of High- 
land region, 332-355; relations of, 
412-413; Simple Painted wares de- 
rived from, 388 

Aqueducts built by Peruvians, 407 

Arawak as culture-bearers, 410; Red- 
line ware among, 409 

Archaic culture, in Colombia, 403; in- 
fluence of, 400, 414; relations of, 400. 
See Age, Aztec, Maya, Mexico 

Archeological sites, 421-445, pls. CXCVI, 
cc; on Salinas bay, pl. CXCVIII 

Archeology and historic peoples, 390- 
392; of Highland region, xxv-xxvi, 
285-294; of Pacific area, xxv-xxvl, 
89-100 

Arellano collection, source of, 439 

Arenilla, incense burner from, 366; re- 
mains at, 441 

Arevalo, see Finca Arevalo 

Argentina, C. R., site at, 437 

Argentine, see South America 

Armadillo, figurines of, 268; gold, from 
Las Mercedes, 454, 456; on Black- 
line ware, 318; on Handled ware, 
354; on Monochrome wares, 388; on 
Nicoya Polychrome ware, 120-123, 
386; on Orange-Brown ware, 238, 


INDEX 


239; on Tripod ware, 341; on White- 
line ware, 316; on Yellow-line ware, 
312; ware of Chiriqui, 121, 359. See 
Chiriqui Armadillo Ware 

Armadillo god, figurine of, 261 

Armor, cotton, 30, 42-43, 341-342 

Armories, temples used as, 43 

Arms, armadillo, how represented, 236, 
261, 323, 347-348; crossed in statues, 
92; human, how represented, 126, 
134, 136, 232-233; monkey, how de- 
picted, 210; octopus, how depicted, 
322; of Alligator god, 230, 232; of 
dragon motive, 301; of plumed ser- 
pent motive, 148, 149, I51, 154, 159, 
297-298; on Under-slip Incised ware, 
191. See Hands, Legs, Paws 

Arrow with monkey motive, 165; effigy 
shot with, 64; of the Chorotega, 42; 
represented on figurine, 372; used in 
dance, 75-76 

Arrowheads of Subtiaba, 435 

Asia, America peopled from, 416 


Assert, Guetar chief, 15; Guetar divi- - 


sion, 16, 51 
Astronomy, Maya knowledge of, 415 
Asuncion Mita, Nicarao settlement at, 


Atirro, Guarco town, 16; Talamanca 
and Voto settle in, 14 

Atlantean supports, derivation of, 367; 
of stools, 291; of vessels, 114, 196, 
261, 318, 324, 359-362, 460. See 
Animals 

Allatls, pegs of, 99. See Throwing-sticks 

Allamajalcinco, Tlapanec in, 13 

Auacayo, Poton town, 27 

Auetzaltepetl id., Poton spoken on, 27 

Aura of plumed serpent motive, 148, 
149, 151, 152, 156, 297 

Auriferous gravels, implements in, IOI. 
See Geological man 

Austria, collections in, xix 

Avancari, a cacique, 29. See Abangares 

Ax, Axes, from Highland region, 293; 
held by figurine, 292; monolithic, 20, 
427; of Pacific area, 100; of pottery, 
282. See Monolithic axes 

Ayon, Tomds, cited, xxvii 

Aztec, age of remains of, 393; a Na- 
huatl idiom, 3; and Managua ware 
paralleled, 214, 217; as culture bor- 
rowers, 65; codices, 135-136; concept 
of plumed serpent, 146-147; con- 
quests, 29; culture, 392, 398-399; 
day-names, 74; deities, 69, 136, I91, 
404; figures in codices, 138, 147, 166, 
192, 266, 399; human sacrifice, 72, 
73, 82-83, 413; in Talamanca, 450; 
invasion of Nicaragua, 9, 24; legal 


493 


system, 63; Maya designs on pot- 
tery, 411; pepper-graters, 222, 387, 
399; serpent designs, 138, 160; staffs, 
299; statues not attributable to, 93; 
towns in codices, 165. See Mexico, 


Nahua 


Baake, William, acknowledgment to, 
XXli 

Background of alligator motive, 303; 
of codices, 145; of negative painting, 
320; of silhouette alligator, 207; of 
silhouette jaguar, I41; significance 
of, 144, 179-180. See Decoration, Slip 

Bagaces (town and people), Corobici 
near, 17; graves at, 97; habitat and 
relations, 8, 10; Nicarao settle at, 
398; remains at, 422 

Balboa, see Nujiez de Balboa 

Baldioceda, Doria Angélica, acknowl- 
edgment to, xx; collection of, pl. 
CXVII 

Balfour, Henry, acknowledgment to, xxi 

Balsas, Orotifia, 41. See Boats 

Baltazar, Hacienda, burials at, 97, 422 

Bancroft, H. H., cited, xxvii, 32, 36, 66 

Banners, cotton, in ceremony, 77. See 
Flags 

Barba volcano, xxvi, 89 

Bark, clothing of, 36, 450; shields of, 43 

Bark-beaters of Middle America, 99 

Barva, Garabito town, 15 

Bases of Nicoya Polychrome plates, 
111. See Annular bases, Ring bases, 
Shapes 

Baskets regarded as animate, 212; tech- 
nic of, imitated in pottery, 129, 174, 
177; 247 . 

Bats, jade pendants representing, 304; 
on Chocolate ware, 234; on Guate- 
malan vessel, 133 

Bay ids., Hond., Tripod ware from, 389 

Beads, a trade medium, 447; of jade, 
98; of pottery, 282, worn by Nicarao, 
38. See Glass beads 

Beard of effigy vessels, 241, 396 

Bearded culture-hero, belief in, 413 

Belen, C. R., rubbish-heap at, 422 

Belen, Nic., mounds near, 422 

Bell, C. N., cited, 17 

Bells attached to gorgets, 98; from Las 
Mercedes, 454 

Belt, Thomas, cited, 421, 424, 426, 428 

Benches of chieftains, 46, 55. See Chairs, 
Seats, Stools 

Benzont, Girolamo, as an authority, 30; 
cited, 16,33, 38)/43, 44, 52,53: 55: 
98; with Diego de Gutiérrez, xxvii 

Berendt, G.. H., cited] G6, 12710; 22,726 


494 


Bering straits, means of Asiatic migra- 
tion, 416 

Berry, Prof. E. W., acknowledgment to, 
xxi; examines fossil leaves, IOI 

Bibliography, 468-487 

Bigamy, punishment for, 60 

Bird and alligator motives blended, 173; 
as decorative motives, 129, 130, 312, 
420; 333605 340 8 441; cattributes in 
plumed serpent motive, 146; bill in 
statue of human, 92; club-heads in 
form of, 99; design in New Mexico, 
184; drum in form of, 276; effigies as 
whistles, 374-375; effigy jars, boot- 
shape urns derived from, 254; efhgy 
vesselsrepresenting, 220, 263,307,397; 
figurines representing, 261-262, 267, 
268, 277, 278; heads on Luna ware, 
200; heads on Managua ware, 216- 
217; heads on Maroon Incised ware, 
324; heads on Red ware, 330-331; 
heads on Zapatero ware, 257; in 
pictographs, 94, 96, 431; on Atlan- 
tean supports, 361; on Black-line 
ware, 319; on carved slabs, 287; on 
Chocolate ware, 232; on incense burn- 
ers, 365; on Managua ware, 387; on 
miniature vessels, 361; on Nicoya 
Polychrome ware, 118; on Red-line 
ware, 311; on Stone Cist ware, 351; 
on Tripod ware, 344; symbolized by 
feather fan, 76; wing in decoration, 
159. See Animals, Feathers, Wings 

Birth, ceremonies regarding, 78 

Bisteot, Nicarao deity, 70 

Bitocara, cemetery at, 443 

Black in decoration, 113, 129, 136, 140, 
141, 144, 145, 151, 152, 167, 168, 177, 
179, 184-187, 189, 197, 211-215, 218- 
222, 225, 244, 250, 259, 278, 295, 298, 
299, 370, 386, 430. See Colors, Slip 

Black-line decoration of funnels, 278; 
motives on large jars, 357; patterns 
on Stone Cist ware, 347 

Black-line Ware, affiliations of, 327, 
389; Atlantean forms of, 324, 359; 
character of, 388; Nicoya, described, 
222-225; of Highland region, 318- 
320; origin of, 328, 391; use of term, 
106 

Black Ware, a Chorotega product, 390; 
age of, 400, 403; character, 234-236, 
387-388; figurines, 273; mentioned 
by Oviedo, 40, 400; Peruvian, deco- 
ration of, 49, 409 

Blood offering by Chorotega, 81-82; to 
idols, 73, 76-77, 94. See Human 
sacrifice, Offerings, Sacrifice 

Blue in pottery painting, 113, 126, I9I, 
192. See Colors 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Bluefields, axes from, pl. XU 

Bluefields lagoon, Rama on island in, 17 

Bluenose, remains near, 422; statues 
found at, 93 


Boars, a trade medium, 447. See Pzgs, 
Tapir 
Boats of Central America, 41. See 


Balsas, Canoes 
Boat-shape vessels, 96, 254, 256, 372-373, 


381 

Bobadilla, Francisco de, cited, 8, 30, 35, 
58-59, 65, 68, 73-75, 78-80 

Bocana, Nic., shell-heap at, 422 

Bochica, culture-hero, 413 

Body-painting by dancers, 56, 75, 76, 
82; by Guetar, 38; by Nicarao, 38; 
on figurines, 258-260. See Face- 
painting 

Bogota, culture of, 405 

Bolivar, culture of, 405 

Bolivia, weeping-eye motive in, 350. 
See South America 

Bollaert, William, cited, 344 

Bolson, alligator motive from, 175; 
effigy jars, pls. XII, XIV, XVI; figur- 
ines, pls. CXxV, CXxx; Red ware from, 
pl. CXXXl; remaifis ats 400;=422, 
whistles, pl. Cxxx 

Bolson Ware, character of, 108 

Bone, see Fish-bones 

Books, native, 30, 41. 

Boomerang, use of, 43 

Boot-shape vessels, 96, 194, 254, 348. 
See Shoe-shape vessels 

Boquerones, mounds at, 423; statues at, 
93; urn burial at, 97 

Borrowing of culture, 65, of patterns, 
154-155 

Boruca (place and people), Chocolate 
ware from, 325; customs of, 450; 
figurines from 261, 373; form of dec- 
oration in, 317; Maroon ware in, 
325; pottery of, 246, 293, 380-381; 
Térraba trade with, 450; Tripod 
ware in, 338, 395; whistle from, 375 

Bosses as decorative motive, 251 

Boto, the Voto, 16 

Bottles defined, 109; of Chocolate ware, 
326, 400; of Palmar ware, 249; of 
Red-line ware, 310. See Shapes, 
Tripod Ware 

Boundary disputes, a source of war, 50 

Bovallius, Carl, cited, 90, 91, 400, 42I- 
424, 427, 430, 432, 436-437, pls. VI, 
VII, CXCIX 

Bowls, alligator motive on, 173, 177; 
as burial-urn covers, 278; borne by 
effigies, 262, 266, 273, 296, 307, 324, 
325; crab motive on, 171; defined, 
109, III; geometric patterns on, 193; 


See Codices 


INDEX 


human faces on, 197-198; monkey 
patterns on, 167; Nicoya Geometric, 
discussed, 180-182; of Chocolate 
ware, 229-230; Culebra ware, 107; 
Curridabat ware, 333-334, 336; Luna 
ware, 195; Nandaime ware, 218; 
Nicoya Polychrome ware, 111; Red- 
line ware, 189, 307-310; Stone Cist 
ware, 346; Yellow-line ware, 312; of 
Zapatero ware, 257; plumed serpent 
motive on, 157, 201; scorpion pat- 
tern on, 172; stone, of Highland re- 
gion, 292; stone, with human figures, 
318-319; winged-head motive on, 
207-209. See Decoration, Shapes, 
Tripod vessels 

Bows, Chorotega, 42, 43; used in dance, 
75. See Weapons 

Boyle, Frederick, cited, 95, 426-427 

Boys as servants in temples, 78; in vo- 
ladores game, 75-76; trade conducted 


by, 51 

Bransford, J. F., cited, 90, 107, 177, 194, 
198, 200, 205, 248, 254-256, 280, 421, 
424, 427-430, 432-436 

Brasseur de Bourbourg, E. C., cited, 24, 


7 

Brazil, Carib and Arawak in, 410. See 
South America i 

Bread-making illustrated, 98 

Breech-clout represented in decoration, 
132-134. See Dress 

Breezes symbolized by fan, 76 

Brinton, D.G, ‘cited, 9, 14,:16, 19, 23- 
26, 54, 76, 102, 104, 241 

Brita, remains at, 423 

British flag, pattern resembling, 249 

British Honduras, ceramic remains 
from, 253; drums of, 275; four-legged 
vessels of, 122; Maya pottery from, 
397 

British Museum, collections in, x, xxi 

Bronze figure with Indian remains, 427. 
See European objects 

Brooms, how made, 40 

Brown in decoration, 113, 155, 197, 202, 
295, 299, 307, 318, 332, 343, 346, 430. 
See Colors, Orange-Brown, Slip 

Bruselas founded, xxvii 

Buena Vista, Rio, remains on, 423, 430, 


443 

Buenos Atres, inhabitants of, 380; Red- 
line ware from, 307; remains at, 443; 
whistles and figurines from, pl. cxxx 

Buff in decoration, 311, 321, 322, 327, 
332, 333, 343, 389. See Colors, Shp 

Bugabtta, drum from, 275 

Burials, accompaniments of, 235; at 
Santa Helena, 255, 256; methods of, 
96-97, 288-289; mounds in Pacific 


495 


area, 95-96. See Archeological sites, 
Cist graves, Graves, Mortuary customs 
Burial urns, European objects found in, 
403; in Venezuela, 96; of Zapatero 
Ware, 254-256, 388. See Burials, 
Urn burials 
Burlington Fine Arts Club, exhibition, 


253 
Buttons, see Appliqué, Appliqué Ware, 
Bosses 


Caballo Blanco, pottery from, pl. CxtI 

Cabo Gracias a Dios, remains at, 44, 103 

Cabo Velas, remains at, 436 

Cacaguat, Nicarao god of Cacao, 70, 
75-76 

Cacao, population of, 52. 
Cacao 

Cacao, beverage made from, 34, 35, 56- 
57; Nicarao god of, 70, 75-76; used 
as money, 30, 34, 45, 48, 58, 62; 
whence derived by Chorotega, 30 

Cacaopera, Salvador village, 19 

Caciques, adoption of term, 44; daily 
life described, 31-32; death rites for, 
78; jus primz noctis possessed by, 
61; languages named from, 21; men- 
tioned by Cereceda, 28; of Nicarao 
and Chorotega, 46; power of, 48-49, 
446; tattooing by, 38; Térraba, 449. 
see Chiefs, Priests 

Cairns, see Archeological sites, Burials, 
Cists 

Cajamarquilla, Peru, culture of, 406; 
pottery of, 345, 407 

Calabash, rattle made of, 55; utensils, 
32. See Gourd 

Calachum, meaning of, 39, 44 

Calchitguegue, Nicarao deity, 65, 68 

Calderon, Pedro, cited, 444 

Calendars, 74-75, 393, 415. 
ology 

Calendrical feasts, Nicarao, 73-75 

Camachire, Suerre chief, 17 

Camaxtli, Tlaxcalan god, 69 

Canada, animal motives in, 206; plumed 
serpent motive in, 146 

Catias Gordas, graves at, 443 

Cafas river, cemetery on, 443 

Candelaria, see Cordillera de la Cande- 
laria 

Canes in house-building, 32. See Reeds 

Cangén, Orotifia settlement, 24. See 
Canjéen 

Canillas, see Las Canillas 

Canjén, a cacique, 28. See Cangén 

Cannaboa, Santo Domingo chieftain, 26 

Cannibal, see Carib 

Cannibalism practised, 8, II, 20, 28, 
35, 72-73, 80, 82, 85 


See Cave of 


See Chron- 


496 


Canoes in migration, 20; miniature, of 
pottery, 372-373. See Boats 

Canoe-shape vessels, see Boat-shape 
vessels 

Canon, Spanish explorer, 85 

Captives, a medium of trade, 447; clad 
in insignia of Mixcoatl, 69; sacrifice 
of, 50-51, 64, 72, 73, 446; sculptured 
in stone, 368; taken by Nicarao, 193. 
See Prisoners 

Carafia resin for embalming dead, 81 

Carapace, armadillo, how represented, 
121. See Armadillo 

Caray river mentioned, 44 

Carcht, Ecuador, graves at, 437; Stone 
Cist ware from, 340, 351 

Cariari, hairdressing by Guetar of, 38 

Cariay, Columbus at, 36, 44, 81; loca- 
tion of, 44; mortuary custom at, 81, 
289. See Cariari 

Carib as culture-bearers, 410; definition 
26; in Venezuela, 3; pay tribute to 
Montezuma, 10; Red-line ware 
among, 409 

Caricabi, Guetar subchief, 16 

Carnegie Institution of Washington, 
acknowledgment, pl. vI 

Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh, col- 
lections in, x, xxl, 425 

Carrizal, rubbing-stones from, 100 

Cartago, carved stone slab from, 287; 
Franciscan monastery of, 15; re- 
mains at, 437; Chocolate ware from, 
326; Curridabat ware from, pl. 
CLXxII; gold disc from,290; Guarco in 
region of, 16; Handled ware from, 
354; incense burners from, 366; 
metate from, 289; Red ware from, 
pl. cLxx; Stone Cist ware from, 349, 
pl. cLxxx; stone implements from, 
292; Tripod ware from, 341; whistle 
from, 375 

Cartago valley, Black-line ware of, 320; 
burial cists in, 288; dragon pattern 
of, 301; jaguar pattern of, 141; Ma- 
roon ware of, 325; pottery of, 121, 
128, 333; Red-line ware of, 310; Red 
ware of, 331; situation of, xxiv, 89; 
Yellow-line ware of, 315 

Carved slabs of Highland region, 286- 
287. See Slabs, Stone 

Carvings, decorative motives in, 365; 
on metates, 97-98. See Idols, Im- 
ages, Metates, Statues, Stone 

Casas Grandes, effigy vessels of, 118; 
pottery with bosses from, 251 

Castafieda, Francisco de,as an authority, 
30; cited, 35, 40, 234, 403 

Castafieda, Juan de, exploration by, 
XXVli 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Caste, see Rank 

Castillo, remains at, 432 

Castillo, Fray Martin del, cited, 15 

Catapas, Guetar division, 15 

Catechism, Guetar, 15 

Cauca valley, Colombia, bark-beaters of, 
99; culture of, 405; decorative de- 
signs from, 318; pottery of, 267. See 
Colombia 

Cavalon, Juan de, town founded by, 
XXVil 

Cavecaras, burial rites in, 449; clothing 
of, 450 

Cave of Cacao, jar from, 245 

Ceballos, Agustin de, Memorial of, 446- 
448 

Ceiba, see La Ceiba 

Celts in Las Mercedes grave, 453, 454; 
of jade, 98 

Cemeteries of Anita Grande, 463-467; 
of Costa Rica Farm, 461-463; of Las 
Mercedes, 451-461. See Archeolo- 
gical sites, Burials, Cist graves, Graves 

Censers, see Incense burners 

Central America, South America 
peopled from, 416; plumed serpent 
motive in, 146. See British Hon- 
duras, Chiriqui, Guatemala, Highland 
area, Honduras, Pacific area, Pana- 
ma, Salvador 

Cereceda, Andrés de, cited, 21, 24, 28, 
30; voyage of, xxvii 

Ceremonies, Chorotegan, 82-83; flay- 
ing, of Maribio, 84-85; Guetar, 80- 
81; Nicarao, 75-78. See Religion 

Cerro Santiago, site at, 434; statues 
found at, 93. See Santiago 

Cervantes, pottery from, pl. CxxvI 

Chacmool, distribution of, 286; figurine 
resembling, 262 

Chairs of South American tribes, 410. 
See Benches, Seats, Stools 

Chalchiuhtlatonac, Aztec deity, 68 

Chama, Guatemala, vase from, 133 

Chdanguenes, girdles and shields, 450 

Changuinola river mentioned, 448 

Chapanec, a form of Chiapanec, 24 

Chara, Orotifia town, 41 

Chara id., Chorotega not on, 23 

Chata farm, remains on, 432 

Chavin, Peru, carved slabs from, 287; 
culture of, 253, 406; plumed serpent 
motive at, 146; stone-carving of, 413 

Checkerboard pattern in decoration, 117- 
118, 187-188. See Cross-hatching, 
Geometric patterns 

Chevrons in decoration, 187, 334-335; 
on Nandaime ware, 219; on plumed 
serpent motive, 298. See Geometric 
patterns 


INDEX 


Chiacua, Sigua town, 10 

Chiapanec, language and relations, 22, 
24, 25; migration, 29; origin of name, 
24; tripod bowls distributed by, 399 

Chiapas, Chiapanec in, 24; Chorotega 
migrate to, 21, 94; Remesal on, 29 

Chibcha customs regarding temples, 78; 
distribution, 3-4; domestic relations, 
61; habitat and relations, 12, 13, 390; 
human sacrifice by, 64, 413; infusion 
in Mazatec, 25; migration, 415; 
tribes, 4-5 

Chicagua, synonym of Sigua, 10 

Chicama, Peru, crab motive of, 171; 
culture of, 406; jaguar on pottery of, 
I19, 408-409; plumed serpent motive 
at, 146; pottery from, 253 

Chicha drunk at dances, 55. See In- 
toxicants 

Chichagua, synonym of Sigua, Io 

Chichen Itza, Chiriqui gold at, 40; 
Plumbate ware of, 116 

Chichigalpa, Maribio town, 12, 28 

Chichimec, hunting god of, 69 

Chicociagat, Nicarao deity, 65, 68 

Chtefs, burial customs for, 448; domes- 
tic life of, 46; Guetar, authority of, 
I5. See Caciques, Nobles, War-chiefs 

Childbirth, belief regarding, 64 ~ 

Children, belief as to death of, 80; how 
carried by figurines, 268; mortuary 
customs regarding, 78; sacrificed, 64, 


73 
Chile, Inca remains in, 406 
Chiliate, remains at, 423; urn burial at, 


97 

Chimborazo, Ecuador, archeology of, 405 

Chimbote, Peru, culture of, 406; Red- 
line ware at, 409 

Chinamatl, wife of Iztac Mixcoatl, 70 

Chinamite, Hond., statues at, 93 

Chinandega, Maribio in, 12, 28; Na- 
huatlato settle in, 9, 27 

Chincha, Peru, culture of, 406 

Chinese and Indians linguistically re- 
lated, 416 

Chiquero bay, remains on, 436 

Chiquinaut, Nicarao deity, 69 

Chira, Corobici settlement, 28; mines of, 


28 

Chira id., gold brought from, 28; pot- 
tery of, 112; remains on, 423 

Chircot, jaguar motive from, 141; mon- 
key pattern bowl from, 167; site at, 
437-438; types of cists at, 439, 440 

Chiriqu, Alligator god of, 178; and 
Costa Rican art blended, 107; and 
Costa Rican graves compared, 289; 
and Ecuador ware compared, 405; 
and Highland archeology compared, 


497 


285; and Highland areas demarcated, 
89; axes of, 293; character of pottery, 
105-106, 130, 409; Chocolate ware in, 
227 "Crab god Of; 171 culture :of, 
xxvi, 89, 380; decorative motives in, 
182, 224, 319; figurines from, 262, 
373, 374, pl. cxcl; goldwork of, 40, 
100, 230, 253, 266, 342, 343; graves 
of, 97; Handled ware of, 353, 354; 
influence of pottery of, 295; jade 
amulets from, 98; jaguar effigy bowl 
of, 296; Maya handiwork in, I11, 
415; metates of, 97, 290; modeled 
animals on pottery of, 351; negative 
painting in, 144, 320, 321; octopus 
motive of, 321-323; origin of pottery 
of, 411; pattern borrowed from, 223; 
Plumbate ware in, 116; pottery and 
stools of, 230; pottery drums of, 275, 
276; pottery forms borrowed from, 
293; Red-line decoration in, 306; 
relation of Highland ware to, 380; 
Stone Cist ware from, pl. CLXxxI; 
stone stools of, 291; Tripod ware of, 
338, 395, 399; type of decoration in, 
317; White-line ware of, 315 

Chiriqui alligator motive, 119, 168, 172- 
180, 224; distribution of, 408-409; 
patterns derived from, 306-308, 313- 
314, 388. See Alligator 

Chiriqui Alligator Ware, figurines of, 
263-264, 269; in Boruca, 380-381; 
patterns on, 302-303, 360. See Alli- 
gator Ware 

Chiriqut Armadillo Ware discussed,1I21, 
359. See Armadillo 

Chirripo river, remains on, 443 

Chittenden, G. P., acknowledgment to, 


XX 

Chiuppa, Suerre chief, 17 

Choco allied with Chorotega, 22 

Chocolate pots, a Maya form, 232, 398; 
character of, 116-117; how decorated, 
223, 

Chocolate Ware, a Chorotega product, 
390; age of, 400; alligator motive on, 
334; and Curridabat ware compared, 
333; and Tripod ware compared, 344; 
character of, 227-234,387-389; drums, 
275; figurines, 264-269, 373; of High- 
land region, 325-327; Red ware de- 
signs borrowed from, 330; shoe- 
shape vessel of, 257; slip of, 344; 
spouts on, 235; use of term, 106; 
whistles, 375; with Atlantean sup- 
ports, 361 

Chololteca, application and meaning, 
8, 20; mentioned by Torquemada, 6 

Cholula, ceramics of, 398-399 


498 


Choluteca (place and people), a form of 
Chorotega, 8; canoes, 41; dress, 37; 
habitat and relations, 22; Indians of 
the province of, 27; Nahuatlato near, 
7; Nicarao in, 6. See Chorotega 

Cholutequilla, Orotifia in, 23 

Chomes, Orotifia settlement, 24 

Chomi, a cacique, 28 

Chondal, application of name, 18; hair- 
dressing, 37, 39; language, 45 

Chontal, meaning of, 10, 18 

Chontales, Department of, xxiv; Mata- 
galpan spoken in, 19; Mosquitos in, 
19; workshop site in, 424 

Chorotega, a cacique, 21, 23, 28; and 
Guetar proximity, 14; and Maya 
contact, 394; and Nicarao relations, 
45; a Nicaragua language, 13, 25; as 
culture-bearers, 45, 416; Black-line 
ware made by, 391; confusion of 
name, 8; culture, xxvi, 93-94; dances, 
54-58; distribution, 4; dress, 30; food, 
34-35; games, 53; government, 47-49, 
habitat and relations, xxv, 20-25, 
390, 394; hairdressing, 37-39; houses, 
31-32; laws, 62; makers of Nandaime 
ware, 391; marriage customs, 59-61; 
population in Nicoya, 26; pottery, 
140, 390, 396, 399, 434; prostitution, 
62; rank, 46; religion, 81-84; statues, 
93, 394; towns, 33-34; tribes, 5; war 
customs, 50-51; Weapons, 42-43. 
See Chololteca, Choluteca 

Chorotega la Vieja, Orotifia in, 23 

Chronology and cultural relations, 392- 
A411; of Chimborazo archeology, 405; 
of Peruvian archeology, 406. See 
Age, Calendars, Dating 

Chucasque, Garabito town, 15 

Chuchon, the Choco, 22 

Chuchures, habitat and relations, 8, 
10-11; migration, 20 

Chuloteca, Herrera quoted on, 25. See 
Choluteca 

Churraca, Guetar subchief, 16 

Churuteca, Orotifia settlement, 24, 26 

Cieneguita river, note on, 44 

Cigua, synonym of Sigua, 10 

Cipactli defined, 252 

Cipactonal, Aztec deity, 66, 67 

Cipattonal, Nicarao deity, 65-67, 79-80 

Circles in decoration, 127, 136-139, 142, 
ISI, 155-156, 174, 176, 181, 198, 207, 
220, 222, 247, 290, 301, 303, 311, 314; 
317, 336, 342. See Semicircles 

Cist graves at Las Mercedes, 453; at Los 
Limones, 439; at Orosi, 440; at San 
Juan, 441; described, 438; in High- 
land region, 285. See Archeological 
sites, Burials, Cemeteries, Stone Cists 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Ciualtepetl, Nahuatlato town, 9, 27 

Civilizations, see Cultural relations 

Classification of pottery, 105, I10, 293- 
294, 356, 385, pls. CXCIN; CxCiy; of 
tribes, 3-29 

Claws, crab, how represented, 169, 171; 
in scorpion motive, 171; jaguar, how 
represented, 140, 142; plumed ser- 
pent, how represented, 147, 149, 150, 
154. See Feet, Hands, Paws 

Clay of Appliqué wares, 332, 389; of 
crude vessels, 364; of Culebra ware, 
138; Curridabat ware, 333, 336; 
efiigy vessels, 359; Handled ware, 
353, 389; Highland Chocolate ware, 
325; Highland figurines, 371; Luna 
ware, 196; Managua ware, 214; min- 
iature vessels, 361; Modeled Alliga- 
tor ware, 249, 253, 388; Maroon In- 
cised ware, 324; Nandaime ware, 218; 
Nicoya Black-line ware, 223; Nicoya 
Polychrome ware, 112; Orange- 
Brown ware, 236; Palmar ware, 249; 
pottery heads, 369; Red ware, 329, 
330; Red-line ware, 307, 310, 311; 
Red-lip ware, 327; Stone Cist ware, 
346, 352; Tripod ware, 337, 343; 
White-line ware, 315, 317; Yellow- 
line ware, 312; Zapatero ware, 388 

Cloth, see Textiles 

Clothing burned with dead caciques, 78; 
cotton, a medium of trade, 447; of 
various tribes, 450. See Dress 

Club-heads of Nicoya, 98, 99 

Clubs, Chorotega, 43. See Weapons 

Coahuilteco, linguistic relations, 3, I2 

Coati, figurine representing, 268 

Cob, a cacique, 28 

Cobobici, Garabito 
Corobict 

Cobux, Garabito town, I5 

Coca chewed by natives, 35; derivation 
of use of, 30 

Cocle, Curridabat ware from, 334 

Cocort, Suerre chief, 17 

Cocos, see Los Cocos 

Codex Féjérvary-Mayer, serpent head 
from, 160 

Codex Tro-Cortestanus, 
120, 122 

Codices, alligator in, 147, 192; black 
background in, 145; designs in, 135, 
136; human figures in, 266; man-and- 
jaguar motive in, 138, 399; scales 
represented in, 166; serpent heads 
from, 160; towns represented in, 165. 
See Books 

Coffins, see Burials, Urns 

Coiling, see Shaping 

Colama, Ulva town, 18, 27 


town, 15) x oee 


armadillo in, 


INDEX 


Colhuacan in Aztec hymn, 69 

Colima, effigy jar from, 116 

Colombia, alligator motive in, 334; 
““Archaic”’ art in, 403; bark-beaters 
of, 99; bowls from, compared with 
Nandaime ware, 222; Chibcha in, 13, 
415; culture of, 405; decorative 
designs from, 318; effigy vessels of, 
330; figurines of, 267; goldwork of, 
266; graves of, 289; human sacrifice 
in, 72, 73; negative painting in, 320, 
410; pottery of, 251, 407, 409; Red- 
line ware in, 409; related culture in, 
89; Tripod ware from, 337, 345. See 
Antioquia, Cauca valley, Chibcha 

Colors of Appliqué wares, 332; of Cur- 
ridabat ware, 336; of effigy vessels, 
126; of Highland Polychrome ware, 
295; of Managua ware, 214; Modeled 
Alligator ware, 249; of Monochrome 
ware, 227; of Nandaime ware, 218; 
of Nicoya Polychrome ware, 113; 
of Orange-Brown ware, 236; of Red- 
line ware, 307, 311; of Tripod ware, 
342; of White-line ware, 317; of Stone 
Cist ware, 346; of Yellow-line ware, 
312. See Black, Blue, Brown, Buff, 
Cream-color, Decoration, Gray, Orange, 
Orange-Brown, Painted Decoration, 
Purple, Red, White, White-line, Yel- 
low, Yellow-line 

Columbus, Christopher, among Mosqui- 
tos, 19; at Cariay, 36, 44, 81; dis- 
covers Almirante bay, 447-448; dis- 
covers Costa Rica and Nicaragua, 
xxvii; on Guetar clothing, 36; on 
mortuary customs at Cariay, 289 

Columbus, Ferdinand, on Guetar hair- 
dress, 38; on native lances, 43 

Columns, graves marked by, 95, 97, 
443-445. See Slabs, Stones 

Comayagua valley, Lencan tribes in, 
XXV1 

Comb markings on Modeled Alligator 
ware, 249; on Zapatero ware, 254, 
256, 257 

Combs, Nicarao, 37-38 

Comelagatoazte, game of, 46, 53 

Comet of 1529, 84 

Comitan, Mexico, stone statues at, 93, 
pl. vir 

Conch-shell and interlocking step scroll, 
183; whistle in form of, 262 

Condega, Ulva town, 18, 27 

Confession by the Nicarao, 78-79 

Conibo, pottery of, 113 

Contact, see Cultural relations, Interre- 
lations 

Continence during ceremony, 71, 78 

Conventillos, site at, 432 


499 


Conventionalization in Monochrome 
wares, 246; in Stone Cist ware, 351; 
of Alligator motive, 179, 225, 231, 
238, 250, 314; of animal motives, 91, 
206, 352-355, 387; of armadillo mo- 
tive, 316; of crab motive, 169; of 
Curridabat motives, 336; of dragon 
head, 161; of human head, 209; of 
jaguar motive, 139, 143; of monkey 
motive, 165, 166, 189, 221; of plumed 
serpent, 118, 146-159, 200-206, 297- 
298; of Red-lip ware designs, 328; 
of winged-head motive, 207. See 
Geometric motives 

Conxagua 1d., Poton spoken on, 27 

Coo, Guarco town, 16 , 

Cooking vessels of Orange-Brown ware, 
243-244; of Red ware, 244 

Copal used as money, 46, 52; used on 
pottery, 113. See Varnish 

Copan and Zapatero pottery compared, 
257; background of pottery of, 180; 
bird effigy from, 397; Chorotegan 
remains at, 94; dot motive on pot- 
tery of, 182; loops on pottery of, 187; 
Mayan and Pacific area pottery of, 
pl. Xxv1; monkey motive from, 167, 
221; occupied by Maya, 416; Plum- 
bate ware from, I16, 395; ruins of, 
XXVi, 90; seated human figure on jar 
from, 131-132; statues of, 92, 93, pl. 
VI; two-headed dragon at, 160 

Copper bell from Las Mercedes, 454 

Corales, see Los Corales 

Corallio, remains at, 443 

Cordillera Central, Guetar-Voto boun- 
dary, 15-16 

Cordillera de la Candelaria, culture area 
boundary, xxvi, 15, 89, 380 

Cordillera de Tilaran in Corobici range, 
17 

Cordoba, Hernandez de, visit to Yucatan, 


Corevist, <a Cacique; 17) 21).228-, pee 
Corobict 

Corlobalo, remains at, 424 

Corn, how cultivated, 52-53; intoxicant 
made from, 34, 55; services paid in, 
48; soaked with human blood, 82-83. 
See Mazze 

Corobict, a Chibchan tribe, 13; and 
Kiribis compared, 19; Bagaces in 
territory of, 422; Black-line ware at- 
tributed to, 222-223; clothing of 
women of, 37; El Viejo vessels at- 
tributed to, 225; Guetar in territory 
of, 14; habitat and relations, 17, 25; 
houses, 32-33; neighbors of Orotifia, 
23; origin of name, 21; pottery, 391. 
See Corevisi 


500 


Coronado, see Vasquez de Coronado 

Corotapa, Sigua town, 10; source of 
gold, 448 

Correlation of remains and tribes, 390 

Corroci, Guarco town, 16 

Cortés, Hernando, conquest by, I0, 
404; visit to Yucatan, 44 

Coseguina peninsula, Nahuatlato on, 
9; pictographs on, 435 

Costa Rica Farm, remains at, 285, 438, 
461-463 

Costa Rican Highlands, animal motive 
from, 187; Nicoya Polychrome ware, 
pl. xv. See Highland area 

Coto river, remains on, 443; Talamanca 
boundary, 14 

Cotort, a cacique, 29 

Cotton, armor of, 30, 42-43, 341-342; 
banners of, 77; clothing of, 36, 39, 
447, 450; dead wrapped in, 81; hel- 
met on figurine, 43, 371; in trade, 
52, 447 

Covers, bowls used as, 254, 
Modeled Alligator ware, 
388. See Jar covers 

Cox, Frank N., acknowledgment to, xx 

Coyoche valley ruled by Garabito, 15 

Crab as decorative motive, 169-I7I, 
269, 364, 386, 395 

Crab god of Chiriqui goldwork, 171; on 
whistle, 269-270 

Crawford, J. M., cited, 102-104, 424, 
428-429, 432, 433, 435 

Cream-color in decoration, 107, I12, 
307, 318, 458. See Buff, Colors, 
Decoration, Painted decoration, Slip 

Creation, Nicarao, 79. See Genesis 

Cremation by Nicarao, 78; in Mexico 
and Colombia, 64; in Pacific area, 97. 
See Burials, Mortuary customs, Urn 
burial 

Crest, alligator, how represented, 173, 
308, 314 

Crocodile motive of Spinden, 143, 211. 
See Alligator 

Croix, A. R. de la, acknowledgment to, 
XX 

Cross as decorative motive, 149, 165, 
176, 181, 247, 301-302, 305, 319. 
See Swastika 

Cross-hatching as decorative motive, 
122, 135, 247; on Black-line ware, 
320; on Chocolate ware, 325; on 
geometric bowls, 181; on Maroon 
Incised ware, 325; on miniature 
bowls, 362; on Red-line ware, 309, 
310; on Red-lip ware, 328; on 
White-line ware, 317; with monkey 
motive, 163, 164, 166; with plumed 
serpent motive, 147-149, I5I, 152, 


255; of 
249-251, 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


164, 297-299; with dragon motive, 
161, 300. See Geometric patterns 

Crucibles of goldsmiths, 40 

Crude vessels of Highland region, 364 

Cuascota river, mounds near, 424 

Cubilla, Diego de, Guetar translation 
by, 15 

Cuctnizna cave, remains in, 424; wooden 
stool from, 291 

Cucurbita lagenaria, rattles represent- 
ing, 376 

Cucurbita maxima represented in ves- 
sels, 241-242, 359. See Gourd 

Cuerizi, pictographs at, 444 

Cueva Indians, habitat, 380 

Culebra, remains at, 424 

Culebra gulf, limit of Red ware, 245; 
mentioned, 29; pottery of, 122 

Culebra Ware, character of, 107-108, 
137-139, I41 

Cultural relations and chronology, 392- 
4II 

Culture areas, limits of, 89-90, 411-413; 
sources of, 413-416 

Culture-hero of various tribes, 413. See 
Deities 

Cufia, language of, 13 

Cups decorated with guilloches, 185; 
defined, 109, 111; effigy, of Red ware, 
329; of Lost-color ware, 321; with 
Alligator motive, 174, 179; with 
checkerboard pattern, 188. See 
Shapes 

Curridabat, killing of vessels at, 212; 
remains at, 289, 438 

Curridabat Ware, age of, 400; alligator 
motive on, 341; associations of, 327, 
329, 346; character of, 332-337, 340- 
342, 389; decorative motive of, 328; 
figurines of, 372; large jar of, 357; 
octopus motive on, 409; zigzag pat- 
tern on, 348 

Cutatura, a chieftain, II 

Cutiuba, Guetar subchief, 16 

Cuyamel river, Hond., statues on, 93 

Cuylomegilte, son of Xostoval, 79 


Dances, native, 54-58. 
War dance 

Date, Maya, earliest noted, 92. See 
Age, Calendar, Chronology 

Dating of archeological types, 410 

Day perhaps symbolized on pottery, 
136 

Death, Nicarao beliefs as to, 78-80. See 
Mortuary, Mourning 

Debt, customs regarding, 62 

Decoration, classification of, pl. CXCIII, 
cxciv; of Appliqué wares, 332, 389; 
Black ware, 235-236; Chocolate 


See Ceremonies, 


INDEX 


ware, 227-234; Curridabat ware, 
334, 389; drums, 275; funnels, 278; 
Handled ware, 354; Luna ware, 197- 
213, 386; Managua ware, 214; Ma- 
roon Incised ware, 324; Middle 
American pottery, 37-39, 413; Mono- 
chrome wares, 387, 389; Nandaime 


Water 210-222, 263, 387; Nicoya 
Black-line ware, 387; Nicoya Poly- 
chrome ware, I13-I14, 131-190; 


Orange-Brown ware, 237-244; Pal- 
mar ware, 248-249, 388; Red ware, 
329; Red-line ware, 310, 311; Red- 
lip ware, 328; South American pot- 
tery, 408; Stone Cist ware, 347, 389; 
Tripod ware, 337-338; Under-slip 
Incised ware, 391; Zapatero burial 
urns, 255. See Colors, Geometric 
patterns, Incised decoration, Modeled 
decoration, Painted decoration, Par- 
allel lines, Patterns, Punctured-line 

Deer, custom in hunting, 70 

Deer-bone, comhs of, 37 

Deer-heads, display of, 32 

Deerskin, books made of, 
Books, Codices 

Deformation of skull, 38 

Deities in pottery designs, 135; painted 
on banners, 77. See Alligator god, 
Pantheon, Religion 

De Kalb, C., cited, 20 

Desaguadero, habitat and relations, 7, 
9; name of San Juan river, 7 

Designs borrowed from Maya, 394. 
See Decoration, Patterns 

Desollados, Los, Maribio in, I1; origin 
of name, 85 

Diagonals in decoration, 230, 247, 319, 
387. See Geometric patterns 

Diamonds as decorative motives, 247, 
310, 314, 317. See Geometric pat- 
terns 

Dieseldorf, E. P., cited, 133 

Dirid, Orotifia settlement, 24, 28 

Diriajen, Dirianjen, cacique and prov- 
ince, 29, 39 

Diriamba, Mangue town, 23; remains 
near, 424; stone idols near, 435; urn 
burial at, 97 

Dirian province colonized by Chia- 
panec, 24 

Dirians, Mangue group, 23; Jalteva 
inhabitants descended from, 29 

Diriomo, Mangue town, 23 

Discs in painted decoration, 187; of 
pottery, 279. See Covers, Jar covers, 
Spindle-whorls 

Dish defined, 109. See Shapes 

Distribution of alligator effigy vessels, 
253; of alligator motive, 177, 334, 


ai eR ee 


501 


408; of American pottery, 260, 400; 
of “Archaic”’ art, 403; of bird-head 
motive, 216-217; of Black-line ware, 
222-224, 320, 387; of Black ware, 
234-235; of Carib culture, 410; of 
Chocolate ware, 230; of cist burial, 
288; of crab motive, 171; of Culebra 
ware, 139; of dragon pattern, 162; 
of effigy bowls, 133; of feather pat- 
tern, 302; of figurines, 371, 373, 403, 
408; of Handled ware, 355; of hunch- 
back figurines, 271; of interlocking 
step scroll, 183; of jaguar motive, 
139, 141; of large jars, 358; of Luna 
ware, 194, 386; of Managua ware, 
214, 387; of Maroon Incised ware, 
325; of metates, 290; of miniature 
vessels, 361; of Nandaime ware, 217- 
218, 387; of negative painting, 320, 
409-410, 413; of Nicoya geometric 
bowls, 182; of Nicoya Polychrome 
ware, 385; of octopus motive, 182, 
409; of Orange-Brown ware, 237; of 
Plumbate ware, 395-396; of plumed 
serpent motive, 146, 150, 299, of 
pottery stamps, 281; of Red-line 
ware, 306, 310-311; of Red-lip ware, 
328-329; of Red ware, 330, 409; of 
shoe-shape vessels 257; of silhouette 
jaguar pattern, 145; of Stone Cist 
ware, 346, 409; of stone statues, 286; 
of stone stools, 291; of Tripod ware, 
345; of Under-slip Incised ware, 191, 
386; of White-line ware, 318; of 
Yellow-line ware, 315 

Divination among Chorotega, 84; with 
stones, 449. See Religion 

Dog, barkless, identified as raccoon, 35; 
figurines, 374 

Domestication by Peruvians, 407; of 
tapirs, 447. See Agriculture 

Domestic life of chieftains, 46 

Domiciliary mounds in Pacific area, 95. 
See Archeological sites, Mounds 

Dorasque, a Chibchan language, 13 

Dos Novillos farm, remains on, 439, 
452 

Dota mountains, Cueva boundary, 380 

Dots in decoration, 136, 142, 159, 164- 
166, 172, 181-182, 184-185, 187-188, 
211, 213, 222, 257, 298, 301, 303, 310- 
311, 319, 328, 335-336, 341, 347-350, 
363. See Punctured dot motive 

Douay, Leon, cited, 81 

Double jars, see Tripart vessels 

Doughnut-shape vessels, types of, 118, 
129, 241-242, 269. See Shapes 

Dragon heads on Las Mercedes vessels, 
458; in Maya decoration, 141, 143, 
192; in pictographs, 94; in symbol- 


502 


ism, 146. 
dragon 

Drama in native dances, 54 

Dress of Central American Indians, 
36-37; of dancers, 75-76; represented 
in pottery, 247, 401. See Clothing, 
Cotton, Mantles, Weaving 

Drought, cause of Nicarao migration, 8; 
prayers against, 72 

Drums in mortuary rites, 449; modeled 
snake on, 243; of Highland region, 
377-379; of pottery, 118, 275-277, 
330; used in battle, 85; used in 
dances, 55, 50, 76 

Drunkenness, see Intoxication 

Duhos, see Benches, Chairs, Seats, Stools 

Duplication of animal parts, 118, 140, 
165, 167, 174, 179, 250-25I, 290, 299, 
307-308, 323, 341, 343, 351, 366, 375, 
432; of patterns, 177-178, 202, 206. 
See Two-headed dragon 

Duy valley, Indians of, 10, 26 

Dyes for fabrics, 39, 181; how obtained, 
113. See Colors, Purple 


See Monster, Two-headed 


Eagles of gold, 40, 338, 447, 461, 463 

Ear-plugs, how depicted, 199, 219, 241; 
in Las Mercedes grave, 453; of Alli- 
gator god, 230; on effigy vessels, 125, 
370 

Ears, alligator, how represented, 179, 
348; Alligator god, 230; blood drawn 
from, 73, 82; human, how treated, 
241, 369, 370; jaguar, how repre- 
sented, 139, 143; of crab motive, 169; 
piercing of, 38, 78 

Earth Monster, an Aztec motive, 399; 
as decorative motive, I9I, 193, 386, 
391. See Dragon, Monster 

Earthquakes, houses protected from, 31; 
how appeased, 84 

Ebuxebux, Guarco town, 16 

Ecalcos, a form of Izalco, 6 

Eclipses, mythic cause of, 139 

Ecuador, alligator motive in, 334; Chib- 
cha in, 13, 415-416; culture of, 89, 
405; effigy vessels of, 330; graves of, 
289; Inca remains in, 406; modeled 
animals on pottery of, 351; negative 
painting in, 320, 410; pottery heads 
of, 368-369; pottery of, 251, 253, 407, 
409; Red-line ware of, 306, 409; 
Stone Cist ware of, 346; tripart ves- 
sels of, 364; Tripod ware of, 337, 
345, 411. See Carcht, Chimborazo, 
Esmeraldas, Manabi, South America 

Education among Nicarao, 58, 71; 
methods of, derived from Mexico, 
45-46. See Training 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


E figies, see Animals, Figurines, Idols, 
Images, Jade, Statues 

Effigy jars, large, 357-358 

Effigy metates of Highland area, 230 

Effigy rattles, 376. See Rattles 

Effigy vessels absent from Luna Ware, 
197, 387; Alligator god on, 232; alli- 
gator motive on, 175; at Las Mer- 
cedes, 451; bird, of Nandaime ware, 
220; checkerboard pattern on, 188; 
defined, 109; jaguar motive on, 144; 
jaguar, of Highland ware, 295; of 
Chocolate ware, 232, 325-327; of 
Handled ware, 355; of Highland 
region, 358-359; of Maroon Incised 
ware, 325; of Monochrome wares, 
387; of Nicoya Black-line ware, 223; 
of Nicoya Polychrome ware, III, 
115-130, 386; of Orange-Brown ware, 
237-243; of Red ware, 329; of Stone 
Cist ware, 348; of Tripod ware, 338- 
345; of Yellow-line ware, 312-314; 
textile patterns on, 247. See Am- 
mal heads, Animals, Human figures 

Effigy whistles, 375. See Whistles 

Egg-shape vessels of Bolson ware, 108; 
of Nicoya Polychrome ware, I10, 
386. See Shapes 

Elenuayquin, Poton town, 27 

El Helechal, tombs at, 444 

El Menco, pottery from, pl. Cxx; re- 
mains at, 97, 428, 432; serpent pat- 
tern from, 205; winged-head motive 
from, 207 

El Patate, Hond., statues on, 93 

El Pelén, Hacienda, remains at, 97, 431 

El Viejo, Black-line ware of, 225, 327; 
dress of women of, 36; Nahuatl town, 
9, 27; remains at, 427, 436; ware at- 
tributed to Corobici, 328 

Embalming of dead, 81, 447 

Engineering feats of Peruvians, 407 

England, collections in, xxi, Xx. 
British Museum 

Ereuaiquin, see Santa Maria Ereuaiquin 

Escasu, jaguar motive of, 140; pottery 
stamp from, 279; remains at, 439 

Escudo de Veragua mentioned, 447 

Escudo id. mentioned, 44 

Escuintla, Nicarao settlement at, 6 

Esmeraldas, culture of, 405. See Ecua- 
dor 

Esparta, Corobici near, 17. 
oche valley 

Espinosa, Gaspar de, fleet of, 28 

Esquipula, remains near, 424, 428 

Estero Paso Cabillo, footprints found 
near, 102 

Estrado Rdvago, Juan de, writings of, 
20,531 


See 


See Coy- 


INDEX 


Estrella river identified, 448 

Ethnographical Museum of Vienna, col- 
lections in, 439 

European contact, influence of, 400, 414. 
See Spaniards 

European objects with native remains, 
194, 235, 254, 393, 403, 406, 440. See 
Bronze, Glass, Iron, Steel 

Evil eye recognized by Nicarao, 79 

Exchange, see Money, Trade 

Expeditions of sixteenth century, xxvii. 
See Spaniards 

Eyebrows, alligator, how represented, 


349 
Eye-plate of plumed serpent, 138, 204, 
20 


Eyes, how represented in decoration, 
127-129, 139, 143, 147-156, 158, 160, 
161, 169, 174, 176, 184-185, 191, 198, 
202, 204, 206, 209-213, 215, 219, 220, 
224, 231, 232, 238, 241, 250, 261, 299, 
303, 309, 316, 348, 355, 370; of fig- 
urines, 232, 271, 402, 407-408. See 
Faces, Heads 


Fabrics, see Cotton, Dress, Textile pat- 
terns, Weaving 

Faces, how represented in decoration, 
123-129, 135, 181, 211, 229, 232, 315, 
326, 328, 330, 342-343, 346, 356-357, 
367, 368. See Animal heads, Heads, 
Human face, Winged-head motive 

Face-painting depicted on figurines, 
259; on effigy vessels, 126; repre- 
sented in decoration, 198. See Body- 
painting, Painting, Tattooing 

Famine, migration caused by, 12 

Fangs of Mexican serpent heads, 160, 
of plumed serpent, 147, 148, 150-152, 
155, 156, 160, 202-203, 205-206, 297- 
299 

Fans, feather, symbolism of, 76; burned 
with dead cacique, 78; uses of, 49, 
shies yey 

Farfan mentioned, 85 

Feast, burial, of Guetar, 81; calendrical, 
73-75; marriage, of Chorotega, 58- 
60; of Nicarao, 78 

Feathered serpent, see Plumed serpent 

Feather pattern, derivatives from, 181 

Feathers, adornments with, 38; as 
tribute to Montezuma, 9; attached to 
gorgets, 98; attached to shields, 191; 
burned with dead cacique, 78; in 
hairdress, 137; in head-dress, 133, 
134; how represented in decoration, 
116, 120, 130, 135-136, 146, 164-166, 
183, 200-202, 205-206, 215, 217, 220, 
297-298, 301-302; worn in dances, 


993 


55-57) 75-70, 82. See Birds, Plumed 
serpent, Winged-head motive, Wings 

Feelers, crab, how represented, 169, 171 

Feet, how represented, 134, 140. See 
Arms, Claws, Hands, Legs 

Ferndndez, Leon, cited, 10, 14, 16, 17, 
26, 28, 40, 44, 80, 446 

Fernandez de Cordoba, Francisco, ex- 
pedition of, 84; settlement by xxvii 

Fernandez de Tinoco, Dofia Maria, ac- 
knowledgment to, xx; collection of, 
441 

Ferndndez Guardia, Ricardo, cited, 
XXVi, 23, 44 

Field Museum of Natural History, col- 
lections in, xxii 

Figurines, ‘‘Archaic,’’ of Mexico, 4o1; 
from Alta Gracia, 421; of Ecuador 
and Maya areas, 413; of Esmeraldas, 
405; of Highland region, 371-374; 
of Orange-Brown ware, 240; of 
Pacific area, 258-275; of Venezuela, 
232, 407-408; of warriors, 43; gold, 
worn by Guetar, 38; hunchback, 
245; Mexican, character of, 402; 
stone, of Highland region, 292. See 
Amulets, Effigy vessels, Idols, Images, 
Statues 

Filadelfia, alligator motives from, 176; 
bark-beaters from, pl. x1; Black 
ware from, 235, pl. CxII; canoe-shape 
urns from, 254; character of pottery 
from, 108; collections from, 434; dec- 
orated plates from, 187; effigy ves- 
sel from, 118, 127; figurines from, 
271; geometric patterns from, 185, 
188; incised vessel from, 247-248; 
labrets from, 281; Luna ware from, 
199; mobile heads from, 239; Mod- 
eled Alligator ware from, 251; mon- 
key pattern from, 167; Nandaime 
ware from, pl. xcv1; Nicoya Black- 
line ware from, pl. Cc; Nicoya Poly- 
chrome ware from, pls. XXII, XXVIII, 
XXXV; plumed serpent motive from, 
157, 298; pottery stamp from, 279; 
Orange-Brown ware from, 237, 244; 
Red-line ware from, 190; Red ware 
from, 246; remains at, 96, 97, 424- 
425; slip of pottery from, 113; Tripod 
ware from, pl. CLxx1x; whistles and 
figurines from, pl. Cxxx; Zapatero 
ware from, pl. CxxII 

Finca Arevalo,Guat., statues at, 93, pl. vI 

Firearms, effect of introduction, 414. 
See Weapons 

Fire god, Muysca, 66 

Firing of Luna ware, 196; of Nandaime 
ware, 218; of Nicoya Polychrome 
ware, II2 


504 


Fischer, N. W., cited, 435 

Fish effigy from Anita Grande, 463-464; 
represented on Tripod ware, 338-339 

Fish-bones, spears tipped with, 43; used 
in pottery shaping, I12 

Fish-fins on Tripod ware, 342; stands 
decorated with, 368, 379 

Fishing and divination, 449 

Fish Ware, application of term, 105, 
337, 338 

Flag-like designs, 187, 249 

Flags borne by Chorotega, 39. 
Banners 

Flaying ceremony, Maribio, 84-85 

Flies, prayers against, 72 

Flint, spears tipped with, 43 

Flint, Dr. Earl, cited, xx, 90, 95-96, 
IOI-104, 107, 217, 400, 422-429, 43I- 
436, pls. VIII, CXCVIII 

Flood, Nicarao myth regarding, 65, 79; 
prayers against, 72 

Floors, bowl, decoration of, 201-203, 
207-208, 214, 216-218, 222, 300, 303, 
308, 386-387. See Bowls, Decora- 
tion, Incised decoration, Painted 
decoration 

Florida, South America partly peopled 
from, 416. See La Florida 

Flower-like motives, incised, 193 

Flute represented in Tripod ware, 340 

Fonseca bay, a culture boundary, xxvi, 
90, 385; canoes of, 41; Choluteca on, 
22, footprints found near, 102; lan- 
guages of, 27; Modeled alligator ware 
near, 252; Nahuatlato on, 9; Nan- 
daime ware in region of, 387, 391; 
Nicarao settle on, 398; Ulva on, 18; 
vessel from region of, 397 

Fonseca gulf, early name for, 22; Poton 
on islands of, 27; Ulva on, 18 

Food burned with dead cacique, 78; 
of caciques, 46, 71; of Central Amer- 
ican Indians, 34-36, 447; plants, 
domestication of, 407. See Agricul- 
ture, Feasts, Maize, Hunting 

Foot-gear of Nicarao, 36 

Footprints of Managua, I01, 428 

Forms of vessels defined, 228. 
Shapes 

Fossil remains, see Geological man 

France, collections in, xxil 

Frantzius, A. von, cited, 380, 443, 445 

Fraser, Captain, Tripod ware found by, 
344 

Fret in decoration, 153, 176, 213, 217, 
220, 225, 230, 236, 247-248, 303, 314, 
319, 387. See Geometric patterns 

Froebel, Julius, cited, 29 

Frogs, gold, from Las Mercedes, 460, 


See 


See 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


461; modeled on Red-line ware, 311. 
See Tree-frog 

Fruit trees of cacique, 32 

Funnels of pottery, 278 

Fusion of plumed serpent motive, 148 


Gabb, W. M., cited, 14, 26 

Gage, Thomas, cited, 40 

Gagini, Carlos, cited, 14-16 

Galindo, Juan, cited, 17 

Galtonal, Maribio cacique, 85 

Game food of Chorotega and Nicarao, 34 

Games, native, 45-46, 53 

Gdmez, José de, cited, xxvii 

Gann, Thomas, cited, 120, 253 

Garabito, Guetar chief, division, and 
town, 15, 50, 51; Talamanca settle 
in, 14; Voto tributary to, 16 

Garcia de Palacio, Diego, as an author- 
ity, 30; cited, 18, 22, 24, 27, 29, 78 

Garcimufioz founded, xxvii 

Garments, see Clothing, Cotton, Dress, 
Mantles 

Garvis, Mr., cited, 443 

Gaucama, Maribio town, 85 

General, El, monkey jar from, 167-168; 
remains at, 443 

Genesis, Nicarao, 65; Térraba, 449. See 
Creation 

Genitals, native customs regarding, 30, 
36-38, 73, 82 

Geological man discussed, 100-104, 432 

Geology of Costa Rica and Nicaragua, 
XXIV 

Geometric patterns derived from zo6- 
morphic figures, 152, 154, 166, 179, 
180, 183, 184, 193, 200, 210, 211, 246, 
303, 386, 387; in decoration, 98, 108, 
114, 136, 139, 143, 148, 152, 154, 159, 
177, 180-188, 211-213, 217, 219, 221, 
224, 236, 246, 276, 280-281, 299, 313, 
316-317, 386-388, 409-410; in picto- 
graphs, 94. See Conventionalization, 
Decoration 

Georgia, cist burial in, 288 

Germany, collections in, xix 

Glaciers, effect of, on migration, 417 

Glass beads with aboriginal remains, 
194, 254, 400, 423, 435, 440. See 
European objects 

Glazed Ware, see Plumbate Ware 

Goascoran, Choluteca town, 22 

Goddard, P. E., acknowledgment to, 
XXxi 

Gods, household, how kept, 31. 
Deities, Pantheon 

Gold, a medium of trade, 447; figurines 
and other objects, 38-40, 71, 98, 138, 
171, 178, 230, 253, 266, 334, 338, 349, 
342, 343, 435, 443-444, 447-461, 463; 


See 


INDEX 


in Costa Rica, 447; placed with dead, 
78, 81; searched for Montezuma, 404; 
sources of, 447-448; tributes of, 9-10, 
28-29 

Goldsmiths in Managua, 34; negative 
painting derived from, 145 

Goldwork, decorative motives of, 365; 
of Pacific area, 100 

Gomara, see Lépez de Gomara 

Gonzdlez Ddvila, Gil, expedition of, 
XXVli, 17, 20-21, 23; native attack on, 
42; on Nicarao coca chewing, 35; 
visited by Diriajen, 39 

Gordon, G. B., cited, 92, 134, 210, 273 

Gorgets of Pacific area, 98; represented 
in statuary, 91 

Gotega, a cacique, 29 

Gourd and interlocking step scroll, 183; 
decorated by negative painting, 320; 
effigies in pottery, III, 244, 326, 330, 
346, 359, 376, 404, 407; used at meals, 
46; used in drinking, 55; worn by 
priest, 78. See Calabash 

Government of Nicaraguan tribes, 47-50 

Granada, aboriginal site at, 425; figur- 
ines from, pl. CxxxtI; founded, xxvii 

Graters, see Pepper-graters 

Graves, carved slabs on, 287; objects 
from, 97-100, 289-293; robbed of 
gold, 448. See Archeological sites, 
Burials, Cemeteries, Cist burial 

Gray in decoration, 113, 126, 185 

Grijalva, Juan de, visits Yucatan, 44 

Groton School Museum, collections in, 
XXli 

Guacas, see Las Guacas 

Guacatepe, jar from, 245 

Guachipilin, Hacienda, remains at, 425 

Guampu river, Hond., statues found on, 


93 

Guanacaste, figurines and whistles from, 
265; Handled ware from, 355; Luna 
ware from, 386, 392; Modeled Alliga- 
tor ware from, 251; monkey pattern 
from, 211; Nandaime ware from, 387, 
390; Nicarao in, 5, 10; Nicoya Black- 
line ware in, 387; Orosi in, 24; Red- 
lip ware in, 329; situation of, xxiv; 
tripod vessels from, 243; Under-slip 
Incised ware in, 391 

Guapiles, Red-line ware from, pl. CLV; 
remains at, 439 

Guarco, Guetar chief and division, 15- 
16, 50-51 

Guasimo, cemetery at, 439 

Guatahiguala, a Lenca word, 12; river, 
Maribichicoa on, 12 

Guatemala, bark-beaters of, 99; boot- 
shape urns from, 254; cist burial in, 
288; club-heads of, 99; color of dec- 


595 


oration in, 180; figurines from, 268; 
four-legged vessels of, 122; incised 
decoration from, 243; Maya remains 
in, XXvi, 394, 397, 415; negative 
painting in, 145, 320, 410; Nicarao 
colony in, 6; pictographs in, 94; 
Plumbate ware of, III, 116; pottery 
with bosses from, 251; statues in, 92, 
93; Under-slip Incised ware in, 191 
Guatuso, descendants of Corobici, 17; 
houses of, 33; origin of name, 17 
Guaxenico, probably an Ulvan tribe, 18 
Guayabo, remains at, 439 
Guayacanal, Hacienda, pictographs at, 


425 

Guaymi, Chibchan language, 13 

Giiegtience, a drama, 54 

Guernsey, S. J., acknowledgment to, 
¥xi;. cited), 401 

Guerrero, Chorotegans in, 21; Mazatec 
of, 24; Tlapanec spoken in, 3 

Guetar, a Chibchan tribe, 13; and Tala- 
manca proximity, 14; archeological 
remains, 285; chairs, 410; cotton 
weaving, 39; dress, 30, 36; food, 35- 
36; government, 50; habitat and re- 
lations, 14-16, 25, 44; hairdressing, 
38; houses, 33; human sacrifice, 292; 
marriage customs, 61; metates, 97; 
origin of name, 21; Orotifia group 
exterminated by, 23; rank, 47; 
rattles, 376; religion, 80-81; remains, 
392; villages, 34; war customs, 51; 
weapons, 43. See Huetare 

Guianas, Carib and Arawak in the, 410. 
See South America 

Guilloche as a decorative motive, 108, 
185, 208, 215-217, 224, 247, 257, 314, 
319 

Gurutina, a cacique, 23; a province, 29; 
form of Orotina, 28 

Gutiérrez, Diego de, settlement at- 
tempted by, xxvii 


Habel, Simeon, cited, 421, 425, 441, 443, 
445 
Habitat, Chorotega, 93; determined by 


pottery, xxiii; Nicarao, 6-7. See 
Distribution 
Hairdressing, Chorotega, 38-39; how 


represented on pottery, 135, 137, 241, 
259, 268, 369-370, 373-374; in Tala- 
manca, 450; Nicarao, 37-38; of war- 
riors, 51. See Shaving 

Hammocks in Nicaragua, 40, 450 

Handled vessels of Boruca, 380-381; 
from Las Mercedes, 458 

Handled Ware, affiliations of, 332, 346; 
of Highland region, 353-355, 389 
See Painted Handled Ware 


506 


Handles, figurines as, 267; of Chocolate 
ware, 234, 326, 327; of incense burn- 
ers, 365; of Luna ware, 199; of minia- 
ture vessels, 362; of Orange-Brown 
ware, 240; of Red ware, 330, 349; of 
South American vessels, 407; of 
Stone Cist ware, 346, 351; of Tripod 
ware, 338, 340; of White-line ware, 
317 

Hands, human, on incense burner, 367- 
369; in alligator motive, 179; in pic- 
tograph, 429; in plumed serpent mo- 
tive, 148, 204, 298, 300; monkey, how 
represented, 210. See Arms, Claws, 
Feet, Paws 

Hand-stones, Nicoyan, 98 

Hanging-line and Curridabat decora- 
tion compared, 336; of Nicoya Poly- 
chrome ware, 224; of Palmar ware, 
249; of Yellow-line ware, 315 

Hartman, C. V., cited, xxi, 90, 97-99, 
106, 141, 167, 285, 288, 289, 303-304, 
320, 332-334, 337, 342, 347-348, 400, 
423, 425, 437-442, pls. CXCVII, CCI, 
CCII 

Harvard University, thesis presented 
to, xx. See Peabody Museum 

Hato Viejo, see Buenos Aires 

Hats of pottery heads, 369; of stone 
heads, 368. See Head-dress, Hel- 
met 

Hayes, C. W., cited, 104 

Head-dress in pottery decoration, 132- 
134, 137, 156, 169, 171-172, 260, 266- 
267, 290, 322, 341-343, 366; of fig- 
urines, 271; serpent as, 430. See 
Hats, Helmet 

Heads, how represented on pottery, 
II7, 119, 121, 123-130, 137, 144, 146- 
148, 150, 155, 163-168, 172-173, 178, 
IQI, 204, 206, 210, 215, 229, 232, 238- 
239, 241, 261, 265, 290, 292, 303, 363, 
367-370, 387, 432; of stone, 432; 
shaved by Nicarao, 37. See Animal 


heads, Bird heads, Human heads, 
Mobile heads, Skulls, Wzinged-head 
motive 


Hearts in human sacrifice, 64, 72, 82 

Hecat, Nicarao deity, 69 

Helmet of warrior in figurine, 371 

Heralds equipped with staffs, 299 

Heredity, rank governed by, 46 

Herradura point, archeological bound- 
ary, xxvi, 285, 385; Guetar near, 14 

Herradura volcano, linguistic boundary, 
13 

Herrera, A. de, cited, 11, 25, 31, 41 

Herzog, W., cited, 14 

Heyden, Mr., collection of, 436 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Heye, George G., acknowledgments to, 
Xixioxk 

Hieroglyphs, Maya, xxiii. 
Codices 

Highland area, a cultural meeting- 
ground, 411; archeological sites in, 
437-442; archeology and pottery of, 
285-417; character of pottery of, 
388-389; Chocolate ware bowls from, 
227, 230; defined, xxvi, 89; jaguar 
design in, 140, 141; pottery types and 
historic peoples, 392 

Highland Polychrome Ware, Atlantean 
supports in, 359; described, 295-305, 
388; drums, 377; feather pattern, 
217; relations, 411-412; shapes bor- 
rowed from, 318 

Hodge, F. W., acknowledgment to, xx 

Hokan, linguistic relations, 3, 12 

Holland, collections in, xxii 

Holland,W. J., acknowledgment to, xxi 

Holmes, W. H., acknowledgment to, 
xxi, pl. v; cited, xix, xxili, 105, 173, 
258, 267, 287, 315, 320, 332, 337; 353; 
pls. vu, Ix 

Honduras, black background in pot- 
tery of, 145; boot-shape urns in, 254; 
Chibcha in, 13; Choluteca in, 22; 
Chorotegan remains in, 94; Chorote- 
gan tribes in, 21, 22, 416; Chuchures 
migrate from, 10-11, 20; cultural 
units of, xxvi; figurines from, 268; 
Maya remains in, xxvi, 394; metates 
in, 97; negative painting in, 320; 
Nicarao in, 6; pottery with bosses 
from, 251; statues in, 92, 93; stone 
bowls from, 90; tribes of, 13, 18, 27; 
Tripod ware from, 337, 344-345, 389. 
See Copan, Ulua valley 

Honey, intoxicant made from, 34 

Hooks in decoration, 147, 148, 158, 166, 
169, 172, 204, 299 

Horobaros, the Zorobarés, 448 

Horses, effect of introduction, 414; how 
regarded by natives, 85; in Tala- 
manca, 450 

Houses of Central American Indians, 
31-34; provenience of, 30. See 
Temples 

Huaca de la Virgen, site at, 422 

Huacal de los Reyes, see Panteon de los 
Reyes 

Huastec, culture of the, 392 

Huave associated with Chiapanec, 24 

Huetare, Guetar cacique and tribe, 14, 
21, 26, 280. See Guetar 

Huitzilopochth, Aztec war god, 69, 70; 
corrupted to Ochilobos, 65; human 
sacrifice to, 72 


See Books, 


INDEX 


Human face in pottery decoration, 108, 
149, 185, 197-199, 204, 219-220, 223, 
235; 252; 312, 350-357; 366-367; on 
stone stools, 357. See Faces 

Human figure carved in stone, 292; 
figurines in form of, 259-261, 263, 
265-268; in pictographs, 94; in pot- 
tery decoration, 123-129, 131-138, 
170, 187, 193, 220-221, 231-234, 240- 
241, 252, 296, 301, 311, 314-316, 336, 
340-342, 350-351, 358, 360, 361, 363, 
386-389; on incense burners, 365- 
366; rattles representing, 376; stat- 
ues of, 91, 92, 286. See Effigy ves- 
sels, Figurines, Man-and-Jaguar, 
Seated human figure, Standing human 
figure 

Human head and jaguar heads asso- 
ciated, 199; carved in stone, 292; 
club-heads in form of, 99; held by 
figurines, 292; in animal jaws, 91; 
in pottery decoration, 114, 115, 123- 
129, 133-135, 195, 209-210, 232, 329, 
340, 386-387, 395-396, 404; in ser- 
pent’s mouth, 290; on metates, 290. 
See Heads, Profile human head 

Human sacrifice by Aztec and Chibcha, 
413; by Chorotega, 82; by Guetar, 
80, 81, 292; by Nicarao, 66, 68, 71- 
73; forms of, 64. See Sacrifice 

Hunchback figure in White-line ware, 
315-316; figurines, 245, 269; sym- 
bolism of, 269, 271 

Hunger, Nicarao god of, 70 

Hunting and divination, 449; Chi- 
chimec god of, 69; gods invoked in, 70 

Hurricanes, houses protected from, 31 

Hut rings in Highland region, 286 


Ica, Peru, culture of, 406 

Idols at Alta Gracia, 422; at Costa Rica 
Farm, 462, 463; at Jiménez, 439; at 
Las Mercedes, 453, 456, 460, 461; at 
Tancabulea, 435; blood offerings to, 
ata 70.77 5 Chorotega, 82; from 
Anita Grande, 463; Guetar, 80; 
human sacrifice to, 72; kept in tem- 
ples, 71, 94; on Momotombito island, 
A20 leca in dance, 75, 76. See 
Deities, Figurines, Images, Statues 

Ilancueye in Aztec myth, 69 

Illinois, cist burial in, 288 

Images at Las Mercedes, 451, 452; at 
Panama, C.R., 430; at Tierra Blanca, 
435; broken over graves, 78; found 
near Nandaime, 429; gold, from 
General, 443; gold, on Solentiname 
islands, 435. See Figurines, Idols, 
Statues 


Inca, extent of culture, 406. See Peru 


997 


Incense used at marriage, 59; used by 
Nicarao, 73 

Incense burners as rattles, 376; from 
Anita Grande, 465, 467; from Las 
Mercedes, 453, 457; of Highland 
region, 364-367; of Modeled Alliga- 
tor ware, 249-251; of Red ware, 349; 
of Tripod ware, 343 

Incest unknown, 61 

Incised decoration on Appliqué wares, 
332: on Black ware, 235-236; on 
Carib-Arawak pottery, 410; on Cho- 
colate ware, 227-234, 325, 327; on 
Curridabat ware, 334, 336; on drums, 
275-276; on effigy vessels, 359, 370; 
on figurines, 271, 373; on jar covers, 
280; on Lost-color ware, 321; on 
Managua ware, 214-217; on Modeled 
Alligator ware, 250; on Monochrome 
wares, 245-248; on Nandaime ware, 
221-222, 263, 387; on Nicoya alliga- 
tor vessels, 173; on Nicoya effgy- 
vessels, 126-127; on Orange-Brown 
ware, 237, 240, 242-243; on Palmar 
ware, 248; on pottery stamp, 378- 
379; on Red ware, 244-245, 330, 331; 
on Red-lip ware, 328; on spindle- 
whorls, 280; on stands, 267-2205 400 
Stone Cist ware, 347-350; on Tripod 
ware, 338, 341-342, 344; on various 
wares, 387; when applied, 132. See 
Maroon Incised Ware, Under-slip 
Incised Ware 

Incursions, Aztec, 9, II 

Indemmity for murder, 62 

Indigo used in tattooing, 38 

Indios bravos, habitat, 444 

Indios tristes, stone figures, 293 

Inheritance among Nicarao, 58; from 
fugitives, 62 

Inhumation, see Burials, 
Graves 

Interlocking L pattern, 183-184, 213 

Interlocking step scroll defined, 182-183; 
distribution of, 136; on Highland 
Polychrome ware, 304-305 

Intermediate Ware classified, 
scribed, 214-225 

Interrelationships, 411-413 

Intoxicants among natives, 46, 446; 
among the Guetar, 81; a trade me- 
dium, 447; derivation OF 2041 
dances, 54-56; of Chorotega and 
Nicarao, 34 

Inversion of decorative motives, 
202, 297, 299, 360 

Iquenque, maize fields of, 450 

Irazu, Mt., an archeological boundary, 
XXVi; in ‘Highland area, 89; rubbing- 
stones from, 99; site on, 439 


Cist burzal, 


106; de- 


143, 


508 


Tron found in Las Mercedes, 454, 458; 


tools found in mound, 400. See 
European objects 
Irrigation of maize, 52-53. See Agri- 


culture 
Istaro, Guarco town, 16 
Italy, collections in, xxi 
Ixcatec allied with Chorotega, 22 
Izalco, Nicarao colony at, 6 
Iztac Mixcoatl, Aztec deity, 69 
Iztolin, Sigua cacique, IO 


Jade, amulets of, 98, 396; as tribute to 
Montezuma, 9; bat represented in, 
234; carvings from Nicoya, 92; 
labrets of, 98, 282; objects from Las 
Mercedes, 451, 452, 454, 461; offered 
to Tlaloc, 68; pendants, 93, 304 


Jaguar absent from certain Tripod 
ware, 342; and alligator motives 
associated, 173, 303, 304; and dragon 
motives associated, 161; and monkey 
patterns associated, 167; attributes 
in plumed serpent motive, 146, 298, 
300; effigy on Black-line ware, 318; 
effigy on Highland ware, 295; effigy 
on Maroon Incised ware, 325; efiigy 
on metates, 230, 290; effigy on Red 
ware, 329; figure at Copan, 160; fig- 
urines, 374; motive, early origin of, 
395; motive in Peru, 408-409; on 
Atlantean supports, 261; on Black 
ware, 236; on Chocolate ware, 234; 
on Culebra ware, 108; on Luna ware, 
195, 199-200, 211, 387;0n Mono- 
chrome wares, 245, 388; on Nicoya 
Polychrome ware, 118-120, 130, 139- 
145, 386; on Orange-Brown ware, 239; 
on Red-line ware, 307; symbolism, 
139. See Man-and-Jaguar, Silhou- 
ette Jaguar 


Jalteva, see Salteba 
Jar covers, described, 278-280; plumed 
serpent motive on, 154. See Covers 


Jars, Alligator motive on, 177; decora- 
tiom of necks of, 159; defined, 109; 
effigy, of Nicoya Polychrome ware, 
111; large, of Highland region, 356- 
358; of Bolson ware, 108; of Choco- 
late ware, 232-234; of Culebra ware, 
107; of Curridabat ware, 336; of 
Luna ware, 195; of Palmar ware, 
249; of Red-line ware, 310, 311; of 
Stone Cist ware, 346; of Tripod ware, 
338; of White-line ware, 315, 317; 
pear-shape, monkey pattern on, 211; 
plumed serpent motive on, 152, 155, 
156; with guilloches, 185. See Ring- 
base jar, Shapes 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Jaws in monkey motive, 163, 165: 
jaguar, how represented, 137-140. 
142; of alligator motive, 172-175, 
178-179, 250, 252, 303, 308,349; of 
dragon motive, I61, I9I-192; of 
Earth Monster, 191; plumed ser- 
pent, how represented, 148-150, 153, 
155-157, 192, 201-205, 215, 297, 299; 
on Under-slip Incised ware, I9I, 192. 
See Mouth 

Jenkins, L. W., acknowledgment to, 
Xxi 

Jewels placed with dead, 81. See Gold, 
Jade 

Jigante, mound at, 425 

Jijén y Caamafio, J., cited, 414 

Jiménez, remains at, 93, 439 

Jiménez river, Anita Grande site on, 463 

Jinotepe, creation of plains of, I01; 
mounds at, 425-426; pictographs at, 
g5, pl. vul 

Joyce, T. A., acknowledgment to, xxi; 
cited, 61, 68, 69, 78, 200, 253, pls. 
cXX, CL \CLxsam 

Juarros, D., quoted, 27 

Judd, Neil M., acknowledgment to, xxi 

Juigalpa, remains at, 426; statues 
found at, 93; urn burial at, 97 

Juncial, remains at, 426 

Junquilla, see Juncial 

Jutigalpa mentioned, 90 


Keith, John M., acknowledgment to, xx 

Keith, Minor C., collection of, xxi, 187, 
440, 441, 444, 453, 456, 463, pl. 
CXVII 

Keith, Mr. and Mrs. Minor C., ac- 
knowledgment to, xx 

Kidder, A. V., acknowledgment to, xxi, 
109 

Killing of vessels, 189, 212, 452 

Kiribis, a name of the Mosquitos, 19 

Knots in pottery decoration, 132, 133 

Kukulcan, culture-hero, 413 

Kwannon and Cipactonal compared, 66 


Labrets of jade, 98, 282; pottery, 281- 
282; represented in effigy, 358; worn 
in NXoya, 39 

La Ceiba id., glass beads found on, 254, 
400, 435; pictographs on, 95; re- 
Mains on, 423; statues found on, 83; 

n burial on, 97 

La Concepcién, tripod vessels from, 345 

La Division, remains at, 443 

Ladle defined, 109. See Shapes 

La Flor, C. R., remains at, 439 

La Florida, Hond., remains at, 90, 92- 


94, pl. VI 
Lagarto, remains at, 426 


INDEX 


Lagunilla, effigy whistle from, 268; pot- 
tery from, pls. CVIII, CXII; remains 
at, 426; whistles and figurines, pl. 
Ccxxx 

Lake Guiteras, pictographs on, 96 

Lake Nicaragua, how formed, xxiv; 
sharks in, 252; (zslands and region 
of:) Chocolate ware from, 227; Coro- 
bici on, 17; geometric patterns from, 
213; glass found in, 254, 400; Indians 
of, 6, 25, 27; Luna ware from, 90, 
386; monkey forms from, 165; Nan- 
daime ware from, 217; Nicarao 
boundary, 5; Plumbate ware from, 
116; pottery of, 107, 390, 396, pl. 
xxxI; Ulva on, 18; Under-slip In- 
cised ware from, I9I, 391. See 
Ceiba id., Nicaraguan lakes, Ometepe, 
Zapatero 

Lake Valencia, see Venezuela 

Lakia tara, Mosquito leader, 20 

La Libertad, remains at, 95, 97, 427 

Lamaciuy, see Santiago Lamaciuy 

La Muerte, tombs at, 444 

Lances, Guetar, 43. See Spears, Wea- 
pons — 

Landecho, Puerto de, 26 

Languages of CostaRica and Nicaragua, 
3-29 , 

La Sabana de San José, remains at, 441 

Las Canillas, graves at, 423; pottery 
from, pl. CXXVI 

Las Casas, B. de, cited, 81 

Las Casitas, inhumation at, 97 

La Seca, pictograph cave at, 95, 434 

Las Guacas, alligator pattern from, 179; 
burials at, pl. cxcvil; collections 
from, 433; inhumation at, 97; re- 
mains at, 425, 434, 436; rubbing- 
stones from, I00 

Las Huacas, remains at, 431, 439 

Las Mercedes, archeological remains at, 
285-286; Black-line ware from, pls. 
CLIX, CLX; Chocolate ware from, 228, 
231, 325, pl. cLxIv; Curridabat ware 
from, pls. CLXXI-CLXXIII; effigy rattle 
from, 371; effigy vessels from, 123, 
253, 359; figurines from, 43, 374, pl. 
cxc; glass beads in graves at, 400; 
Highland Polychrome ware from, 
pls. CXLIII, CXLIV; incense burners 
from, 364-365, pl. CLXxxv1; large 
jars from, 356, 357, pls. CLXXxIII, 
CLXxxIVv; Lost-color ware from, 322, 
pl.cLx1;Luna warefrom, 194; Maroon 
Incised ware from, pls. CLXIII, CLXIV; 
miniature vessel from, 363; Modeled 
Alligator ware from, pl. CxIx, partial 
plan of, pl. cc111; pottery heads from, 
368, pl. CLXXXVII; pottery ring from, 


999 


378; pottery stamps from, 378-379; 
pottery stands from, pl. CLXxxvI; 
pottery types of, 333; Red ware 
from, pls. CLXVIII-CLXx; Red-line 
ware from, pls. CLIV, CLV; serpent 
motive from, 156, 297; stone bowls 
from, 291, 318-319; Stone Cist ware 
from, 349-350, 352; pl. CLXxx; stone 
stand from, 367, 368, pl. CLXXXVII; 
stone statues at, 286, pl. ccv; Tri- 
pod ware from, 337-340, pls. CLXxVv, 
CLXXXVI, CLXXXVIII; Yellow-line ware 
from, 313-314, pls. CLVI-CLVIII; 
whistle from, 375; White-line ware 
from, 315, 318. See Mercedes 

Las Mesas, Hacienda, remains on, 441 

La Tola, see Tola 

La Virgen, remains at, 436; statues 
found at, 93 

La Virginia, graves at, 442 

Laws of Nicarao and Chorotega, 62-63. 
See Legal code 

Lead in pottery making, I15-116 

Lé Baron, J. F., cited, 422, 441 

Legal code derived from Mexico, 45-46. 
See Laws 

Legs, alligator, how represented, 174, 
179, 232, 236-238, 303, 323; animal, 
on Black ware, 235-236; armadillo, 
how represented, 121; human, how 
represented on Chocolate ware, 134, 
232, 234% in crab motive,-169,/ 171; 
in dragon motive, 301; in jaguar 
motive, 119, 137, 139-141, 143, 144, 
296; macaw, how indicated, 118; 
monkey, how depicted, 210; of Cho- 
colate ware vessels, 229; of metates, 
97-98; of modeled ware, 129-130; 
on Under-slip Incised ware, 191; 
plumed serpent, how depicted, 147, 
298-299; turkey, how represented, 
117. See Tripod vessels, Tripod 
Ware 

Lehmann, W.., cited, 9, 12-13, 16-19, 24, 
26-27, 225, 328, 391, 398, 422-423, 
429, 435 : 

Lenca, culture, 392; figurines, 268; 
habitat, xxvi; language, 13, 26; lin- 
guistic relations, 12, 18, 26; Nicoya 
Polychrome ware in region of, 397 

Lenderi, Chorotega cacique, 83 

Leon (town and region), archeology 
unknown, 90; founded, xxvii; geo- 
logy of, 1o1; Maribio near, 85; 
mentioned, 12, 18, 48; Nagrandans 
in, 23; natives of, witness comet, 84; 
Nicarao settle in, 7; remains at, 95, 


426, 434 , 
Leon de Nagrando, dress of Indians of, 


37 


510 


Lévy, Pablo, cited, 23 

Liberia, C. R., figurine from, 259; iron 
in mound near, 400; pottery at, pls. 
CXV, CXVII, CXXVI; remains at, 427 

Libertad, see La Libertad 

Lightning symbolized by arrows, 76 

Lima, Peru, collections in, 406 

Lime chewed with coca, 35 

Limits of culture areas, 
Distribution 

Limones, see Los Limones 

Linguistic stocks of Pacific area, 390. 
See Languages 

Linked designs on pottery, 132-133 

Lip-ornaments, see Labrets 

Lips, decoration of, in Highland Poly- 
chrome ware, 304-305; how decorated 
in Yellow-line ware, 314; how treated 
in Nicoya Polychrome ware, 129; 
of stands, 368; of plumed serpent, 
how depicted, 297-298; Orange- 
Brown ware, incised decoration, 243; 
with geometric patterns, 246. See 
Red-lip Ware 

Lislique, Salvador village, 19 

Liverpool, Tripod ware in, 344 

Lizards fashioned in gold, 447 

Llama, model of, made for Spaniards, 
414 

Locusts, prayers against, 72 

Lofieros, site at, 422 

Loga del Nitio Dios, 54 

Logwood, dye obtained from, 113, 126 

Lok, M., translator of Peter Martyr, 77 

Long-nose god in Copan sculpture, 160 

Looped-line patterns on Luna ware, 212 

Loop handles, see Handled Ware 

Loops, head represented by, 251; in 
decoration, 187; with dragon decora- 
tion, 187, 300, 301; with feather pat- 
tern, 301, 302 

Lépez de Gomara, Francisco, cited, 8, 25, 


89-90. See 


74 

Lopez de Velasco, Juan, cited, 40, 112 

Los Angeles, Nic., remains at, 95, 422; 
statues found at, 93 

Los Cocos, remains at, 93, 95, 424 

Los Limones, remains at, 439 

Los Maribios, mountains of, 12. 
Maribio 

Los Pueblos, rattle from, 277; Tripod 
ware from, pl. CLXXVI 

Lost-color Ware and Curridabat pat- 
tern compared, 336-337; and Manabi 
ware compared, 405; character and 
distribution, 144, 388; dots on, 182; 
large jars of, 368; octopus motive on, 
409; of Highland region, 320-323. 
See Negative painting 


See 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Lothrop, Rachel Warren, acknowledg- 
ment to, xxi 


Lothrop, S. K., cited, 93, 253, pls. Iv, 
VI 


Luna, Hacienda, Luna ware from, 427; 
remains at, 434; urn burial at, 97, 
pl. Cxx1 

Luna, José Angel, Luna pottery named 
for, 194 

Luna Ware, age of, 400; association of, 
144, 295, 396, 400, 403; attributed to 

lva, 392; bowls used as covers, 254; 
decoration of, 119, 127, 136, 302, 329; 
discussed, 90, 193-213, 386-387; 
figurines, 262; found with European 
objects, 400; serpent figures, 143; 
source of, 427 


Mabiti, Mangue town, 23, 28 

Magat, Nicarao deity, 70 

Macaw modeled on pottery, 117-118, 
230, 386 

MacCurdy, G. G., cited, xix, 105-106, 
I2I, 171-173, 227; 205, 200410. 
eee 332, 337-338, 351, 353-354, 
361 

Madeira id., statues found on, 93 

Madeira volcano, remains at, 427 

Magic, Nicarao, 79 

Magicians, inspiration of, 67 

Maguatega, definition of, 9; legendary 
home of Nicarao, 8, 398 

Maize, domestication of, 401; whence 
derived by Chorotega, 30. See 
Agriculture, Corn 

Malalaca, application of term, 22 

Mamiapi, Orotifia settlement, 24 

Manabi, Ecuador, culture of, 405; stone 
carvings of, 287, 409, 413 

Managua, a Mangue town, 23, 28; 
described by Oviedo, 33; figurine 
from, 268, 402; geology of plains of, 
IOI; pottery drums from, pl. CXXXIII; 
remains at, IOI-I104, 427-428; sit- 
uation of, 9; urn burial at, 97 

Managua lake, how formed, xxiv; 
Mangue on, 23; territory north of, 
unknown archeologically, 90; Ulva 
on, 18 

Managua Ware, character and distri- 
bution, 107, 214-217, 387, 389, 390, 
399, pl. XCVII 

Man-and-Jaguar, a Mexican motive, 
391, 399; in decoration, 108, 137-139, 
221, 399. See Jaguar 

Manganese as pottery paint, 113 

Mangue and Tacacho relations, 25; 
application of term, 20, 23; dress, 37; 
habitat and relations, 22-23, 25, 27, 
45; occupy Subtiaba town, II, 12; 


INDEX 


towns, 27, 29; Vasquez de Coronado 
on, 26 

Manos, see Hand-stones 

Manquesa applied to Masaya province, 
22-23 

Mantles, services paid in, 48. See 
Clothing, Dress 

Maragua, a cacique, 28 

Marble jars of Ulua valley, 121 

Martbichicoa, habitat and _ relations, 
12-13 

Maribio, dress, 30, 37; habitat, 27; 
lack of knowledge regarding, 45; 
language and relations, 3, 11-13, 390; 
makers of Nandaime ware, 391; 
neighbors of Mangue, 23; religion, 
84-86; towns, 28: tribes, 4. See Los 
Maribios 

Markets, men restricted from, 46; of 
Nicarao and Chorotega, 51-52. See 
Trade 

Maroon in decoration, 321-322 

Maroon Incised Ware, character of, 324- 
325, 389, 405 

Marriage, customs regarding, 46, 58-61 

Martyr, Peter, as an authority, 30; 
cited, 26, 31, 34, 43, 71-73, 76, 95 

Masatepe, Mangue province and town, 
23,°28 3 

Masaya, Dirians on plain of, 23; former 
name of, 22; Managua ware from, 
214-215; mythic woman in crater of, 
81; remains at, 428; urn burial at, 97; 
victims cast into crater of, 83 

Mascarrdn id., remains on, 428; stat- 
ues found on, 93; urn burial on, 97 

Masis, Lorenzo, excavations by, 439- 
441 

Masks of dancers, 75; pottery figures 
with, 135 

Massaya, see Masaya 

Mata, José, remains on land of, 445 

Matagalpa and Maribio relations, 12; 
Department of, xxiv; habitat and 
language, 19; included with Chontal, 
18; linguistic status, 3, 13 

Mateo, a cacique, 28 

Material culture of Central America, 
30-44. See Culture 

Matiari1, Mangue town, 23, 28, 81 

Matina valley, Guarco in, 16 

Mats of chieftains, 32, 47; woven in 
Nicaragua, 40 

Maya and Chorotega relations, 94, 
and Esmeraldas figurines, 405; and 
Managua ware paralleled, 214; art 
concepts of, 158; association of Old 
Empire designs, 411; burial customs, 
97; characteristics of pottery, 135, 
149, 168, 182, 185, 187, 193, 241, 251; 


511 


contact with Old Empire, 394-397; 
Chorotega prisoners on stele of, 94; 
chronology, xxiii, xxvi-xxvii, 92, 
393-394; codices, 138, 145; concept 
of plumed serpent, 146; culture, 392; 
dragon motive, 160, 192, 300; fig- 
urines, 266, 413; influence in Luna 
ware, 195-196; jaguar pattern, I4I; 
monkey motive, 167; North Star 
god, 136; pictographs on buildings, 
94; plumed serpent motive, 147, 20I- 
202, 204, 206, 215; remains of Old 
Empire, xxvi; renaissance, contact 
with, 397-398; sculptures, 91, 93; 
seated human figures, 132; serpent 
design, 138; textile designs, 180, 
tripod jars, III, 142, 220. See 
Codices, Copan 

Mazahua allied with Chorotega, 22; 
linguistic relations, 4 

Mazamorra prepared and drunk, 34-35 

Mazatec, language and relations, 22, 
24-25; tripod bowls distributed by, 


399 

Mazatega, Maribio town, 12, 28 

Meals of chieftans, 46. See Food 

Meangola td., Poton spoken on, 27 

Means, Philip A., cited, 414 

Medals of gold, 40 

Medicine pouches of priests, 77 

Medio, Rio, remains on, 428 

Memorial on Costa Rica, 1610, 446-448 

Men, see Human figure 

Mena, Senor, remains near house of, 
443 

Menco, see El Menco 

Mendieta, G. de, cited, 66, 67 

Mercedes group of Tripod ware, 338- 
340. See Las Mercedes 

Mesa altar at SanIsidro de Guadaloupe, 
441. See Tables 

Metates at San Rafael, 433; in graves, 
97; of Highland region, 119, 230, 
289-290 

Metropolitan Museum of Art, collec- 
tions in, xxi 

Mexico, animal heads on vessels of, 130; 
bark-beaters of, 99; boot-shape urns 
from, 254; Chorotega migration 
from, 20-21; cist burial in, 288; color 
of pottery decoration, 180; crema- 
tion in, 97; customs derived from, 45; 
domestication of maize, 401; effigy 
vessels, 116, 118, 241; figurines, 260, 
268; game of voladores, 53; human 
sacrifice, 72-73, 82-83, 413; inter- 
locking step scroll, 183; intoxication, 
56; native dress, 37; negative paint- 
ing, 144, 320, 410, 413; Nicarao 
migration from, 193; Plumbate ware, 


512 


116; plumed serpent motive, 146- 
147, 156; pottery with bosses, 251; 
relations of ‘‘Archaic’’ culture, 400; 
rubbing-stones, 100; scupltures, 91, 
93; tribes, 24; Under-slip Incised 
ware, I9I1; war customs, 50; writing 
derived from, 41. See Aztec, Nahua 

Miahuatlan connected with Magua- 
tega, 9 

Miauagalpa, Maribio town, 12, 28 

Mico river, remains on, 428; statues 
found on, 93 

Mictlan, a form of Mitlan, 6 

Mictlantecutli, Aztec deity, 70 

Middle America, interrelationship of, 
A4II-413. See Central America 

Migration, Chiapanec, 24; Chorotegan, 
4, 20, 94, 415-416; Maya, 397, 415; 
Mosquito, 19; Nahua, 3, 5, 9, II, 
390-391, 404, 415; Nicarao, 6, 8, 160, 
163, 193, 398; of Asiatics to America, 
416; Subtiaba, 12 

Mimicry in dances, 55 

Miniature canoes, 372-373; drums, 377, 
379; incense burners, 366; vessels, 
212, 277; of Chocolate ware, 326; of 
Highland region, 361-364; of Nicoya, 
265; of Tripod ware, 341 

Migtanteot, Nicarao deity, 70, 80 

Miravalles, pottery beads from, pl. 
CXXXVI; pottery heads from, 267 

Mirror used in dance, 75-76 

Mississippi valley, boot-shape urns 
from, 254; pottery with bosses from, 
251; squash effigy vessels from, 241; 
weeping-eye motive in, 350 

Mistega, Nicarao center, 6, 46 

Mita, see Asuncion Mita 

Mitla, Mixcoatl represented at, 70 

Mitlan, Nicarao settlement at, 6 

Mixcoa, Nicarao deity, 69-70 

Mixcoatl, Aztec deity, 138-139; in 
Aztec hymn, 69 

Mixtecapan, Tlapanec in, 13 

Mobile heads of figurines, 265, 296, pl. 
isc 

Moche, scorpion pattern in, 172 

Modeled Alligator Ware, a Chorotega 
product, 390; described, 249-253, 
388; distribution, 409; transitional 
form of, 231. See Alligator Ware 

Modeled decoration of Appliqué wares, 
332; of Black ware, 235; Chocolate 
ware, 227-234; of Curridabat ware, 
334, 336; of Filadelfia ware, 108; of 
Highland Polychrome ware, 295- 
296; of Luna ware, 197-200; of 
Maroon Incised ware, 324; of Nan- 
daime ware, 219-220; of Nicoya Poly- 
chrome ware, II5-130, 168; of Red 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


ware, 329-330; of Red-line ware, 310, 
311; of Red-lip ware, 328; of Stone 
Cist ware, 350-352; of Tripod ware, 
337-338; of White-line ware, 315- 
316; on large jars, 356; on Carib- 
Arawak ware, 410. See Decoration 

Mogica, Hacienda de, remains on, 428 

Molds, figurines made with, 260-261, 
268, 272, 402; gold objects made in, 
447; not used for Mexican figurines, 
402-403 

Mombacho, Mangue cacique and town, 
23, 29 

Momotombito id., 
statues on, 433 

Momotombo, statues at, 93 

Monexico, a secret council, 48, 83 

Money, cacao used as, 30, 34, 45, 58, 
62; tapirs and copal as, 46. See 
Trade 

Monkey in pictographs, 94, 96; on 
carved slabs, 287; pendant from Las 
Mercedes, 460 

Monkey motive and human-head mo- 
tives, 210; and plumed serpent mo- 
tives, 147; associated with jaguar, 
141; borrowed from Maya, 394; 
discussed, 163-169; early origin of, 
395; in decoration, 120, 136, 153- 
154, 187-189, 196, 210-211, 221, 232, 
234, 238-239, 261-262, 272, 277, 279- 
280, 301-302, 304, 311, 322, 336, 340, 
348, 350, 357, 361, 386-388, 458; of 
the Aztec, 399; on drums, 276; on 
metates, 290 

Monochrome Wares, character of, 106, 
214, 227-257, 324-331, 336, 387-388, 
411-412; chocolate pots of, 398 

Monolithic axes, distribution, 100; from 
Libertad, 427. See Axes 

Monoliths at Bluenose, 422. 
umns, Slabs, Stone 

Monster and monkey motives asso- 
ciated, 166; and religious symbolism, 
120, 146; club-heads in form of, 99; 
plumed, in Incised ware, 192. See 
Alligator god, Dragon, Earth Monster, 
Jaguar, Man-and-Jaguar, Plumed 
serpent, Two-headed dragon 

Montejo, campaign of, 44 

Montezuma, gold searched for, 404; 
sends soldiers to Panama, 414; trib- 
ute to, 9, 10, 26 

Moon, a Chorotega deity, 81 

Mora, Juan and José, remains on land 
of, 443, 457 

Morati, a cacique, 29 

Morley, S. G., acknowledgment to, xx1; 
cited, xxvil, 402 


remains on, 429; 


See Col- 


INDEX 


Morning Star associated with Mixcoatl, 
69; in Aztec myth, 139 

Morro id., Colombia, vessel from, 324 

Mortar represented in pottery, 240. 
See Metates 

Mortuary customs after human sac- 
rifice, 72; feast, Guetar, 81; rites, 
Térraba, 449; vessels killed, 189, 212, 
452. See Burials, Cist graves, Death, 
Graves, Urn burials 

Mosonte, a ‘‘Chontal’’ town, 18 

Mosquito, habitat and language, 13, 
19-20, 44 

Mosquito coast, character of, xxiv 

Mosquitoes, houses protected from, 31 

Motolinia, Toribio de, cited, 3, 8, 25-26, 
30, 69, 404 

Mounds before temples, 71-72; in 
Pacific area, 94-96; of Highland 
region, 285-286. See Archeological 
sites 

Mount Irazt, see Irazu 

Mourning by the Térraba, 449 

Mouth, how represented in decoration, 
129, 147, 151, 158, 161, 169; human, 
in decoration, 198, 209, 219, 220, 
241, 370. See Jaws 

Movyaua, Sigua town, Io 

Moyogalpa, figurines from, 274, pl. 
Cxxx1I; Luna ware from, 194; re- 
mains at, 428 

Miiller, J.G., cited, 66 

Munoz, Captain, gold obtained by, 448 

Murder, how regarded, 62 

Muset Preistorico ed Etnografico, Rome, 
collections in, xxi, pl. Cxcv 

Museo Arqueologico, Madrid, collec- 
tions in, xxi 

Museo de Arqueologia Peruana, Lima, 
Tripod ware in, 345 

Museo Etnografico, Buenos Aires, col- 
lections in, xxii 

Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, cited, 
427; collections in, x, xx, 423, 425, 
439,441 

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, collec- 
tions in, xxi 

Music in native dances, 54-57. See 
Bells, Drums, Flute, Rattles, Trum- 
peters, Whistles 

Mythology, Nicarao, 79-80. 
gion 


See Reli- 


Nacaome, a Mangue town, 22, 27; 
canoes from, 4I 

Nacarahego, Mangue town, 22, 27 

Nagarando, see Nagrando 

Nagarote, Mangue town, 23, 28; pic- 
tograph cave at, 429 

Nagascola, remains at, 429 


O13 


Nagrandans, Mangue group, 23 

Nagrando, Mangue province, 7, 23, 48 

Nahua, Nahuatl, and Tacacho rela- 
tions, 25; as culture carriers, 401; 
distribution and language, 5-11; 
habitat, 3; human sacrifice, 64; in- 
fluence on pottery designs, 391; in 
Nicaragua, 27; migration, 3, 390, 
404, 415; patterns on Under-slip 
Incised ware, 391; religion, 81; 
settle at Bagaces, 422; tribes, 4. See 
Aztec, Mexico 

Nahuatlato, definition of, 9; dress, 36; 
habitat and relations, 7, 9 

Nakupuy, Mangue deity, 81 

Namasigue, a Choluteca, 22 

Nambi, a cacique, 55 

Namiap1, a cacique, 29 

Nandaime, a Mangue town, 23; re- 
mains at, 429; statues found at, 93 

Nandaime Ware described, 107, 217- 
222, 249, 387, 390-391, 407, pls. 
XCVI-XCVIII; figurines, 263, 267 

Nandapia, a cacique, 29 

Nandayme, a cacique, 29. 
daime 

Naranjo river, remains on, 444 

Nasca, Peru, black painting on ware of, 
145; culture of, 406; human figure in 
art of, 266; jaguar motive, 408-409; 
octopus motive, 409; plumed serpent 
motive, 146. See Peru 

National Museum, see Museo Nacional 
de Costa Rica, United States National 
Museum 

Nauales, a form of Nahua, 27 

Nauatatos mentioned by Estrada Ra- 
vago, 26 

Navarrete, A., cited, 441 

Navarro, Hactenda, stone cists at, 440 

Necklaces, how represented in pottery, 
126; Maribio, 86; Nicarao, 38 

Necks of vessels, decoration of, 108, 
118, 143-144, 152-153, 155, 159, 167- 
168, 185, 189, 208, 230, 232, 249, 330, 


See Nan- 


334, 344-345, 386, 389; used as 
stands, 368 

Negative painting, character and dis- 
tribution, 144, 324, 404, 409-410, 


413; how effected, 388; in South 

America, 222, 405; origin of, 4Io, 

See Lost-color Ware 
Negroes, Mosquitos mixed with, 19 
Nejapa lake, pictographs on, 429 
Nemtherequeteba, culture-hero, 413 
Nenbithia, Chorotega deity, 81 
Nenguitamali, Chorotega deity, 81 
Nequechert, Mangue province, 23 
Nequepio, Mangue province, 23 


514 


Nets of palm fiber, 40. See Ham- 
mocks 

New Jersey, cist burial in, 288 

New Mexico, bird design in, 184; boot- 
shape urns from, 254; Chorotega 
said to have come from, 24, 29; cist 
burial in, 288; effigy vessels from, I15 

Nicaragua, a town, 46; lengua de, the 
Nahuatl, 15; origin of name, 6, 21. 
See Nicarao, Niqueragua 

Nicaraguan lakes, Nicarao on, 7; origin 
of, 102; plumed serpent motive from 
region of, 152. See Lake Nicaragua, 
Managua lake 

Nicarao, adornment by, 37-38; and 
Chorotegan relations, 45; as culture 
carriers, 45; books of, 41; character 
and history, 5-9; dances, 54-58; 
dress, 30, 36; food, 34-35; games, 53; 
government, 47-49; hairdress of war- 
riors, 39; houses, 31-32; influence on 
Incised ware, 193; influence on Mari- 
bio, 84; laws, 62; marriage, 58-61, 
migration, 25-26, 160, 163, 193, 390; 
398; neighbors of Mangue, 23; on 
Isthmus of Rivas, 162; origin of 
name, 21; prostitution, 62; rank, 46; 
religion, 65-80; towns, 33-34; Under- 
slip Incised ware in territory of, 391; 
war customs, 50-51; weapons, 42-43 

Nicomongoya, Mangue town, 22, 27 

Nicoya, a cacique, 23, 28, 82; andHigh- 
land plumed serpent motives com- 
pared, 298-299; an Orotifia group, 24; 
atlatl pegs from, 99; a town, 46; bark- 
beaters of, 99; black background in 
pottery of, 145; club-heads of, 98, 
pl. x; dance at, 55-56; early visits to, 
Xxvils ‘fipuriness )201;) plLamwcxaky 
graves, 95; group of Tripod ware, 
343-344; jade carvings, 92; Mexican 
settlement near town of, 26; negative 
painting absent, 145; Orotifian lan- 
guage so called, 15; reached by 
Nicarao, 7; relations of natives, 8; 
remains at, 429; rubbing stones 
from, 100; site map, pl. CXCVI; 
stands from, 368; Torquemada on 
natives of, 6; whistles from, pl. cxxx 

Nicoya Black-line Ware and Chocolate 
ware compared, 233; described, 222- 
225 

Nicoya gulf, a culture boundary, xxvi, 
89; Black-line ware found near, 320; 
Chorotega on, 23; Corobici extend to, 
17; how formed, xxiv; jaguar pattern 
from, 141; limit of certain figurine 
types, 263; limit of Nandaime ware, 
217-218; limit of Red ware, 245; 
mobile heads from 239; Olmeca 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


settled near, 6; Orotifia on, 16, 24; 
Plumed serpent motive from region 
of, 153; Red-line ware from, 190; 
tribes on, 21, 28 

Nicoya peninsula, a ceramic boundary, 
385; alligator motives from, 176, 177, 
179; archeology of, xxvi, 89; axes of, 
100, pl. x11; burial in, 97; character 
of, xxiv; Chocolate ware of, 227, 230, 
231, 233, pls. crv-cvu1; drums of, 275, 
276, pl. cxxx1; effigy vessels of, 
271, 278, 361, pl. cx, Cx; figurines 
from, 263, pls. CXXIV, CXXIX; geo- 
metric patterns from, 182; Highland 
Polychrome ware in, 305, pls. CXLIII, 
CXLVIII; jaguar motive of, 143, 144; 
jar covers from, 278; limit of Black 
ware, 235; Luna Ware in, 194, 196; 
metates in, 97, pl. 1x; miscellaneous 
motives in, 185-187; Modeled Alli- 
gator ware from, 252, pl. CXIX; 
monkey motive from, 163; monkeys 
in, 165; Orange-Brown ware in, 237, 
pls. crx, CX, CKXXInT; Ordtina ones, 
24; plumed serpent motive from, 148, 
150, 152; pottery of, 390, pls. Xv, 
XVII, XVI, XX, XXIV-XR Vins 
XXXII, XXXIII; pottery stamps from, 
pl. CxxxXvI; scorpion pattern in, 172; 
serpent patterns from, 154, 157-159; 
silhouette alligator in, 180; spindle- 
whorls from, pl. Cxxxv; textile dec- 
oration in, 181; Tripod ware from, 
345; Under-slip Incised ware in, 391 

Nicoya Polychrome Ware, Alligator god 
on, 230; alligator motive, 250-251; 
armadillo on, 239; broad-line tech- 
nic, 210; chocolate pots, 398; cups, 
329; decoration borrowed from, 223; 
distribution and character, 105-114, 
385-386, 390, pl. xx1; doughnut- 
shape vessel, 242; drums, 276; feather 
pattern, 217; figurines, 258-262; 
found at Copan, 397; geometric 
designs, 211, 221; guilloche and eyes, 
224; interlocking L pattern, 213; 
jaguar motive, 211; jar covers, 279- 
280; Luna ware features borrowed 
from, 195, 200, 387; man-and-jaguar 
pattern of, 221, 399; Maya designs 
on, 411; Mexican patterns on, 391; 
plumed serpent of, 215; red-line pat- 
terns on, 211; relations of, 395; rep- 
tiles on, 232; shoe-shape vessels, 235, 
257; step scroll pattern, 212-213; 
T motive, 213; Under-slip Incised 
ware painted like, 386. See Nzicoya 
peninsula, Pacific area 

Night perhaps symbolized on pottery, 
136 


INDEX 


Nindir1t, Mangue town, 23, 28; Nan- 
daime ware from, 221 

Nino, Andrés, brings gold from Chira 
island, 28 

Niqueragua, Nicarao cacique, 6, 21, 29, 
42. See Nicaragua 

Niquinomo, a Mangue town, 23 

Niquitaoy, Venezuela, figurine from, 
407-408 

Nobles among Nicarao and Chorotega, 
46. See Caciques, Chiefs, Rank 

Nochar1, a province, 29 

Noguera, Victor, Matagalpa vocabu- 
lary of, 19 

Nombre de Dios, Chuchures at, 8, 10; 
Nahua in, I1; name for Panama, 7. 
See Panama 

Norome, sculptures at, 93, 429 

North Star god of the Maya, 136 

Nose, alligator, how represented, 355; 
human, how represented, 129, 132, 
134-135, 198, 209, 219-220, 232, 370; 
jaguar, how represented in decora- 
tion, 139; of crab motive, 169; of 
monkey motive, 163, 165; pierced by 
priest, 78; plumed serpent, how rep- 
resented, 149, 151. See Snout 

Nose-plug of Alligator god, 252° 

Nueva Segovia, Maribichicoa in, 13; 
Matagalpan spoken in, 19 

Nuiiez de Balboa, Vasco, South Amer- 
ican riches described to, 414 

Nuts, see Cacao nuts 

Nuttall, Zelia, cited, 40 


Oaxaca, bark-beaters of, 99; Chorote- 
gans in, 21; Mazatec in, 24; Red-line 
ware in, 313-314 

Occidente, Modeled Alligator ware from, 
250 

Ochilobos, application of term, 65, 71 

Ochomogo,a cacique, 29; Nicarao center, 
5, 6, 23; origin of name, 68 

Ochote, see Pochote 

Ocotal mentioned, 90 

Octopus motive, age of, 405; distribu- 
tion, 182, 409; in Chiriqui ware, 321- 
323; of Lost-color ware, 336-337 

Offerings by Nicarao, 71-73; of pottery 
to dead, 289. See Blood offering, 
Human sacrifice, Sacrifice 

Ola, an Ulva town, 18, 27 

Olmeca, Nicarao conquered by, 6 

Olocoton mentioned by Oviedo, 18 

Olomega, Nahuatl town, 9, 27 

Omeciuatl, Aztec and Toltec deity, 66, 
68 

Ometecutli, Toltec deity, 68 

Ometepe, meaning of, 6 


315 


Ometepe id., archeological remains on, 
95-96, 421-424, 427, 429-430, 432- 


435; Black ware from, 235, pl. 
GXills) 3 crab semotive, “from,), 170; 
Culebra ware from, 138, 139; dec- 


orated plates from, 187; disc from, 
280; effigy vessels from, 127-128; 
figurines from, 261, pl. CXXVIII; 
geometric patterns from, 188; jaguar 
pattern from, 141; Luna ware from, 
136/7194,5°106,° 197, Dl; -CXXVIII-; 
Nicarao on, 5-7; Nicoya Polychrome 
ware from, pls. XXVIII, XXX, XXXIV; 
pottery of, 106-107; rattle-base bowl 
from, 135; serpent pattern from, 205, 
pl. CxLiv; spindle-whorls from, 280; 
winged-head motive from, 207; Za- 
patero ware from, 255, pl. cxx. See 
Alta Gracia, Baltazar, Chiliate, Cocos, 
Los Angeles, Luna, Madeira, Moyo- 
galpa, San Francisco, San Ramon 
point, Santa Helena, Tierra Blanca 

Omeyatecigoat, Nicarao deity, 68 

Omeyateite, Nicarao deity, 68-69 

Omeyocan in Toltec myth, 69 

Omonleo, Ulva town, 27 

Orange in decoration, 113, 135-136, 140, 
183-185, 187, 189, 197, 213-214, 218, 
221, 295, 297, 299, 321, 324, 332-333, 
342, 370. See Colors 

Orange-Brown Ware, a Chorotega prod- 
uct, 390; alligator-scale motive, 
251; character of, 236-244, 387-388; 
clay, 223; discs, 280; drums, 275; 
figurines and whistles, 264-270, 274; 
incised pattern, 330; jar covers, 279; 
labrets, 281; miniature vessels, 277; 
shoe- shape vessel, 257 

Orchard, W.C., acknowledgment (hE ore 

Ordeal of warriors, 43, 46, 57 

Orientation of beds, 32 

Origin of American aborigines, 416; 
of Middle American pottery, 411; of 
potter’s art, 401. See Genesis 

Orizaba, corruption of name, I2 

Ornaments, personal, of Central Amer- 
icans, 37-40, 448; worn in dances, 55; 
worn in Talamanca, 450. See Amu- 
lets, Necklaces, Pendants 

Oroci, Guarco town, I6 

Orocuina, Choluteca town, 22 

Orost, effigy cup from, 125; in Guana- 
caste province, 24; Orotifia cacique 
and settlement, 23, 24, 29; plumed 
serpent pattern from, pl. CXLIV; re- 
mains at, 440, pl. cci1; rubbing-stones 
from, 99; Talamanca settle in, 14 

Orota volcano, remains at, 430 

Orotina, an Orotifia settlement, 24. 
See Gurutina 


516 


Orotifia, Black-line ware made by, 391; 
canoes, 41; defected by Pacaca, 16; 
dress, 30, 37; habitat and relations, 
23-25; language called Nicoya, 15; 
marriage customs, 61; natives of, 26; 
textiles, 39; tobacco, 35 

Otomi, linguistic relations, 4, 22 

Ovals as decorative motive, 303 

Oviedo y Valdéz, G. F. de, as an author- 
ity, 30, 65; on adornment, 37-38; 
Agateyte’s palace, 31-32, pl. WU; 
calendar, 74; ceremonies, 82-83; 
chieftains, 46; Chorotega and Ni- 
carao, 23, 25, 26, 34; coca-chewing, 
35; customs, 45; dances, 54-58; 
divination, 84; dress, 36-37; festival, 
75; food, 34; genesis, 79; government, 
48-49; Guaxeneco, 18; Guetar, 14; 
hairdressing, 38; idols, 82; labrets, 
39; laws, 62; lustrous black pottery, 
40, 234, 400, 403, 423; maize culti- 
vation, 52-53; mentions Pocosi island 
28; on Managua, 33; on the Maribio, 
12, 84; markets, 51-52; marriage, 58- 
61; native books, 41; nobles, 39; 
pantheon, 81; prostitution, 62; rank, 
46; sacrifice, 72, 83; scarification, 38; 
skull deformation, 38; slavery, 47; 
supplication, 77-78; tattooing, 38; 
textiles, 39-40; visits Central Amer- 
ica, XXVil, 44; War customs, 50; wea- 
pons, 42-43; witchcraft, 79 

Owl in pottery decoration, 307, 339, 388 

Oxmorio, Nicarao center, 6 

Oxomogo, a deity, 65-68 

Oxucar, Poton settlement, 27 

Oyster-shells on canoe blades, 41 

Ozolutan, Poton town, 27 


Pacaca, Guetar chief and division, 15, 
16, 51 

Pacacua, province of, 26 

Pachacamac, culture of, 406; Stone Cist 
ware from, 346 

Pacific area, archeological sites in, 421- 
437; archeology of, 90-100; pottery 
of, 89-228, 385-388, 390 

Pacuare river, remains on, 444; Suerre 
at mouth of, 16 

Pacuare valley, Guarco in, 16 

Paddles of Orotifia canoes, 41 

Painted decoration of Appliqué wares, 
332; Black-line ware, 319; Chocolate 
ware, 227-234; Culebra ware, 107- 
108; Curridabat ware, 334, 336; 
Highland ware, 296-305; Luna ware, 
200-206, 386; Managua ware, 215- 
217, 387; Maroon Incised ware, 324; 
Modeled ware, 126-127; Nandaime 
ware, 220-222, 263; Nicoya Black- 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


line ware, 223; Nicoya Polychrome 
ware, 131-190, 386; Red-line ware, 
307-311; Red-lip ware, 328; stands, 
365; Stone Cist ware, 347; Tripod 
ware, 342; White-line ware, 316-318. 
See Decoration 

Painted Handled Ware of Chiriqui, 
306, 310. See Handled Ware 

Painted Wares, see Decoration, Inctsed 
Ware, Painted decoration, Simple 
Painted Wares 

Painting, see Body-patinting, 
Decoration, Face-painting 

Paintings, Chorotega, subjects of, 84 

Pais, stone cists at, 440 

Pajaritan bird type, New Mexico, 184 

Palaces, how situated, 95. See Temples 

Palacio, see Garcia de Palacio 

Palangagalpa, mentioned by Oviedo, 19 

Palenque, Beau Relief of, 135 

Palenques of Costa Rica, 446; remains 
of, 286 

Palermo, pottery from, 433 

Palm fiber used in weaving, 40; houses 
thatched with, 33; lances made of, 43 

Palmar, Hacienda, pottery from, 433; 
remains at, 430, 444 . 

Palmar Ware, character of, 248-249; 
388; origin of name, 430 

Palos Negros, remains at, 430 

Panama, ‘“‘Archaic’’ art in, 403; Chi- 
riqui culture of, xxvi; Chuchures of, 
20; crossed by Nicarao, 7; culture of, 
405; Curridabat type of ware from, 
334; Handled ware from, 355; lin- 
guistic groups in, 13; Nahua in, 404; 
native invasion of, II; negative 
painting in, 320; Sigua in, 10; Span- 
iards early in, 414. See Chiriqut, 
Nombre de Dios 

Panamd, C. R., Nicoya Polychrome 
ware in, pls. XXVII, XXXIII-XXXIV; 
remains at, 430; statues found at, 93; 
urn burial at, 97 

Panama bay, alligator motive of, 177; 
pottery of, 112; shell-heap on, 96 

Pan de Azucar id. mentioned, 28 

Panteon de los Reyes, remains at, 444 

Pantheon, Aztec, 404, 414-415; Cho- 
rotega, 81; Nicarao, 65; Toltec, 404. 
See Deities 

Papagayo, Orotifia cacique and settle- 
ment, 6, 24, 29 

Paraiso, remains at, 441 

Parallel lines as decorative motive, 220, 
246, 249, 303-304, 309, 317, 328. See 
Hanging-line motive, Vertical lines 

Paris province, invasion of, II 

Paro, Orotifia cacique and settlement, 
24, 28 


Colors, 


INDEX 


Parragua, Guarco town, 16 

Parrot, effigy rattle from Las Mercedes, 
457; heads on Las Mercedes vessels, 
458. See Macaw 

Pascala, Tlapanec in, 13 

Pasondito, site at, 422 

Paste, see Clay 

Patate, see El Patate 

Patterns, see Decoration, Designs, Geo- 
metric patterns, Incised decoration, 
Modeled decoration, Painted decora- 
tion 

Patuca river, Hond., statues found on, 
93 

Paws, how represented, 121. See 
Claws, Feet, Hands 

Paya and Maribio relations, 12; in- 
cluded with Chibchan, 18; language, 


13 

Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 
collections in, x, xx, 9I, 107-108, 402, 
425-426, 429, 432, 435; human foot- 
prints reported to, 101. See Put- 
nam, F. W. 

Peabody Museum, Salem, collections in, 
Xxl 

Peace, prayers for, 72 

Pear-shape vessels borrowed by Nan- 
daime, 218; in South America, 407; 
monkey pattern on, 211; plumed ser- 
pent motive on, 147, 152, 299; of 
Highland ware, 296; of Luna ware, 
195-196; of Modeled alligator ware, 
251; of Nicoya Polychrome ware, 
386; of Red ware, 329; origin of, 399. 
See Shapes 

Pebbles used in pottery shaping, 112 

Pector, Désiré, cited, 436 

Pedrarias in Nicaragua, 84 

Peet, S. D., cited, 104 

Pelican on Maya bowl, 396 

Pelon, see El Pelon, Hacienda 

Pena, Gerardo, acknowledgment to, xx 

Pendants in Las Mercedes graves, 453, 
454, 460; jade, 93, 98, 304 

Penis, blood drawn from, 73 

Penis string, derivation of, 30; of the 
Guetar, 36 

Pensacola, Nic., remains at, 431; 
statues found at, 93 

Pepil, colony of, 6. See Pzpil 

Pepper-graters of Aztec and Maya, 214, 
217, 222, 387, 399 

Peralta, M. M. de, cited, 10, 14 

Peralta and Alfaro, cited, 434, 441. See 
Alfaro 

Peru, ‘‘Archaic’’ art in, 403; Black ware 
of, 145, 236; cist burial i in, 289; crab 
motive in, 171; culture of, 405-406; 
decorative complex of, 173; effigy 


_ Plates defined, 


317 


vessels of, 118; handles on pottery 
of, 234; human effigy vessels from, 
241; human sacrifice in, 64; inter- 
locking step scroll in, 183; jaguar 
motive in, I19, 408-409; modeled 
figures on pottery of, 351; negative 
painting in, 320; octopus motive in, 
409; plumed serpent motive in, 146- 
147; portraits in effigy vessels of, $23; 
pottery of, 407; pottery heads from, 
368; Red-line ware in, 306, 409; Red 
ware from, 330; scorpion pattern in, 
r72° Stone Cist ware from, 346: 
stone figurines from, 292; subglob- 
ular jars in, 367; textiles from, 180; 
Tripod ware in, 337, 345, 4II. See 
Cajamarquilla, Chavin, Chicama, Chim- 
bote, Chincha, Ica, Nasca, Pachaca- 
mac, Piura, Recuay 

Pestle represented in pottery, 240, 258, 
279, 282 

Peten, Maya remains in, 415; pottery 
of, 396 

Phillips, Sr., idols found by, 462 

Pictographs, age of, 101; at Acoyapa, 
421; at Agua Caliente, 437; at Gueri- 
zi, 444; at La Divisién, 443; at La 
Seca, 434; at La Virginia, 442; at 
Masaya, 428; at Orosi, 440; at 
Pasondito, 422; at Salinas bay, 432; 
at San Ramon point, 433; at Santa 
Maria de Dota, 445; in Costa Rica, 
425-426; in Pacific region, 94-96; in 
Riachuelo cave, 431; in San Andrés 
cave, 102-103, 432; in Tanque cafion, 
435; on Ceibaisland, 423; onHacienda 
de Mogica, 428; on Mascarran island, 
428; on Quebrada Grande, 443; on 
Rio Volcan, 445; on Zapatero island, 
436; similarity of, 410 

Piedra Pintada, pictographs of, 95 

Piedras Negras, remains at, 431 

Pigs as money, 52; effigy vessels, rep- 
resenting, 296, 

Pipil and Poton distinct, 27; language 
of, 7,9. See Pepil 

Pima, pottery of the, 113 

Pinart, Alphonse, cited, 14, 25 

Pipes, see Smoking, Snuffing-tubes 

Pirinda, linguistic relations, 4, 22 

Pirris, remains at, 444-445 

Pisisara, Voto chief, 16 

Pistal farm, mound on, 429 

Pitcher defined, 109. See 
Spouts 

Pittier de Fdbrega, H., cited, 14, 443-445 

Piura, Peru, Red ware from, 330 

109, III; geometric 

decoration of, 186-187; plumed ser- 

pent motive on, 153. See Shapes 


Shapes, 


518 


Plumbate Ware, chocolate pots of, 398; 
distribution of, 396; effigy vessels of, 
III, 115; from Copan, 397; from 
Ulua valley, 122; relations of, 395 

Plumed bird head of Managua ware, 
216-217. See Bird 

Plumed monster in Incised ware, 192. 
See Monster 

Plumed serpent absent from Mono- 
chrome wares, 242; absent from 
Chiriqui, 173; affinity of, 399; and 
dragon motives, 161, 192; and inter- 
locking L patterns, 183; and jaguar 
motives, 143-144; and monkey mo- 
tives, 165; and winged-head rela- 
tions, 208; characteristics of, 136- 
137, 145-159; checkerboard pattern 
on, 187-188; discs with, 187; dis- 
tribution of ‘design, 141; dots with, 
187; early origin of, 395; in picto- 
graphs, 429; Mexican form of, 391, 
399; on Highland ware, 296-300; on 
Luna ware, 200-206, 387; on macaw 
effigy jar, 118; on Managua ware, 
215, 387; on Nicoya Polychrome 
ware, II9, 146-160, 386; on Under- 
slip Incised ware, 192, 386; pattern 


borrowed from Maya, 394; tail 
plumes of, 164-165; vessel with 
European objects, 400; ware on 


Ometepe island, 107. See Serpent, 
Snake 

Plumes, see Feathers 

Plums, wine made from, 34, 58 

Pods volcano, archeological boundary, 
xxvi; in Highland area, 89; named 
for the Voto, 16 

Pochote, remains at, 431 

Pochteca, Aztec merchants’ guild, 11 

Pocica, Voto chief, 16 

Pocost, Orotifia cacique and town, 28, 41 

Pocosol valley, Voto in, 16 

Point Herradura, see Herradura point 

Poison not used on arrows, 42 

Polakowsky, H., cited, 437 

Polychrome Ware classified and defined, 
106, 214; of Highland region, 295- 
305. See Highland Polychrome Ware, 
Nicoya Polychrome Ware 

Polygyny among Chorotega, 61; of 
nobles, 60. See Marriage 

Ponce, Alonso, cited, 5,9, 11, 12, 18, 22, 
25, 27, 36, 37, 41, 51 : 

Ponce de Leon, Hernan, exploration by, 
XXVil 

Popayan, culture of, 405 

Popoloca allied with Chorotega, 22; 
meaning of term, 18 

Popol Vuh cited, 67 

Population, sources of, 416-417 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Porras, Diego de, cited, 44 

Porto Rico, pottery with bosses from, 
251. See West Indies 

Portraits in effigy vessels, 123; of dead 
carved, 81 

Poste, Nicarao deity, 70 

Pot defined, 109. See Shapes 

Potinchan, Tlapanec in, 13 

Poton, location and villages, 27 

Potosi, mound near, 431; urn burialat,97 

Powder, herb, used by priests, 77; 
wounds treated with, 77 

Pozolteca, Maribio town, 12, 28, 37 

Pozoltequilla, Maribio town, 28 

Prayers to Tamagastat, 77 

Prentice, Sidney, acknowledgment to, 
XXxli 

Prescott, W. H., cited, 393 

Priests of Nicarao and Chorotega, 46, 
71; of the Guetar, 80. See Caciques 

Prinzapolka river, remains on, 103, 422 

Prisoners on Mayan stele, 94. See 
Captives 

Profile human head, early origin of, 395 

Property marks on vessels, 198; sac- 
rificed with dead, 78 

Prostitution, Nicarao and Chorotega, 
46, 59- -60, 62 

Pueblo Bonito, N. Mex., effigy vessels 
from, I15 

Pueblo Nuevo, mounds at, 431 

Puerto Limon, boundary of Highland 
region, 285; chacmool at, 286; limit 
of certain figurine types, 263; rela- 
tion of Cariay to, 44 

Punctured-dot motive of Stone Cist ware, 
348-349. See Decoration, Dots 

Punctured-line decoration of Handled 
ware, 355; of Stone Cist ware, 347- 
348. See Decoration 

Punta de las Figuras, remains on, 436; 
statues found at, 93 

Punta del Monte, remains near, 431 

Punta del Sapote, remains on, 93, 436 

Punta Herradura, see Herradura point 

Puntarenas, an Orotifia boundary, 23 

Purapura, Guarco town, 16; cemetery 
of, 437 | : 

Purgatory 1d., remains on, 432 

Purification ceremony for women, 78 

Puriscal, specimens from, 370, 441 

Purple, decoration in, 113, 140, 181, 
295, 299, 317, 324, 342, 379, 452; 
dyeing of Nicoya textiles, 181; how 
obtained, 39, 113. See Colors 

Purpura patula used for dye, 39 

Putnam, F. W., cited, 104, 338; Flint’s 
reports to, 422, 424, 427-428. See 
Peabody Museum, Harvard Un- 
versity 


“INDEX 


Quauhcapolca, Nicarao town, 6 
Quebrada Grande, pictographs on, 443 
Quebrada Hurtado, pictographs, pl. vur 
Quelepa, figurines from, 268 
Quequexque, Sigua town, 10 
Querco, Guarco town, I6 
Querey, name of Puerto Limén, 44 
Quesada family, digging by, 462 
Quesalteca, Hond., statues at, 93 
Quetzal on Copan pottery, 180 
Quetzalcoatl, culture-hero, 67, 70, 413 
Qutiateot, Nicarao deity, 68 
Quiauhteucyohua, Aztec deity, 68 
Quimbaya, arts of, 405 
Quiribri id., situation of, 44 
Quirigua, bark-beaters of, 99; sculp- 
ture at, 161; situation of, 90 
Quiscome, Managua ware from, 216-217 


Rabbits, custom in hunting, 70 

Raccoon among Chorotega and Nica- 
rao, 35 

Raids to obtain human flesh, 35 

Rain, children sacrificed for, 64, 73; 
symbolized by mirror, 76 

Rain god, see Tlaloc 

Rama, habitat and relations, 13, 17, 44 

Rank among natives, 37, 46, 71 

Rape, treatment of, 61 

Rattles of pottery, 276-277, 279, 37I- 
372, 376-377, 452-453, 457; used in 
dances, 55; vessels as, III, 120, 123, 
129, 135-136, 161, 296, 306-307, 325; 
452 

Rectangles in decoration, 142, 151, 169, 
181, 187, 192, 247, 255, 257, 335. 
See Geometric patterns 

Recuay, Peru, pottery of, 129, 146, 214, 
242, 345, 364, 389, 406-410; stone 
cists of, 289. See Peru 

Red in decoration, 107-108, 113, 127, 
136-140, 142, 152-153, 155-156, 158, 
165, 167, 169, 172, 175, 179, 183-187, 
197, 202 204, 207-208, 210-214, 218- 
223, 237, 241, 244, 249-250, 256-257, 
259; 263, 278, 295-300, 307, 311, 313, 
315, 317-320, 324, 327, 332, 333, 335; 
342, 346, 352; 358, 367, 369-370, 387- 
388, 410, 430, 452. See Colors, 
Decoration, Slip 

Red-line Ware, age of, 400; and Curri- 
dabat ware compared, 336; character 
and distribution of, 188-189, 306- 
313, 348, 388, 409; effigy vessel of, 
359; large jars of, 358; origin of, 410; 

atterns on Luna ware, 211; shapes 

eae from 318; with Atlantean 
supports, 367 

Red-lip Ware and Curridabat ware com- 
pared, 337; described 327-329, 389 


519 


Red Ware, age of, 400; characteristics, 
244-245, 329, 387-389; decoration, 
300, 336, 350, 352, 409; drums, 275; 
figurines, 266-267, 269-272, 374; in- 
cense burners, 365; miniature vessels, 
362; origin and relations, 327, 346, 
353, 390; rattles, 377 

Reeds, houses of, 33. See Canes 

Refuse-heaps, see Rubbish-heaps 

Religion of native tribes, 64-86, 446, 
449 

Remesal, A. de, cited, 24, 29 

Reptilian motive in decoration, 148, 156, 
189, 232 

Resin used in embalming dead, 81; used 
on pottery, 113. See Varnish 

Restrictions as to women, 71, 73. 
Taboo 

Retes, Jeronimo de, among the Voto, 16 

Reventazon river, relation of Cariay to, 
44; settlement attempted on, xxvii; 
Suerre at mouth of, 16 

Reventazon valley, Guarco in, 16 

Riachuelo cave, pictographs in, 96, 431 

Ribbons, see Appliqué Ware 

Ribera, Perafdn de, exploration by, 
Xxvil, 448 

Rims, decorative treatment of, 107, III, 
133, 137, 144, 152-153, 157, 159-160, 
171-172, 174, 177, 181, 184, 186, 188- 
189, 193, 195, 201, 204, 207-208, 210, 
212-213, 215-216, 222, 229-230, 246, 
257, 298, 308, 317, 319, 334, 338, 346, 
367, 386; removed from burial urns, 
254-255 

Ring bases, vessels with, 107, I10-III, 
136, 139, 237, 249, 302, 310, 324, 329, 
336, 405. See Annular bases 

Rings, pottery, 378-379. See Stands 

Riotte, Sevor, cited, 14 

Rivas, Alligator motive from, 174; 
Nicarao town near, 6; Nicoya Poly- 
chrome ware near, pl. XXxXI; picto- 
graphs in, 432; remains in, 430-432; 
urn burial at, 97 

Rivas, Isthmus of, dragon pattern from, 
162; Mosquitos on, 19; Nicarao on, 
5; pottery of, 390, 391; stone bowl 
from, 20 

Rivet, Paul, see Verneau and Rivet 

Roads built by Peruvians, 407 

Roadway at Las Mercedes, 458 

Roatan id., Tripod ware from, 344 

Rodriguez, L. A., cited, 26 

Rosettes in decoration, 117, 136, 147, 
163-164, 187, 297-298 

Roulette, decoration with, 267 

Rubbing-stones, distribution, 99-100 

Rubbish-heap at Belen, 422; at Curri- 
dabat, 438; at Escasu, 439; at La- 


See 


520 


garto, 426; at Punta del Monte, 431; 
at Santa Cruz, 434; at Santa Helena, 
434; at Veintisiete de Abril, 435-436; 
in Highland region, 285; in Pacific 
area, 96; near Filadelfia, 256, 424- 
425; near Tola, 435. See Archeolo- 
gical sites 


Saband1, a cacique, 28 

Sacrifice, human, in Costa Rica, 446; 
of captives, 47, 50-51, 368; offered to 
seeress, 83-84. See Human sacrifice 

Sacrificial mounds discussed, 94 

Sacrificial slabs from Las Mercedes, 
A457. see Slabs 

Sacrificios 1d., plumed serpent motive 
from, 156-157; pottery of, 121 

Safford, W. E., acknowledgment to, xxi 

Sahagtn, B. de, cited, 67, 75 

Salinas, site at, 432 

Salinas bay mentioned, 29; sites on, 
432, pl. CxcviII; statues found at, 93 

Salt, taboo of, 449 

Salteba, Mangue town, 23; Granada on 
site of, 425; population, 29 

Salvador, ‘‘Archaic’’ art’ in, 403; blue 
dye from, 113; Choluteca in, 22; 
effigy vessels of, 126, 241; figurines 
from, 131-132, 268, 402; four-legged 
vessels of, 122; incised decoration 
from, 243; Indians of, 27; Lenca of, 
12; limit of metate distribution, 97; 
loops on pottery of, 187; Maya in, 
394, 415; Maya remains in, xxvi, 
Maya tripod vessels from, 220, 396; 
monkey vessels from, 168; Nahua 
settle in, 398; negative painting in, 
320; Nicarao colony in, 6; Nicoya 
Polychrome ware in, 390, 3097; 
Plumbate ware of, III, 116, 395; 
spindle-whorls of, 280; Ulva in, 18 

Salvatierra, digging by, at Las Mercedes, 
461 


Sdnchez de Badajoz, H., settlement 
attempted by, xxvii 
Sand used in tempering, 112. See Clay 


Sandals of dancers, 75. See Foot-gear 

San Agustin, Colombia, human figures 
in gold and stone, 266; stone carving 
of, 413 

San Andrés cave, pictographs in, 96, 
102-103, 432, pl. vIII; reputed ancient 
man at, 102 

San Antonio de WNicoya, effigy cups 
from, 125; geometric patterns from, 
182; Nicoya Black-line ware from, pl. 
XCIX; plumed serpent motive from, 
159, pl. CXLIV 

San Blas, remains at, 427 

San Carlos, mound at, 441 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


San Carlos plain, Corobici on, 17; un- 
known archeologically, xxvi, 89 

San Carlos valley, Voto in, 16 

San Francisco, C. R., customs of In- 
dians, 450 

San Francisco, Nic., remains at, 432 

San Isidro de Arenilla, remains at, 441. 
See Arenilla 

San Isidro de Guadaloupe, Black-line 
pattern from, 319; ceremonial metate 
from, pl. cxL; Highland Polychrome 
ware from, pl. CL; incense burner 
from, 366; large jars from, 358, pl. 
CLXXXIII; remains at, 441; seated 
human figure pattern from, 132; 
Tripod ware from, 342-344, pl. 
CLxxvil; White-line ware from, 318 

San Jorge, remains at, 432-433; urn 
burial at, 97 

San Jorge de Nicaragua y Costa Rica, 
Province of, 15 

San José, form of burial near, 288; re- 
mains at, 441 

San José, Fray Francisco de, report of, 
449-450. 

San Josecito, graves at, 445 

San José de los Animales, pottery of, pl. 
CX1X 

San José valley, Black-line ware in, 320; 
dragon pattern from, 301; in High- 
land area, xxiv, 89; jaguar motive in, 
140; Maroon ware in, 325; Yellow- 
line ware in, 315 

San Juan, C. R., remains at, 433 

San Juan (Alajuela), C. R., remains at, 


441 

San Juan del Sur, Nic., mentioned, 29; 
remains at, 433 

San Juan de Murcielago, remainsat, 441 

San Juan de Nicoya, axes at, pl. x1 

San Juan river, Desaguadero on, 7-8; 
expeditions to, xxvii; Nahua colony 
on, 7, 9, II; situation, xxiv; Nicarao 
settle on, 398. See Desaguadero 

San Licar gulf, the Gulf of Nicoya, 6, 
28, 29 

San Miguel, disc from, 280; Indians of, 
26-27 

San Miguel province, Choluteca in, 22; 
Ulva in, 18 

San Pablo, see Nagarote 

San Pablo, Rio, remains on, 433; stat- 
ues found on, 93; urn burial at, 97 

San Pedricito, graves at, 445 

San Pedro de Lobago, remains at, 433; 
statues found at, 93; urn burial at, 97 

San Rafael, Hacienda, human foot- 
prints at, 102; remains at, 433; urn 
burial at, 97 

San Ramon, Hacienda, mounds at, 422 


INDEX 


San Ramon point, pictographs at, 433 

Santa Barbara, Nicoya Polychrome 
ware from, pls. xv, XVII 

Santa Clara, pictographs at, pl. vur 

Santa Cruz, C. R., rubbish-heap at, 434 

Santa Cruz Quiche, Guat., statues at, 93 

Santa Elena, Salvador, figurines from, 
268 

Santa Helena, Nic., effigy vessels from, 
124, 128, 133, pl. xxviI; monkey 
patterns from, 164; pottery heads 
from, 267; pottery sinkers from, pl. 
CXXXVI; remains at, 434; rim pat- 
terns from, 184; Zapatero burial 
jars from, pls. CXxXI, CXXII 

Santa Helena bay, shell-heap on, 426 

Santa Helena Ware, burial vessels of, 
255-256; defined, 107; found at 
Baltazar, 422; found at Chiliate, 423 

Santa Maria, a Poton-Nahua town, 27 

Santa Maria de Dota, remains at, 442- 
443, 445 Me, 

Santa Maria Ereuaiquin, Poton town, 27 

Santana, alligator motive from, 174; 
remains at, 434 

Santa Rita, Brit. Hond., frescoes at, 70, 
120) 122 

Santa Rosa, Hacienda, iron with burials 
at, 400; objects from, 434; remains 
at, 441; statues found at, 93 

Santiago, glass beads in graves at, 400; 
remains at, 439, 441; stone cists at, 
288. See Cerro Santiago 

Santiago Lamaciuy, Ulva town, 18, 27 

Sant Licar Gulf, see San Licar gulf 

Santo Domingo, Carib of, 26; combs 
brought to, 38; native pottery taken 
to, 40. See West Indies 

San Vicente, Nicoya gulf so called, 28; 
pottery from, pl. xciI 

Sapir, Edward, cited, 12, 416 

Sapoa, figurine from, 271; Modeled 
Alligator ware from, pl. CxIx 

Dipper, cited, 17, 19, 26, 33, 215, 
pl. vir 

Sarapiqut valley, Voto in, 16 

Sardinal, alligator motive from, 177; 
figurines from, 278, pl. Cxxx1I; fun- 
nel from, 278; pottery of, pls. c, 
CVIII, CXII, CXXVI; remains at, 434 

Saville, M. H., acknowledgment to, xx, 
Dis. Mix CXLVII, CLXXXIX; cited, 183 

Saxe, John, acknowledgment to, xx 

Scales, alligator, how represented, 166, 
173, 223-224, 231, 250-251, 281, 311, 
316, 319, 328, 334; plumed serpent, 
how represented, 147, 166, 192. See 
Scutes 

Scarification by Nicarao, 38. See Blood 
offering, Penis, Tongue 


521 


Schroeter, Guido von, collection by, 439 

Scorpion motive discussed, 171-172, 257, 
386, 395 

Scroll, see Interlocking 
Speech scroll, Step scroll 

Sculpture, see Stone 

Scutes, alligator, how represented, 173, 
175, 296, 341, 347, 388-389. See 
Alligator, Scales 

Seated human figure in sculpture, 92, 
394-395, 404; from Ulua valley, 132. 
See figurines, Human figures 

Seats of caciques, 32, 35; stone, of 
Manabi, 405. See Benches, Chairs, 
Stools 

Secondary burial practised, 97. 
Burials 

Seeress of Masaya crater, 83 

Segovia, Department of, xxiv 

Segua, tribe of freebooters, 450: syn- 
onym of Sigua, 10. See Sigua 

Seler, E., cited, 66-67, 74, 139, pl. vir 

Semicircles, faces represented by, 209; 
incised, on Red ware, 247; in dragon 
motive, 161; in plumed serpent mo- 
tive, 152-153; in various designs, 133, 
136; on Red-line ware, 189; with step 
scroll, 213. See Circles, Geometric 
patterns 

Serpent absent from Modeled ware, 
116; and alligator motives blended, 
173; as head-dress, 430; heads, an 
Aztec motive, 399; head on incense 
burners, 365; head on whistle, 268- 
269; in pottery decoration, 118, 138, 
185, 198, 200, 255, 262, 342, 365, 409; 
motive of the Maya, 142-143; motive 
on drums, 276; on metate, 290. See 
Interlocking step scroll, Plumed ser- 
pent, Snake 

Servants of Nicarao priests, 71. See 
Captives, Rank, Slaves 

Sevegre river, tombs on, 445 

Seven caves in Aztec myth, 69 

Sex applied to spear-throwers, 281 

Shapes, classification by, 356; pls. 
CXCllI, CxcIv; of Black ware, 235; 
of Black-line ware, 223, 318; of 
Chiriqui Alligator ware, 381; of 
Chocolate ware jars, 232; of Cholula- 
Vera Cruz pottery, 399; of Culebra 
ware, 107; of Curridabat ware, 333; 
of Handled ware, 353; of Highland 
Chocolate ware, 325; of Lost-color 
ware, 321-322; of Luna ware, 195- 
196, 386-387; of Manabi pottery, 
405; of Maroon Incised ware, 424; 
of Nandaime ware, 218; of Nicoya 
Polychrome ware, 108-112, 386; 
of Palmar ware, 249; Red-line ware, 


step scroll, 


See 


522 


307, 310-311; of Red-lip ware, 327; 
of Red ware, 244, 329-330; of South 
American vessels, 407, 413; of Stone 
Cist ware, 346; of Tripod ware, 338, 
344; of Under-slip Incised ware, 191; 
of White-line ware, 315, 317; of 
Yellow-line ware, 312; of Zapatero 
burial urns, 254-256. See Boat-shape, 
Boot-shape, Doughnut-shape, Shoe- 
shape 

Shaping, method of, 112 

Shapiro, Dr. Louis, acknowledgment to, 
XX 

Shark as decorative motive, 252-253, 
397; habitat, 252 

Shaving by Nicarao, 37 

Shelaba, synonym of Sigua, 10 

Shell beads, a medium of trade, 447; 
money of the Guetar, 52; ornaments 
in dances, 55; used in tempering, I12. 
See Conch-shell, Oyster-shells 

Shellfish, purple obtained from, 113. 
See Purpura patula 

Shell-heap at Bocana, 422; at Culebra, 
424; at Juncial, 426; at Nagascola, 
A20;4at .Panams,) Go oRie 430700 
Pacific area, 96; near San Juan del 
Sur, 433; on Hacienda de Mogica, 
428; on Salinas bay, 432. See Archeo- 
logical sites 

Shields, feathered, in decoration, 164; 
in Talamanca, 450; of figurines, 43, 
371; of the Chorotega, 42-43; repre- 
sented on pottery, I9I-192 

Shoe-shape vessels at E] Menco, 428; at 
Santa Helena, 256; from Ceiba 
island, 423; from Managua, 427; of 
Black ware, 235. See Boot-shape 
vessels 

Shoulders of vessels, decoration of, III. 
See Necks 

Siamese and Indian relation, 416 

Sibaja, Hernando de, visits the Voto, 16 

Siete Cuerros, collections from, 434-435; 
jaguar pattern from, 144; statues 
found at, 93 

Sigua, definition of, 10, 18; habitat and 
relations, 7, 10;in Panama, 404. See 
Segua 

Silhouette alligator discussed, 177-180; 
red background of, 207 

Silhouette jaguar associated with dra- 
gon motive, 162; discussed, 141-145; 
origin of, 395; treatment of back- 
ground, 177, 207 

Simple Painted Wares, character and 
relations, 306-323, 388, 411-412. 
See Decoration, Painted decoration 

Sinkers of pottery, 280-281, pl. CXXXVI 

Siquirres, graves at, 441 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Skinner, Alanson, acknowledgment to, 
xx; cited, 33, 43, 287, 333, 439, 440, 
442, pls. III, CCIII; excavations by, 
xIx, 451-461 

Skins, human, worn by Maribio, 85 

Skulls, deformation of, 38; of enemies 
exposed, 35, 64; of those sacrificed, 
72. See Deer-heads 

Slab, Slabs, carved, from Anita Grande, 
437; mounds surrounded by, 96, 422; 
over graves, 453-461, 464-467; sac- 
rificial, from Las Mercedes, 457 

Slaves, a medium of trade, 52, 447; and 
adultery, 61; a source of war, 50; 
god of, 70; of caciques, 32; of Nica- 
rao and Chorotega, 46-47; sacrifice 
of, 72; thieves become, 62; volun- 
tary, derived from Mexico, 45; 
wedded by nobles, 60. See Captives, 
Prisoners, Rank 


Slings, Chorotega, 43, 53 

Slip of Appliqué wares, 332; Black- 
line ware, 223, 245, 318, 387; Bolson 
ware, 108; Chiriqui Alligator ware, 
263; Chocolate ware, 227, 325, 344; 
Culebra ware, 107, 138; Curridabat 
ware, 333, 336, 389; Filadelfia ware, 
108, funnels, 278; Las Mercedes 
ware, 452; Lost-color ware, 321; 
Luna ware, 194, 196, 386; Managua 
ware, 214; Maroon Incised ware, 
324; miniature vessels, 361; Modeled 
Alligator ware, 249-250; Nandaime 
ware, 218, 222, 263, 387; Nicoya 
Polychrome ware, 112; Palmar ware, 
249; pottery heads, 369, 370; Red- 
line ware, 307, 310-311; Red-lip 
ware, 327; Red ware, 244, 329-331; 
Simple Painted wares, 388; Stone Cist 
ware, 346; Tripod ware, 343; used 
for pottery, 112-113; White-line 
ware, 315, 317; white, vessels char- 
acterized by, 137; Yellow-line ware, 
312. See Colors, Under-slip Incised 
ware 

Smoking at dances, 55-56. See Tobacco 

Snake modeled on Stone Cist ware, 352, 
389; motive of Orange-Brown ware, 
242; on Monochrome wares, 388. 
See Plumed serpent, Serpent 

Snake cult in Mexico and Colombia, 64 

Snout, alligator, how represented, 129, 
172, 175-176, 231, 252, 314, 316, 319, 
347, 365; man-jaguar in decoration, 
199; of plumed serpent, 202. See 
Nose 

Snuffing-tubes of pottery, 282 

Social classes, see Rank 

Soconusco, Chorotega settle at, 24, 29; 


INDEX 


» icarao move from, 8, 398; situation 

of, 6 

Solentiname 1id., glass beads found on, 
254, 400; remains on, 435; statues on, 
93; urn burial on, 97, 194 

Somoto Grande, a ‘‘Chontal”’ town, 18 

Songs at human sacrifice, 72; in Nicarao 
dance, 76. See Music 

Sorcery among Costa Ricans, 446. See 


Magic, Wutchcraft 

Soto, Pres. Bernardo, remains on estate 
of, 428 

Soul, Nicarao beliefs as to, 79-80. See 
Religion 


Sources of culture, 413-416; of popula- 
tion, 416-417 

South America, ancient culture of, 403- 
404; boot-shape urns from, 254; club- 
heads of, 99; cultural influence from, 
46, 404-410; culture of, 392, 411; 
distribution of metates in, 290; effigy 
vessels from, 115; figurines from, 260; 
how peopled, 416; human figure in 
art of, 266; human sacrifice derived 
from, 64; interlocking step scroll in, 
183; interrelationship of, 411-413; 
Maya culture in, 415; migration 
from, 3; negative painting in, 144, 
413; origin of certain pottery in, 344; 
plumed serpent motive in, 146; Red- 
line patterns in, 306, 311; religious 
conceptions in, 81; squash effigy ves- 
sels from, 241; Tripod ware in, 345; 
urn burial in, 97; vases of, 381; 
wooden stools of, 291. See Bolivia, 
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, 
Guianas, Peru, Venezuela 

Southwest, pottery with bosses from, 
251. See New Mexico 

Space-fillers, how treated, 159; in Black- 
ine ware, 319; in Highland Poly- 
chrome ware, 298; with dragon 
motive, 301. See Background, Dec- 
oration 

Spaniards among Mosquitos, 19; des- 
truction of Indian objects by, 449; 
effect on natives, xxiv, I5, 17, 24, 48, 
50, 83-84, 415, 446; expeditions by, 
xxvii; how regarded by Maribio, 85; 
in Panama, 414; native graves robbed 
by, 448; native products brought 
to, 39; Peruvian contact with, 407; 
term cacique adopted by, 44; trib- 
utes of gold to, 28-29 

Spear in decorative motive, 137; idol 
fastened to, in rite, 76-77; of the 


Chorotega, 43. See Lances, Wea- 
pons f 
Spear-throwers, sex applied to, 281. See 


Allatls 


923 


Speech scroll associated with jaguar, 
139; device resembling, 187; with 
dragon motive, 160, 192; with figures, 
136; with monkey motive, 163-166, 
210 

Sphinx, see Monsters 


Spice, corpses embalmed with, 81. See 
Embalming 

Spiders fashioned in gold, 40, 447 

Spinden, H. J., cited, xxvii, 142-143, 


201, 211, 260, 309, 317, 401-404 

Spindle- whorls ‘described, 280. 
Textiles, Weaving 

Spirits, local, of Chorotega, 81, 83-84. 
See Religion 

Spouts of vessels, 116-117, 232, 234-235, 
244, 326, 398 

Squares in decoration, 230, 387. 
Geometric patterns, Rectangles 

Squash, rattle in form of, 276; repre- 
sented in pottery, 120, 241-242, 249, 
326, 359-360, 404, 427; whistle in 
form of, 269 

Squier, E. G., cited, 20, 26-27, 90, 92, 
436; Modeled Alligator ware illus- 
trated by, 250, 252; on idols of 
Momotombito island, 429; on metate 
from Leén, 426-427; on mound near 
Leén, 434; on Rama speech, 17; on 
remains at Orota volcano, 430; on 
remains on Zapatero island, 436-437; 
on statues at Pensacola, 431; on 
stone statues, 9I, 424, pl. vi1; on the 
Cerro Santiago mound, 95; on the 
Chontal, 18; on the Nicarao, al: 
stone jar from Brita obtained by, 
423; vocabularies recorded by, 5, 11 

Squirrel efigy in Tripod ware, 340-341 

Staffs with plumed serpent motive, 299 

Stalagmite, vase of, 121 

Stamps found at Las Mercedes, 452; 
monkey motive on, 167; of pottery, 
279, 281, 378-379 

Standing human figure and Aztec mo- 
tive, 399. See Human figure 

Stands, pottery, I10-I1I, 367-368; 
stone, 2901, 367 

Star, club-heads in shape of, 99; in 
decoration, 217, 222, 247, 335. See 
Morning Star, North Star 

Statue, Statues, at Los Angeles, 422; at 
Juigalpa, 426; at Los Corales, 424; 
at Madeira volcano, 427; at Pensa- 
cola, 431; at San Pedro del Lobago, 
Aas one Santa Rosa, 434; at Siete 
Cuerros, 435; basaltic, in Boquerones, 
A2a. character of, 98, 266; in founda- 
tions of Maya cities, 304: near Aco- 
yapa, 421; near Ledén, 434; of High- 
land region, 286; of man with animal 


See 


See 


524 


figure, 91-92, 424, pl. 1v; of Pacific 
area, 91; on Mascarran island, 428; 
on San Pablo river, 433; on Zapa- 
tero island, 436; placed about 


mounds, 94; posture of, 252. See 
Idols, Images, Stone 
Statueltes at Las Mercedes, 458. See 


Figurines, Idols, Images, Tuxtla stat- 
uette 

Stele, Maya, Chorotega prisoners on, 94 

Step scroll of Luna ware, 212-213. See 
Interlocking step scroll 

Stirrup-shape rubbing-stones, distribu- 
tion, 99 

Stoll, Otto, cited, 26 

Stone bowl with human figures, 318- 
319; carving, types of, in South 
America, 405, 409, 413; circles at 
Highland sites, 286; cist graves, glass 
beads in, 400; cists at Santiago and 
Tarras, 441; divination with, 449; 
columns among burials, 428, 434; 
columns at Culebra, 424; figures at 
La Virgen, 436; figures at Salinas 
bay, 432; figures from Ceiba island, 
423; figures on Rio Volcan, 445; 
figures on Solentiname islands, 435; 
graves marked by, 434; heads of, 
368; human figures in, 266; idols at 
Jiménez, 439; idols at Tancabulea, 
435; images at Las Mercedes, 451; 
images at Tierra Blanca, 435; images 
found near Nandaime, 429; knife 
used in human sacrifice, 72; mounds 
of, 286; Nicarao idols of, 71; objects 
in Las Mercedes graves, 453-454; 
razors carried by priests, 77; sac- 
rificial, of Chorotega, 82; stands of, 
20153075 stools, pottery pattern from, 
360-361; worship, 64, 68. See Axes, 
Bowls, Columns, Figurines, Idols, 
Images, Metates, Slabs, Stands, Stat- 
ues, Stools 

Stone Cist Ware, affiliations of, 329, 330, 
332, 389; and Ecuador ware com- 
pared, 405; and Handled ware com- 
pared, 353, 355; character, 346-352, 
389; decoration, 330-331, 336, 409; 
double jars, 363; incense burner, 367; 
origin, 410 

Stools, figurines of, 372-374; stone, 
annular bases of, 367; stone, human 

- faces on, 357; stone, of Highland 
region, 291; stone, vessel adapted 
from, 318, 360-361; wooden, from 
cave, 291, 424 

Stratification, importance of, xxiii; in 
Valley of Mexico, 393 

Straw in house-building, 31-32 

Strebel, H., cited, 399 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Subtiaba, arrowheads of, 435; defini- 
tion of, 12; habitat and relations, I2- 
13, 25; language, 11; Mangue boun- 
dary near, 23; Nandaime ware in 
territory of, 391; town occupied by 
Mangue, II-12, 23 

Suchiapan, etymology, 12 

Suerre, Chibcha tribe and chief, 13, 17; 
habitat and relations, 16, 44; houses, 
33; Voto province, 16 

Suerre river, settlement attempted on, 
XXVI11 

Suicide of lovers, 60 

Sumo and Mosquito relations, 19 

Sumo-Misquito, use of term, 18, 19 

Sun, blood-offering to, 81-82; in Aztec 
mythology, 139 

Sun god of Muysca, 66 

Swanton and Thomas cited, 14, 26 

Swastika on Las Mercedes bowl, 452; 
on Orange-Brown ware, 237; on 
Red-line ware, 308; with plumed 
serpent motive, 299 

Sweden, collections in, xix 

Swords, Chorotega, 42; provenience of, 
30. See Weapons 

Symbolism of hunch-back figurines, 
269-271; of jaguar, 139; of pottery 
designs, 120, 136, 413; of sun, 139; 
religious, monsters associated with, 
120, 146 


Tabasco, Mazatec in, 24 

Tables, stone, from Las Mercedes, 457, 
461 

Tablén, Cerro, remains at, 435 

Taboo of men from markets, 46, 52; 
of salt, 449. See Restrictions 

Tacacho, linguistic status, 4-5; notes on, 
25, 28 

Tail, alligator, in decoration, 236, 238, 
303, 349; bird, how indicated, 232, 
362, 366; jaguar, how represented, 
119, 137-139, 230; motive on Red- 
lip ware, 328; turkey, how repre- 
sented, 117; of crab motive, 169, 171; 
of monkey motive, 165-166, 210, 232, 
234, 261-262, 290; of plumed serpent 
motive, 146, 148-150, 155-156, 164, 
297, 300; of scorpion motive, I71I- 
172. See Animals, Feathers 

Talamanca, a Chibchan language, 13; 
axes of, pl. x11; drums of, 275; gold ob- 
jects of, 40; Guetar in province of, 14; 
habitat and relations, 13, 44; Maza- 
tec related to, 25; palenques of, 286; 
pottery of, 110, 293; report on, in 
1697, 449-450; settle in Guetar vil- 
lages, 14; Sigua in, 10; watershed of, 
380 


INDEX 


Tamagascat, Tamagastat, a Nicarao 
creator, 65-66, 79; blood sacrifice to, 
76-77; served by dead warriors, 80 

Tamagata, Muysca deity, 66 

Tamoanchan, in Toltec migration, 67 

Tancabulea, idols at, 93, 435 

Tanque cafion, pictographs in, 435 

Taoca included with Chontal, 18 

Tapir altar at Las Mercedes, 458; a 
trade medium, 46, 52, 447; effigy 
vessels representing, 296, 359-360; 
hide, shields of, 450; motive on Cho- 
colate ware, 234; raised for food, 34, 
36 

Taras, Tarascan deity, 69 

Tarascans, culture of, 392 

Tariric river, mentioned, 447 

Tarras, mounds at, 441 

Tarrazu, vessels with Atlantean sup- 
ports from, 361 

Tattooing, derivation of, 30; Nicarao, 
38; represented on effigy vessels, 126, 
198; represented on figurines, 258- 
260, 460. See Face-painting 

Taulebé relationships, 26-27 

Tayut valley, Gutiérrez defeated in, 44 

Teca id., Poton spoken on, 27 

Tecoatega, festival at, 75; Nicarao ca- 
cique and town, 6, 31, 46, 48, 57-58; 
painting by chief of, 38 

Teeth, alligator, how represented, 179, 
355; human, how represented, 370; 
jaguar, how represented, 138-140; of 
Mexican serpent heads, 160 

Tegucigalpa, Hond., statues at, 93 

Tehuantepec, languages of, 13 

Vello, J. C., cited, 119, 252, 345, 406, 
408-409 

Teloloapan, Mazatec in, 24 

Telorio valley, Indios Bravos in, 444; 
Sigua in, 10 

Telpaneca, a ‘‘Chontal’’ town, 18 

Tempering of Nandaime ware, 218; of 
Nicoya Polychrome ware, 112. See 
Clay 

Tempisque, remains from finca of, 427; 
Filadelfia ware from, 108; native 
name of Tempisque river, 28; re- 
mains on, 425, 435 

Tempisque valley, pottery form from, 
230 

Temples, Chorotega, 82; in Pacific area, 
94-95; Maribio, 84; Nicarao, 71; 
used as armories, 43 

Tenampua, Lencan city, xxvi; limit of 
metate distribution, 97; pottery with 
bosses from, 251 

Tennessee, cist burial in, 288 

Teoba, or temples, 71 

Teoca, Nicarao center, 6 


925 


Teotthuacan, Plumbate ware at, 116 

Teotique, Guarco town, 16 

Teotitlan del Camino, Mazatec at, 24, 25 

Tepic, pattern from, 141; Plumbate 
ware from, II6 

Térrabas, report on customs, 449-450 

Terrebt el Chico, a source of gold, 447 

Terrebi el Grande, a source of gold, 447 

Teustepe, remains at, 435 

Textile patterns depicted on figurines, 
258, 260, 401; on Nicoya Polychrome 
ware, 180-181, 300; on Red ware, 247 

Textiles of Nicaragua, 39-40 

Teyopa, Nicoyan temples, 82 

Tezcatlipoca, human sacrifice to, 72 

Theft, how punished, 62 

Thickness of Nicoya Polychrome ware, 
112. See Clay 

Thiel, B. A., cited, 14, 17, 44 

Thistle used in broom making, 40 

Thomas, Cyrus, see Swanton and Thomas 

Throwing-sticks, Chorotega, 42-43. See 
Ailatls 

Tiahuanaco, stone carving of, 266, 413 

Tibetan and Indian relationship, 416 

Tices, Guetar division, 15 

Ticoman connected with Ticomega, 9 

Ticomega, definition, 9; legendary home 
of Nicarao, 8, 398 

Tierra Blanca, stone images at, 93, 435; 
whistle from, 375 

Tinoco estate, Tipod ware from, 343, pl. 
CLXXVII. See Ferndndez de Tinoco 

Tipitapa, Mangue town, 23 

Tipotani, Chorotega deity, 81 

Tiribari, Guetar subchief, 16 

Tirib1, Gauetar subchief, 16 

Tlaloc, offerings to, 68, 73; serpent as- 
sociated with, 205 

Tlaltecutli, see Earth Monster 

Tlapanec, language and relations, 3, 12, 


13 

Tlaxcalan, god of, 69 

T motive on Luna ware, 213 

Toads fashioned in gold, 40, 447; on 
Red ware, 331. See Frog, Tree-frog 

Tobacco of Chorotega and Nicarao, 35. 
See Smoking, Snuffing-tube 

Tobaco, use of term, 56 

Toboci, Guarco town, 16 

Toboda, Guetar subchief, 16 

Tojar id., products of, 450; Sigua on, 10 

Tola, Ecuador, figurines of, 413; pot- 
tery sharks from, 253 

Tola, Nic., decorated bowl from, 185; 
dragon motives from, 162; effigy ves- 
sels from, 117, 124, 127; Luna ware 
from, 195; Nicoya Black-line ware 
from, 222; Orange-Brown ware from, 
pl. cvii1; Plumbate ware from, 395; 


526 


plumed serpent motive from, 157; 
pottery from, 391; Red-line decora- 
tion from, 189; remains at, 435; ser- 
pent motives from, 162; urn burial 
at, 97; ware defined, 107 

Tolomixtlahuacan, Tlapanec in, 13 

Toltec, age of remains, 393; concept of 
plumed serpent, 146; culture, xxvi, 
392, 398-399; deities, 67, 404; disin- 
tegration, 5, 8; Maya designs on 
pottery, 411; migration, 3; origin of 
incised patterns, 193; statues not 
attributable to, 93; tripod bowl of, 
399 

Tonacaciuatl, Aztec deity, 66 

Tonapa, culture-hero, 413 

Tongue bled for sacrifice, 38, 69, 73- 
77, 82; jaguar, how represented, 142, 
of plumed serpent motive, 155, 202; 
204 

Torquemada, Juan de, cited, 6, 8-11 

Torresques, freebooters, 450 

Tortuguero lagoon, Suerre near, 16 

Tortuguero plains, situation of, xxvi 

Tortuguero river, cemetery on, 441 

Totoaca, Nicarao center, 6 

Totogalpa, a ‘‘Chontal”’ town, 18 

Totonac, culture of, 392 

Toucan effigy on Tripod ware, 340-341 

Towns of Central American Indians, 
33-34 

Toyopan, Garabito town, I5 

Tozzer, A. M., acknowledgment to, xx; 
cited, 121 

Trade, Aztec, 5, 10; conducted by 
women, 61; distant journeys made, 
398; god of, 69-70; in figurines, 268, 
374, 402; in gold, 447; in Maya 
handiwork, 415; in pottery, 116, 139, 
168, 194, 227, 253, 295, 325, 394, 396, 
397; of Nicaraguan tribes, 51-52; of 
the Térraba, 449-450. See Markets, 
Money 


Tradition preserved by priests, 71 

Training of warriors, 50. See Educa- 
tion 

Travelers, aid of Bisteot invoked by, 70 

Tree-frog as decorative motive, 255, 331, 
351-352, 389 

Tree houses, Chorotega and Nicarao, 
31; Corobici, 32-33; provenience of, 
30 

Tres Rios, Talamanca settle in, 14; 
Tripod ware from, 343 

Triangles, human faces in, 209; in dec- 
oration, 140, 153-154, 158, 166, 186, 
215, 221, 230, 239, 246-247, 281, 300, 
303, 317, 319, 325, 328, 335, 367, 387. 
See Geometric patterns 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Tribes, migration of, 415; of Costa Rica 
and Nicaragua, 3-29 

Tribute of gold to Spaniards, 28-29; of 
pottery, 40; to Montezuma, 9-10, 26 

Tripart vessels of Ecuador, 405; minia- 
ture, 363-364. See Shapes 

Tripod vessels at Las Mercedes, 452, 
458; character of, 129-130; in Boruca, 
381; Maya, III, 142, 168-169, 218, 
395-396; of Black ware, 235; Black- 
line ware, 318; Bolsom ware, 108; 
Chocolate ware, 228-229, 234, 325- 
327, 330; Curridabat ware, 333, 336; 
Handled ware, 353-355; large, of 
Highland area, 356-357; Highland 
Polychrome ware, 296, 304; Lost- 
color ware, 321-322; Luna ware, 195, 
198, 208, 387; Managua ware, 214, 
387, 427; Maroon Incised ware, 324; 
miniature, 277; Nandaime ware, 218, 
220-222, 387; Nicoya Polychrome 
ware, II0-III, 386; Ometepe island, 
107; Orange-Brown ware, 237-238, 
243; origin of, 399; Red-line ware, 
306-307, 311; Red-lip ware, 327-328; 
Red ware, 244, 330; Simple Painted 
wares, 388; Stone Cist ware, 389; 
White-line ware, 315, 317; Yellow- 
line ware, 312; with bird-heads, 200; 
with dragon motive, 160, 300; with 
geometric decoration, 185-187; with 
human faces, 197-198, 219; with 
monkey pattern, 166; with plumed 


serpent, 148, 152-153, 299; with 
snake decoration, 242; with textile 
pattern, 181. See Legs, Rattles, 
Shapes 


Tripod Ware, age of, 00, 405, 411; and 
Ecuador pottery compared, 405; and 
Stone Cist ware painting compared, 
347; application of term, 332; char- 
acter of, 389, of Highland region, 337- 
345; pottery rings of, 379; stand of, 
368 

Trique, linguistic relations, 4, 22 

Tristén, Dr. Fidel, acknowledgment to, 
XX 

Trogon, incense burner decorated with, 
365-366 

Troyo collection, source of, 437, 443 

Trumpeters of caciques, 35, 39, 66, 73 

Tuarco, Guetar cacique, 16, 81 

Tubrabd, invaders camp in, II 

Tucurrique, Talamanca settle in, 14 

Tularosa river, N. Mex., effigy vessels 
from, I15 ; 

Tulum, black background in mural 
paintings of, 145 

Tumaco describes 
riches, 414 


South American 


INDEX 


Tumaco, Colombia, pottery of, 222, 334, 
407 

Tump-line in pottery decoration, 241 

Turichiqui, Guarco town, 16 

Turkeys among Chorotega and Nicarao, 
35; killed at marriage, 58; modeled 
on pottery, II5-117, 339, 386; taken 
to Spaniards, 39 

Turrialba, remains at, 441 

Turrialba volcano, archeological bound- 
ary, xxvi, 89; site near, 439 

Turrialva, Guarco settlements, 16 

Turrubara, Garabito town, 15 

Turtle jars of Orange-Brown ware, 238; 
miniature vessels representing, 277, 
278; on Monochrome wares, 388; on 
Zapatero ware, 257; whistle repre- 
senting, 262 

Tuxtla statuette, age of, 394; comparison 
with, 92, pl. vil 

Two-headed dragon motive discussed, 
160-162; origin of, 394-395; on High- 
land Polychrome ware, 300; on 
Nicoya Polychrome ware, 386. See 
Dragon, Monster 

Types of pottery discussed, 390-392, 
413 

Tzirama, Ulva town, 27 


Uhle, Max, cited, 14, 406, 414 

Uitzauatl, Aztec god, 70 

Uitzilopochtli, form of Huitzilopochtli, 
70 

Uitznaua, Aztec goddesses, 70 

Ujarraz, remains at, 441; Talamanca 
settle in, 14 

Ulua valley, amulets from, 98; “‘Ar- 
chaic”’’ art in, 403; armadillo vessel 
from, 119; dot motive on pottery of, 
182; effigy vessels from, 117, 122, 126, 
134; figurines from, 273-275, 374, 
pls. CXXXII, CXC1; head motives from, 
210; loops on pottery of, 187; marble 
jars of, 121; Maya art in, xxvi, 220, 
394, pl. XxvI; monkey figurines from, 
262; monkey vessels from, 167-169; 
Nicoya objects from, 396-397, pl. xv; 
Plumbate ware from, 395, pl. xx; 
seated human figure from, 132; sta- 
tues found in, 92-93 

Ulva and Tacacho relations, 25; bound- 
ary, 12; culture, 45; in Choluteca 
region, 27; language and relations, 
3, 13, 18, 27; pottery, 392; towns, 27 

Under-slip Incised Ware, character and 
distribution, 113, 127, 132, 135, I9I- 
193, 386, 391, 399 

Unicorn, see Monsters 

United Fruit Company, site on land of, 


463 


927 


United States National Museum, col- 
lections in, x, xxi, 9I, 286, 293, 421, 
429, 434-435, 463 

Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, 
Tripod ware in, 345 

University Museum, Philadelphia, col- 
lections in, xxll, 334 

Urinamas, clothing, 450 

Urn burials in Pacific area, 96-97. See 
Burials 

Uvita, see Alto de Uvita 

Uvita id., situation of, 44 

Uxarract, a Guarco town, 16 

Uxumuco, form of Oxomogo, 67 


Valley of Mexico, ‘‘Archaic’’ culture in, 
404. See Aztec, Nahua, Toltec 

Valor in war rewarded, 51 

Valuation of products, 447. See Money, 
Trade 

Varnish used on pottery, 113, 176, 197, 
235, 237 

Vases defined, 109; of Boruca, 381; of 
Chocolate ware, 230; of Palmar ware, 
249; tall, distribution of, 332; with 
alligator motive, 179. See Shapes 

Vasquez de Coronado, Juan, cited, 10, 
16, 26, 44, 81; expeditions by, xxvii; 
importance of letters of, 31 

Vassals, see Rank, Slaves 

Vega, José Angel, sites on land of, 426 

Vegetal forms, see Gourd, Squash, Yam 

Veintisiete de Abril, alligator motive 
from, 173; remains at, 435-436 

Veita, Pedro, site on land of, 445 

Veldésco, Padre José Maria, acknowl- 
edgment to, xx; collections of, 438; 
excavations by, 425 

Venezuela, ‘‘Archaic”’ art in, 403; burial 
mounds in, 96; Carib and Arawak in, 
3, 410; figurines from, 232, 260, 266, 
271-273, 407-408; pictographs in, 94; 
Red-line ware in, 306. See South 
America 

Vera Cruz, bark-beaters of, 99; cera- 
mics of, 398-399; patterns derived 
from, 156-157, 193; rubbing-stones 
from, 100; Under-slip Incised ware 
from near, 386 

Verneau and Rivet cited, 317 

Vertical lines as decorative motive, 185, 
336. See Decoration, Parallel lines 

Vessel defined, 109. See Shapes 

Victory, prayers for, 72 

Viejo, see El Viejo 

Vilcashuaman, stone carving of, 413 

Viracocha, culture-hero, 413 

Virgen, see La Virgen 

Virilla, Rio, Guetar boundary, I5 

Visvises, cannibal tribe, 20 


528 


Voladores, game of, 45-46, 53, 75-76 

Volcan de los Votos, the name, 16 

Volcanoes of Costa Rica, xxiv, 102 

Volcan river, remains on, 445 

Voto, a Chibchan tribe, 13; Garabito 
flees to the, 15; government of, 50; 
Guetar in teritory of, 14; habitat and 
relations, 16; Red-lip ware in region 
of, 329 


Wakna, Mosquito leader, 20 

Wands, Chorotega, 49 

War among Costa Rican tribes, 446; 
native customs regarding, 48, 50-51 

War chiefs, custom of appointing, 45; 
duties of, 50. See Chiefs 

War dance, Guetar, 81 

War god, Aztec, 70 

Warriors, beliefs regarding, 64, 73, 80; 
courage of, tested, 43, 46, 57; dis- 
tinguished by hairdress, 39; por- 
trayed by figurine, 371; rank of, 
indicated, 37 

Wavy lines in decoration, 182 

Wax used in negative painting, 113, 
144-145, 320, 388, 410 

Wead, C. K., cited, 258 

Weapons in Talamanca, 450; of Cen- 
tral Americans, 42-43, 446. See 
Arrows, Altlatl, Bows, Clubs, Lances, 
Slings, Spear, Swords 


Weaving in Nicaragua, 40. See Cotton, 
Textiles 
Weber, Rudolf, acknowledgment to, 


XXil 

Weeping-eye motive, distribution, 350; 
of stone heads, 368 

West Indies, monolithic axes of, 100; 
pictographs, 94; wooden stools, 291. 
See A nitzlles 

Whistles at Las Mercedes, 452, 453; 
of Highland region, 371-377; of 
Pacific area, 258-275; with bird 
motive, 341, 374; with turtle motive, 
238 

White in decoration, 107, 112, 129, 135, 
137, 142, 145, 152, 156, 168, 172, 175, 
183,185,187) 213, 210-210) 2234225, 


228, 230, 235, 237, 250; 203) 424,330) 4 


342, 343, 359, 370, 387. See Colors, 
Decoration, Painted decoration, Slip 
White-line decoration, distribution of, 
237; on large jars, 356; on miniature 
bowls, 362; on Stone Cist ware, 347 
White-line Ware and Black-line ware 
compared, 320; character of, 182, 
313-318, 388 
Wicker, C. F., collection of, 439 
Williamsburg, C. R., archeological re- 
mains at, 285, 442 


POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 


Wilson, J. H., excavation by, 456-457 

Wilson, Thomas, cited, 258 

Wind gods, Nicarao, 69 

Winged-head motive on Luna ware, 196, 
207-213, 387 

Wings, how indicated in decoration, 
117-118, 133, 188, 200, 220, 232, 300, 
312-313, 341, 362, 366, 409. See 
Bird, Feathers 

Witchcraft practised by Maribio, 85. 
See Magic, Sorcery 

Women as potters, 193; as slaves, 32; 
chiefs among Voto, 50; dancers dis- 
guised as, 75; flight of, after cere- 
mony, 82-83; in Chorotega dance, 82; 
Nahuatlato, dress of, 36; position of, 
46, 61, 446; purification ceremony 
for, 78; excluded from temples, 71, 
73, 78; seated, in statuary, 92; ser- 
vants of caciques, 47; trade con- 
ducted by, 51. See Human figure, 
Marriage, Seated human figure 

Wood, bark-beaters of, 99; carvings 
with dead, 81; combs of, 38; stools 
of, 291, 424 

Woodsum, Mr., gold eagles obtained by, 


463 
Workshop at Cerro Tablén, 435; at 
San Pedro del Lobago, 433 
Wounds, how healed, 73, 77 


Xicagua, Synonym of Sigua, 10 

Xicalcohuhqui, a calabash, 183 

Xicaque and Maribio relations, 12; 
included with Chibchan, 18; lan- 
guage of, 13 

Ximénez, cited, 67. See Jiménez 

XAtpe, Aztec deity, 84 

Xiquilisco, Poton town, 27 

Xiranach, Don Jacinto, objects pre- 
sented by, 457, 463 

Xiriualtique, Poton town, 27 

Xmucane, Quiche deity, 67 

Xochia, possible derivation of Subtiaba 
from, I2 

X ochiquetzal, Aztec deity, 66 

Xoconochco, form of Soconusco, 6 

Xolotlan, Mangue province, 23; Nica- 
rao settle in, 7 

Xoquia, Garabito town, 15 

Xostoval, Nicarao cacique, 79 

Xoxoyta, Nicarao center, 6 

X pryacoc, Quiche deity, 67 

Xufragua, Guarco town, 16 

Xulo in marriage rite, 58; the raccoon, 


ete 
Xutiaba, Mangue town, 28 


Yacacoyaua, Tacacho settlement, 28; 
visited by Ponce, 25 


INDEX 


Yam effigy vessel, 359 
Yapoquete, Chorotega name for cigar, 


> 

Yellow in decoration, 107-108, 113, 127, 
297, 430, 452. See Decoration, Slip 

Yellow-line Ware, age of, 400; charac- 
ter of, 388; drum of, 377, 379; large 
jars of, 357; of Highland region, 312- 
315; patterns derived from, 316; 
shapes borrowed from, 318 


Yoaltecultli, identified with Omeya- 
teite, 69 

Yoaltiail, identified with Omeyateci- 
goat, 69 


Yojoa, Lake, Hond., 26 

Yucatan, black background in mural 
paintings of, 145; conquest of, 44; 
Maya culture in, 394, 397; negative 
painting in, 320; wooden stools of, 
291 

Yurustt, Garabito town, 15 

Yecuintlan, form of Escuintla, 6 


Zacate Grande id., remains at, 436 
Zapandi, Orotifia settlement, 24 
Zapatero i1d., burial urns of, 194; Luna 
ware on, 194; Nicoya Polychrome 
ware from, pl. XXVIII; pictographs 
on, 95; remains on, 94-95, 436-437, 
pl. cxcrx; sinkers from, pl. CXxXXvVI; 
statues on, 93, pls. VI, VII, CXXXII 
Zapatero Ware, age of, 400; associated 
with Black ware, 400; attributed to 


529 


Ulva, 392; burial urns, 400; character 
of, 388; described, 254-257; figurines 
of, 272-274, 282; shoe-shape jars of, 
235 

Zapotec, burial customs, 97; culture, 
392; statues not attributable to, 93 

Zarate, on human sacrifice, 64 

Zazacali, Ulva town, 18, 27 

Zeledon, P. P., cited, 14 

Zepada, Padre, on Corobici houses, 32 

Zevallos, Agustin de, cited, 15, 80; im- 
portance of writings of, 31 

Zigzags in decoration, 159, 222, 229, 
247, 319, 330, 348. See Geometric 
patterns 

Zipa, custom regarding, 78 

Zomoto, Ulva town, 18, 27 

Zoémorphic character of Chiriqui ves- 
sels, 399; designs on Culebra ware, 
107-108; designs on Lost-color ware, 
322; figures on bowl rims, 319; 
figures on Monochrome wares, 387; 
forms of handles, 349, 365; motives 
on Curridabat ware, 336; origin of 
geometric patterns, 152, 154, 166, 
180, 183-184, 193, 211, 246, 303, 386, 
387. See Animal figures, Geometric 
patterns 

Zoque associated with Chiapanec, 24 

Zorobaro id., a linguistic boundary, 44; 
Sigua on, 10 

Zorobaros mentioned in 1610, 448 

Zotzil associated with Chiapanec, 24 














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